Niu Xukai
Determined to Determine Meteorology for Forty Years
Since joining the army in 1949 and becoming a meteorological soldier of New China, Niu Xukai began to become associated with meteorology and has been engaged in weather forecasting and management work in Jiangsu, Shanghai and Fujian.
In his 43-year career, Niu Xukai has been on the front line of business for a long time. He has experienced the entire development process of Fujian's meteorological industry since the founding of New China. He has organized many "battles" in disastrous weather forecasts such as typhoons and heavy rains. In addition, Niu Xukai actively promoted the reform of grassroots stations, attached great importance to the integration of agricultural meteorological scientific research with actual production and life, solved employee professional title evaluation and housing problems, and made important contributions to the development of Fujian's meteorological undertakings.
Support Fujian First arrived in Sanduao
In 1949, 18-year-old Niu Xukai joined the army in Shanghai and was sent to study meteorology. In July 1952, Niu Xukai was transferred from Shanghai to work at the Sanduao Weather Station of the Meteorological Section of the Fujian Military Region Headquarters.
When Niu Xukai arrived at the Sanduao weather station, there were about 20 people in the station, most of whom came to the most difficult place at their own request. Sanduao is a newly built station with four parts: ground observation group, forecasting group, confidential group and communication group. There is only one communication transmitting station on the island, which is used for transmitting reports and communicating with the headquarters.
Niu Xukai is an "old forecaster" with one year of forecasting experience. Another forecaster and deputy webmaster is Liang Xuewen. Although they all just joined the work, they all worked very hard on this virgin land of forecasting. They drew their own ground maps every day and copied Central Meteorological Station ground maps and sketches to practice forecasting and accumulate experience.
Sanduao
Sanduao Weather Station not only has a tough environment and hard work, but also has an extremely hard life. In the early days of building the website, there was only one small street on the island where you could buy some daily necessities. Although there is no shortage of fish and meat, vegetables are rare and you need to rent a boat to Ningde to buy them. When there is strong wind, it is common to be unable to eat vegetables for several days on the station. There is not even a radio on the station, and the cultural life is very monotonous and boring. The most terrifying thing is that there is no clinic on the island, there are no medicines in the weather station, and there is not even a thermometer.
On the island, the weather station does a good job in cultural and sports activities, and the military-civilian and military-civilian relations are quite harmonious. In addition to completing their own duties, weather station staff also have the important task of protecting the island and assisting local governments in maintaining law and order.
However, the forecast group of Sanduao weather station existed only for a short time. In February 1953, some personnel engaged in forecasting work at the Sanduao Weather Station were transferred out, and Liang Xuewen led the establishment of the Fujian Military Region Navy Division Mobile Meteorological Observatory to serve the Navy Division. Niu Xukai is one of them. In Linhai, Fujian, there was only one naval division with a mobile meteorological observatory. In 1954, Niu Xukai was appointed as the head of the mobile meteorological station forecasting team. During a military operation in August of that year, the mobile meteorological station provided sufficient meteorological support for the naval division to complete the task of suppressing bandits.
The preparatory class of the meteorological training team of the Air Force Meteorological Office of the East China Military Region took a photo in 1951
(Niu Xukai, the first from the left in the fourth row)
took the lead in building a radar station to face the typhoon
Since January 1, 1954, the Meteorological Section of the Information Office of the Fujian Military Region and its subordinates The units were transferred to the local establishment system, and the mobile meteorological station of the Navy Division was also transferred from the military supply system to the local basic salary system. In June 1954, Niu Xukai was transferred from the Navy Division Mobile Meteorological Observatory to the Fuzhou Meteorological Observatory (renamed Fuzhou Marine Meteorological Observatory in 1955 and Fujian Provincial Meteorological Observatory in 1958) as deputy chief of the forecasting unit, in charge of forecasting work.
On August 23, 1959, Typhoon No. 5903 made landfall in Xiamen , with a maximum wind speed of 60 meters/second, causing serious economic losses and casualties.
Niu Xukai participated in the typhoon path forecast discussion. At first, forecasters believed that the typhoon would make landfall in Shantou. However, the typhoon did not "obey", but moved all the way north, and intensified into a super typhoon in the Taiwan Strait . In addition, affected by the superposition of the eastern storm wave , the typhoon quickly intensified as it approached the offshore sea, and accelerated its movement northward under the guidance of the southerly airflow at the rear of the eastern typhoon wave , and finally landed in Xiamen.There is a lack of meteorological data along the Taiwan Strait, and communication methods in Fujian Province are backward. The United States and Taiwan have blocked meteorological data. It is very difficult to accurately forecast typhoon activities at sea.
老Fuzhou
At the meeting, the leaders of the Provincial Meteorological Bureau focused on the lack of detection methods and maritime data along the coast of Fujian, which can be detected by foreign radars. Typhoon situation. After the meeting, the Provincial Party Committee instructed the Provincial Post and Telecommunications Bureau to equip the Provincial Meteorological Observatory with a special long-distance telephone code named "Dispatch", which is second only to the long-distance telephone number of the military and political leaders.
html On the afternoon of August 25, the typhoon was still more than 2,000 kilometers away from Fujian and was numbered 5904. The next day, Typhoon No. 5904 was upgraded, with the maximum wind speed in the center reaching 100 meters/second. Under the leadership of Gu Lu, Director of the Provincial Meteorological Bureau, and Wang Guo'ai, Technical Director, Niu Xukai and all members of the forecast team worked hard for three days and nights, broadcasting once an hour, collecting data, discussing forecast conclusions, writing broadcast drafts, reviewing drafts, and receiving A large number of inquiries phone , many forecasters' voices became hoarse. At that time, during the three-year difficult period of the country, the Provincial Party Committee specially approved the supply of some food to the Provincial Meteorological Observatory, and the canteen cooked a large pot of noodles as a midnight snack for the night shift workers.Fujian
html On August 30, Typhoon No. 5904 made landfall in Hui'an , and everyone breathed a sigh of relief. The leaders of the Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government were very satisfied with the typhoon forecast service and specially approved some cans to express condolences to the cadres and workers of the Provincial Meteorological Observatory.Considering that Fujian is a province where typhoons and heavy rain disasters occur frequently and are severely affected, and the finances are extremely tight, in 1960, the Fujian Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government decided to allocate US$100,000 in foreign exchange to the Provincial Meteorological Bureau. , purchased two British Deka 41 3cm marine navigation radars. On May 1, 1961, Fujian took the lead in building a weather radar station in the country. One Decca 41 fixed radar was put into use in Wushan, China; the other was put into use in Dongshan Island, China during the high typhoon season from June to September every year. Undertake monitoring tasks. The putting into use of weather radar stations provides a powerful monitoring tool for weather forecasting. Since then, radar technology has been introduced into the field of weather forecasting, especially typhoon track monitoring and heavy rain tracking and forecasting.
Fujian Provincial Meteorological Observatory staff took a group photo in September 1975 (Niu Xukai, fifth from left in the second row)
Serving agriculture and focusing on solving practical problems
In the early 1960s, in order to overcome the problem of food shortages, the Fujian Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government organized relevant The unit participated in the fishery production war along the eastern Fujian coast. Marine fishery fishing is greatly affected by the weather. Niu Xukai went to Sansha Town, Xiapu County, to participate in a three-month production war. The professional meteorological observatory is located on the shore of the shelter, and Niu Xukai becomes the liaison between the Sansha professional meteorological observatory and the fishery production headquarters.
In the 1970s, every winter and spring fishing season, Niu Xukai arranged for forecasters, mappers, and telegraph operators to form a mobile meteorological station to the fishing grounds of Zhoushan and Shengsi in Zhejiang to provide marine weather forecast services for Fujian people going to Zhejiang for production. .
From 1969 to 1971, Niu Xukai served as the head of the Hydrometeorology Group of the Fujian Provincial Agricultural Bureau. In 1970, Fujian Province experienced severe late-spring cold weather, which started at the end of February and lasted until the end of March. Most of the temperatures in the province were below 12°C. At that time, the province coincided with the promotion of new varieties of early rice and the large-scale implementation of the "three reforms" in agriculture. The sowing time of early rice was earlier than in previous years. After sowing in advance, we encountered serious late-spring cold weather, and the early rice seedlings in the province were seriously damaged.
At this time, Niu Xukai was working in the political work group of the Provincial Agricultural Bureau. One day, members of the core leadership group of the Provincial Agricultural Bureau asked Niu Xukai about the forecast of late spring cold weather.Since then, Niu Xukai went back and forth between the Provincial Agricultural Bureau and the weather station every day to learn about technical issues in late spring cold forecasting until the end of 1970.
In the 1970s, Niu Xukai participated in the provincial heavy rain conference in Mingxi County, of Fujian Province.
(The second from the left is Niu Xukai)
In 1970, Niu Xukai’s lover and children were sent to rural areas of Pucheng for re-education, while Niu Xukai stayed alone in the provincial agriculture industry. Bureau work. My lover is sent to Pucheng and has no fixed place of residence. He can go wherever he needs. It is not only difficult for children to go to school, but life is also difficult. Niu Xukai delivered two reports to the leaders, one of which applied for decentralization to rural labor in Pucheng and received re-education. The report was approved, but he was not arranged to reunite with his family in the countryside. Instead, he was transferred to the Pucheng Weather Station as the station director in 1971. Seeing that Pucheng Station was seriously short of staff, Niu Xukai applied for local recruitment to solve the problem. After replenishing staff, Niu Xukai set out to solve business problems, and also led employees to raise pigs and farm in the station, solving the difficulties in life at that time.
Organized a "Battle" to Overcome the Problem of Offshore Typhoon Forecasting
In September 1972, Niu Xukai was transferred back to Fujian Provincial Meteorological Bureau and served as deputy director of the Provincial Meteorological Observatory. On July 3, 2011, Typhoon No. 7301 landed in Xiamen. The wind force exceeded level 12 and heavy rainstorms occurred in coastal counties. 73htmlTyphoon No.1101 was generated in the east of the Pacific Ocean and rapidly developed and expanded after reaching the offshore waters. Due to the limited data on offshore typhoons and the fact that typhoons move quickly offshore, many places in Fujian Province were affected.
In order to overcome the problem of not being able to predict offshore typhoons in time, after Typhoon 7301, Niu Xukai organized a month-long offshore typhoon "battle" and formed a collaborative project group with the Zhejiang Provincial Meteorological Observatory. The team took offshore typhoons (typhoons that occurred west of 130 degrees west longitude) as a case study and organized coastal meteorological stations to conduct "battles."
On June 26, 1970, the Fujian Meteorological Observatory was the first in the country to receive cloud images from the United States' first-generation operational meteorological satellite "ESSEA". Since then, satellite cloud image has become an indispensable information source for weather forecasting, and satellite cloud image analysis has also become an important technical means for weather forecasting.
Niu Xukai also organized a special "battle" for heavy rains in Fujian Province and established a forecast reform office. Since the 1970s, local meteorological departments have adopted collective discussions to discuss weather conditions, with participants sharing their forecasting experiences. At that time, the "battle" mainly focused on whether the "three cold" weather would occur, the period of occurrence and the intensity. Under normal circumstances, coastal provinces exchange typhoon forecast results in June every year.
1981 to 1983, Fujian Meteorological Department participated in the International Typhoon Operation Experiment (TOPEX), and the test period was from July 15 to October 15 every year. All ground observation stations, high-altitude detection stations and radar stations in Fujian Province participated in the three-year typhoon operational test. Ground observation stations and radar stations carried out intensive observations of typhoons once an hour, and high-altitude detection increased twice a day, providing Fujian with Studying the occurrence and development patterns of offshore typhoons and forecasting complex paths, exploring the structure of landfalling typhoons and forecasting heavy rains provide extremely valuable detection data.
html The 2013 typhoon operational test took a long time and carried heavy tasks. As the deputy director of the Provincial Meteorological Observatory, Niu Xukai and relevant operational personnel worked together to ensure the normal operation of daily observations, forecasts and other work while providing every observation data in a timely and accurate manner to provide Contributions were made to the typhoon operational trials.As early as July 1958, Fujian launched a comprehensive supplementary weather forecast service. As the head of the forecast team at that time, Niu Xukai actively participated in the construction of Fujian’s meteorological service system. After five years of hard work, Fujian Province has established a set of large, medium and small synoptic medium-term weather forecast methods, which has been affirmed by the leaders of the Central Meteorological Administration. At that time, fraternal units from other provinces sent people to Fujian to investigate this forecasting method. In 1963, the first issue of "Meteorological Communications" strongly recommended Fujian's forecasting method.
Caring about our compatriots, we launched the weather forecast service across the Taiwan Strait.
Zhangzhou, the southernmost tip of Fujian Province, is across the sea from Taiwan Island, , and Xiamen.
On August 14, 1972, Typhoon No. 9 hit Taiwan. Premier Zhou Enlai Prime Minister ordered that the typhoon forecast should be informed to Taiwan compatriots to prevent typhoon attacks. Since then, the Fujian Provincial Meteorological Observatory has kicked off the mainland's issuance of typhoon and gale warnings to Taiwan compatriots.
In order to ensure the safety of Taiwanese fishermen at sea, in 1973html in 1911, the Fujian Provincial Meteorological Observatory broadcast the weather forecast for the Taiwan Strait region four times a day through the Voice of the Strait Radio Station, and the frontline radio station and the provincial radio station broadcast twice each (with additional broadcasts for major disastrous weather), every day The broadcast time is agreed upon by the Provincial Meteorological Bureau and the two radio stations. The broadcast content includes sunny, rainy, overcast, wind direction, wind strength, etc.
Taiwan Strait
Taiwan Strait weather forecast has not only become the basis for fishermen on both sides of the Taiwan Strait to arrange production activities, but has also become a link between compatriots on both sides of the Strait to share the same flesh and blood. Niu Xukai, then deputy director of the Provincial Meteorological Observatory, was not only responsible for daily weather forecasts in Fujian, but also organized the preparation of weather forecasts in the Taiwan Strait. The Fujian Provincial Meteorological Observatory has added a weather forecast team for the Taiwan Strait region, which is responsible for providing weather forecast content twice a day.
In order to overcome the shortage of meteorological data in the Taiwan Strait, the Provincial Meteorological Observatory organized personnel to conduct in-depth sea area surveys, extensively collected meteorological data in the Taiwan Strait region, and wrote more than ten weather and climate investigation reports in the Taiwan Strait region.
Produced by China Meteorological News
Producer: Duan Haoshu
Picture and text source: China Meteorological Administration Meteorological Historical Data Excavation and Research Project
WeChat Editor: Ma Yan
For reprint authorization, please contact: 010-58995835 (Teacher Ye)
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