Jianshi’s old address
Jianshi student management
During the Republic of China, student management, whether it was secondary education or primary education, should accept the guidance of the Provincial Department of Education, especially secondary education. From establishing student status to graduation management, each school should directly report to the province The Department of Education shall promptly register and determine the number of graduates or dropouts based on the original number of students and the number of students taking academic exams. As for normal school students, in accordance with the Education Act, they all receive free education. At the same time, the school also provides necessary food and non-staple food subsidies. Of course, normal school students must serve local education for three years after graduation. Two categories: short-term teacher training courses and normal school students. The short-term training class recruits students who are junior high school graduates and in-service teachers who need training, and the schooling duration is one year; the normal school students mainly recruit high school graduates, and the schooling duration is initially four years and later changed to three years. Students of Jian Normal University receive education free of charge, and the county government also provides certain subsidies in accordance with the education laws. The relevant records are as follows:
"Check the food supply for the teachers' training class of the higher education institution affiliated to our school in the first half of this year. From January to July, a total of 105 wheat should be received. Stone... This supply is of great importance, and it is actually a public and private matter to allow it to be distributed in full. I would like to submit this to Jingyang County County Magistrate Gao ("Request for Reissue of Food Supplies for Teacher Training Classes in the First Half of the Year" November 21, 1943 )"
Based on the above knowledge, short-term teacher training classes should receive 2.1 shi of food and wheat per student for seven months. The average monthly allowance is 0.3 yuan; the non-staple food subsidy is 200 yuan for every five months of life, which is about 40 yuan per month. As for formal normal school students, there are relevant contents in the simplified teacher's account book draft, which are listed below:
" Calculation of Student Food (Main Noodles) Business year) Average monthly quantity item
1. Each person pays 50 kilograms of wheat flour per month - daily average (the whole month is based on thirty days) 1 kilogram or 13 taels per person
2. Each person pays tea per month Fei Yang 600 yuan - one square meter per person per day They all recognized 20 yuan
3. The school distributed wheat flour to three market buckets of six liters and eight liters, and one big bucket to eight liters (each bucket was calculated as 19 jins of noodles). The total amount of wheat noodles was 313 jins - each The average monthly salary of wheat is one catty and two ounces, and the discount is one catty and two liang
4. I should contribute 21 pounds per month - the average monthly allowance is 111 taels (two)
5. Each person should pay 20 yuan for tea and foreign food per day (Jianshi Account Book) "
required It should be pointed out that prices soared in the late period of the Anti-Japanese War. In 1938, 1.79 yuan could buy a dou of rice, which could buy 9.43 kilograms of flour. In 1941, it rose to 15.56 yuan, which could buy a dou of rice, and flour rose to 0.843 yuan per kilogram. The lower one, such as 50 yuan per month, can only guarantee that you will not go hungry, that is, about 60 kilograms of flour or less than 100 kilograms of rice (the above data is based on the "Shaanxi Provincial Economic Survey Report" 1944). Prices doubled in 1942 and 1943. , the purchasing power of 40 yuan at that time could only ensure that students had some vegetables for their growth needs. By 1944, an ordinary single piece of clothing cost more than 10,000 yuan, which shows how difficult it was for students to make ends meet.
二 Discipline Management
Gao Lanting once served as the principal of Jingzhong. He was strict in management. In a short few years, Jingzhong became famous Weibei . After Gao Lanting took over as the principal of Jianshi Normal University, he basically adopted the management experience of Jingqian Middle School. From February 1945 until the founding of the People's Republic of China, Gao Lanting focused on strengthening student discipline management and formulated extremely strict measures. In management, may punish students severely for minor reasons because of their misbehavior; or they may punish students lightly for big mistakes because they recognize their position; group offenders will be punished in groups, and violators will not be exempted just because they are numerous. Therefore, all violations of school rules and regulations will be punished. Generally, minor problems such as whispering in group actions, minor mistakes in class, disheveled clothing, etc. If the student can correct it immediately after being reprimanded by the teacher, he or she will not be penalized. If there is a strong argument, the student will be exempted from the penalty. Those with a bad attitude may be given a minor demerit, those with a bad attitude may be given a major demerit, and those who are more serious may be given two demerits. Through the analysis of the notices issued by teachers during the Republic of China, the most important thing at the school management level is the performance of students after committing a foul. After making a mistake, if you have a correct attitude, explain it in a gentle tone, and understand the mistake sincerely, although demerits are inevitable , but after all, give yourself a chance to make corrections.There are also students who are impulsive at a young age and may make a small mistake, such as contradicting a teacher, and then the small mistake turns into a big one. If there is physical offense, they may be directly expelled from the school.
Jian Teacher Education Department Notice "No. 1" stipulates a set of strict discipline systems:
"(1) Regarding leave
1, time leave (i.e. intra-class leave) shall not exceed six hours. The procedures must be reported to the principal first. , please ask the Dean of Academic Affairs for permission, then register with the Academic Affairs Office, and then go out with the certificate.
2. If the holiday is within one week, the procedures must be approved by the principal before going out. With the permission of the Director of the Discipline and Education Department, you can register at the Discipline and Education Department, and then go out with the certificate.
3. Weekly leave: If the leave is for more than one week, please first ask the principal for approval, then ask the Discipline and Education Director for approval, and then register at the Discipline and Education Department (2). ) Measures for handling absenteeism:
1. Those who are absent from class for twenty hours will not be allowed to take semester exams and will be suspended from school.
2. The number of leaves required in one semester. It shall not exceed three weeks. If it is overdue, the student will be suspended from school.
3. Point deduction rules:
1. One point will be deducted from the total semester score if the student is absent for three hours. 2. One point will be deducted from the total semester mark if the student is absent for six hours.
4. Dealing with the offense. Method
1. The first verbal warning or the second written warning will be demerited.
2. A total of five points will be deducted for minor demerits, and ten points will be deducted for major demerits.
5. Methods for increasing and decreasing student conduct score
1. One minor merit will be added to the score by three points. 2. Those with one major merit will be deducted by three points.
4. Those with one demerit will be deducted by five points. Judging from the "Training Character No. 1", the student management of Jianshi Normal University in the Republic of China implemented a quantitative point management system for conduct, which was basically similar to that of later generations and was also the common system in Jingyang Middle School at that time. For example, in Jingzhong, quantified points for conduct are awarded by the Academic Affairs Office, Discipline Office and physical education teachers. The school uses quantified points for conduct to reward or punish students. If the score reaches a certain value, appropriate material or honorary rewards can be given. If the score is too low, a certain penalty will be imposed. The most serious case can be downgraded or downgraded to an auditor qualification. If students violate school disciplines, they will not only be punished accordingly by the school, but also have quantitative points deducted. After all, Gao Lanting had been the principal of Jingqian Middle School, so he naturally brought his management experience in Jingqian Middle School to Jianshi Normal University. In the county Jianshi Normal University, the management was stricter. From September to November 1948,
dealt with as many as 9 student notices, of which 3 were expelled and 4 were ordered to suspend school. The expulsions were due to long-term truancy or public contradiction of teachers. Among them, in May 1948, five students who violated disciplines were dealt with once, and the situation was as follows:
"Check this school to check that students are not allowed to miss a night or try gambling. They have been warned repeatedly, and they are as sincere as ever. They are students of grade 39 in Qiu of Master Jian... five of them turned a deaf ear and turned a blind eye. They dared to miss the night of the 2nd of this month (Saturday) without any reason and gather in Aipu. Such ridiculous and out-of-track behavior not only ruined their personal studies. They are particularly hateful...and three others. They have been recorded in the past for gambling, and they have repeatedly done it because of their greedy superintendents. They are extremely evil and stubborn by nature. One name, Chen, Dare to gamble and lead others No, it is abominable to mislead yourself and others. The four of them should have been expelled from their places to maintain the school's discipline. I remember this student and I regretted it afterwards, and my words were also very sincere. I would like to make a new start. If the opportunity arises, he will be detained for probation and detained. Monthly public rations are used as rewards for students in the class who have excellent academic performance. A certain student has always been called modest. This may be his first offense, and he will be recorded as a major offense as a light punishment... (May 1948).
"Check out the grade 39 student (whose name is omitted). He has an arrogant attitude and rude behavior. He often makes troubles and benefits himself at the expense of others. When he was appointed as the accountant of the Normal University Kitchen, he dared to use the non-staple food worth nearly 100 million yuan of the kitchen without permission. The cost, based on the current extremely fluctuating commodity prices, has caused huge losses. Such a bold and reckless behavior is extremely abominable. Moreover, students at this level (whose name is omitted) are usually absurd and misbehaved... The two of them are stubborn and have a bright future. If you are embarrassed, you will be expelled immediately. In order to maintain school discipline and respect you, please do this (September 20, 1948)"
The consequences of expelling a normal student are serious and the procedure is relatively complicated.Jingyang Jianshi Normal School provides free education, and the government also provides students with certain food subsidies and living allowances. If they are expelled, not only will their student status be cancelled, but students will also have to return all the benefits they have enjoyed, such as food and allowances. For example, two students from Jian Normal University, Zhao, were expelled from school due to absenteeism. Teacher Jian submitted a letter to the county government with the following content: "... neither asked for leave nor did they come to school. The school notified the parents of the students, and they have not come to the school to make a statement so far. Reason. It is true that he ignores the school rules and neglects the laws. If he is not strictly punished, how can he maintain the school discipline and maintain the correct academic style? The purpose of normal education is to submit a list of the student's address and parent's name, as well as the number of school subsidies, food and non-staple food, etc. for review and strictly order each parent to remit the student's school subsidies and food supplements. The non-staple food fee is to benefit the school administration and promote school spirit, so it is reasonable to submit for review. "
III. Academic management
Influenced by the management of major colleges in the county in the late Qing Dynasty, Teacher Jian not only attaches great importance to students' academic studies, but also pays special attention to their conduct. Jingyang Jianshi Normal University in the Republic of China was a county-run school with both normal students and junior high school students. The age span of the students was nearly ten years old, so it naturally had unique management.
1. Academic assessment
Judging from the files we have seen so far, the academic assessment of Jian Normal School is roughly divided into the following three types: monthly examination, midterm, final assessment and subject competition.
has an announcement related to the monthly exam, such as: "... According to the regulations of this semester, the first monthly exam will be held in the seventh week... Each test paper will be prepared by the students themselves, and all students will be informed. It is necessary to attend and participate. (Jiao Zi No. 10)"
An announcement related to the mid-term academic assessment, such as: "...According to the first school meeting, it has been decided to hold the mid-term exam on Friday and Saturday this week... Respect all levels It is important for students to prepare their homework in time and bring their own written and ink test papers in order to prepare for the exam. (Teacher No. 13)"
has an announcement related to the final academic assessment, such as: "...the meeting will be held from the 6th of this month (Thursday). Final exams... Children's training, physical education, labor, art and other subjects will immediately notify all teachers of the subjects to take exams in class... (Teaching No. 19)"
Through the above announcement, you can basically understand the academic test situation of Teacher Jian. Coursework is divided into main courses and secondary courses, and the assessment methods are also different. Sufficient review time is left for "main courses" and more dedicated time is arranged for them; "auxiliary courses" are mostly conducted in the form of a class, and the format is determined by the specific characteristics of the subject. If compared with the same period in Jingzhong, or in the "main course" exam, it may be conducted in the same table and in different grades. In order to prevent students from cheating, the adjacent classmates are all students in different grades to ensure that the true level of the students is measured to the greatest extent. In this aspect, private Jingzhong in the Republic of China was more unique.
After all the academic results are evaluated, the teachers will announce the outstanding students and the worst students in the form of a notice, in order to achieve the effect of rewarding excellence and punishing laziness. Teacher Jian has the practice of announcing the names and grades of "underachieving students" in order to serve as a warning so that they can devote themselves to their studies and avoid being forced to repeat a grade. In order to allow students to fully pay attention to their daily studies, Teacher Jian stipulates that students who fail the academic assessment, whether it is monthly assessment, mid-term assessment, or final assessment, need to make up for the exam. This is an important basis for determining whether students will be promoted or repeated a grade in the future and receive school rewards.
subject competition is another form of academic assessment, which is more flexible and even replaces the monthly assessment to some extent. The competition courses basically cover all offered contents, including English, mathematics, Chinese dictation, etc. found in the files. Those with excellent performance in the competition will be appropriately rewarded, and those who are particularly unsatisfactory will also be criticized on the list. For example, Jiao Zi No. 101, No. 12, and No. 15 (all three are from the autumn of 1948). The original text of "Jiao Zi No. 15" is as follows:
"Check the test papers of the English competition for students at all levels. During the assessment, rewards and punishments should be given based on the merits and demerits of their performance. The names of each student are hereby announced...
Top students: Grade 38... Inferior students: Grade 38 ..."
2, student status management
No document on the promotion and retention system has been found so far. What can be reflected is a simple notice from the Academic Affairs Office of the Teachers during Gao Lanting's period. The original text is:
"After checking the make-up examination results, there are still a few students who have failed. In fact, It's extremely absurd.It is hereby decided that those who fail in one main subject will be audited, those who fail in one sub-course will be required to study additionally, and those who fail in two main subjects or three sub-courses will be repeated. The name of the class, the subjects and the punishment table are listed below... Attached is the name of the students at all levels who failed the course and the punishment table
... Notes: 1. Temporarily follow the original class: after the first test, the scores of each subject If the score is less than 70, go back to the next level.
2. Audition: After the first monthly exam, subjects that failed in the make-up exam must score 70 points, and after the semester exam, the scores in each subject must increase to 75 points, otherwise they will still be asked to repeat the grade.
3. Additional reading: After the first monthly exam, if all subjects are passed, you will be considered a full student. "
Compared with Jingzhong of the Republic of China, the regulations of the two are basically the same. The regulations of Jingzhong are hereby recorded as follows: "Anyone who has one of the following circumstances will be demoted: Those who fail the two main subjects in the A semester assessment; B semester Those who failed in one main subject and two minor subjects with test papers; those who failed in four minor subjects in semester C; those who failed in the average score in semester D; those who found that the acceptance paper was entrained or handed in at the end of the month or in the semester test. ”
Students who repeat a grade lose their formal student status and attend classes as auditors in the original grade. If they make academic progress and pass the assessment at the next level, they will regain their official student status; if they still cannot meet the passing standards in their coursework, they will The school will persuade him to drop out of school.
IV. The impact of military service during the Anti-Japanese War: During the Anti-Japanese War, the number of soldiers was tight. The students in Jianshi were generally older, and most were within the age range for military service. According to Provincial Education No. 998 in the 30th year of the Republic of China. According to the document, 17 years old is the maximum age limit for students in Shaanxi junior middle schools. The situation of students in Jianshi Middle School is unknown. During the same period, Jingzhong Middle School can be used as a reference. For example, in 1939, there were 172 students in Jingzhong Middle School who were over 17 years old, accounting for 66.7% of the total number of students in the school. In the second semester of 1940, there were 138 overage students, accounting for 45.1% of the total school population. This situation should be a common phenomenon in all secondary schools in Shaanxi Province. Therefore, the provincial government redefined the age range of students to avoid conflict with the 1942 Military Service Law. , Shaanxi Province's "Yongshenzi" "Instruction No. 6954" stipulates that "primary and secondary schools in Shaanxi Province are relatively late in admission, and the admission age can be slightly raised, but there is no need to set a lower limit, only a high limit. Junior high school students in this province can be seventeen years old as the upper limit of admission. The upper limit for high school enrollment is 21 years old. "
The recruitment of students in Jianshi Normal School is basically similar to that in Jingzhong. According to the laws of the Republic of China, primary school teachers should not be drafted for military service, and normal school students should be exempted from the draft. However, in actual practice, normal school students are sometimes forced to apply for military service. Jianshi Normal School does not accept such conscription. phenomenon, it is positive Submit a list of students to the county government and the county military service department, requesting the township and county levels to strictly follow the law and postpone the military service. For example:
"After the new military service law is implemented, all males of 19 years of age are eligible to apply. According to Weicha Elementary School. Teachers are on probation. In order to popularize the national education plan, the Commission issued an order in March this year, which was published in the newspaper and followed by the County Department of Education order. All normal school students should be suspended from service, with special emphasis on teacher training classes. Tongmin Education's short-term teacher training class, graduates in a blink of an eye, they are teachers, so they are no different from primary school teachers. Check out the students of the short-term teacher training class attached to our school, and every time they get the lottery number, they come here one after another. It was difficult to answer the inquiry, so we wrote a document to petition the Jun government to transfer the students from the teacher training class of our school to temporary deferment ("Reasons for Petition to Temporarily Defer the Military Service of the Students from the Teacher Training Class of our School", July 1943 24th)”
For those who have been forcibly recruited, we will negotiate with counties and townships to promote students to complete their studies and strive to encourage them to serve local education."... Zhao Ziying, Liu Xirong, Liu Shuyan, etc., who were admitted to the teacher training class of the high school attached to our school, said that the first security chief Liu Xueying of Qianyun Township still wanted to force him to serve in the military. He was very anxious to force him to do so. He seemed to be flouting the military service regulations and going his own way. If it is not strictly stopped, how can this student study peacefully? (1943)"
The Jingyang County Government still supported Jianshi School on the matter of military service and gave a positive response. In a letter from Principal Deng Linsheng to the chief of a certain township, negotiations were carried out in accordance with the instructions of the county government. The original text is as follows: " case The county government has ordered that the students in the teacher's training class be suspended, and they are allowed to suspend their service. It is found that Zhang Mingxuan from the third household in the third class of your school is a student in the teacher's training class of our school. He should be suspended from service. A corresponding letter will be sent. I would be grateful to the chief security officer for checking. Sincerely, the third security guard of Qianyun Township, Changniu. ”
Despite this, there are still some students who cannot complete their studies, mainly due to military service. In October 1943, a total of 6 students in the first short-term training class of Jianshi Normal University dropped out of school. Except for the girl Li Yunxian who got married in a foreign country, the other 5 students were all "recruited on behalf of their fathers." The school hopes that students will complete their studies, but at a time of national crisis, the conditions for setting down their desks and studying are not yet available. From the manuscript of the Jian division's submission, we found that a large number of students went to the anti-Japanese battlefield in 1945, such as Liu Zhenying, Liu Zhenming, Meng Taichang and other 11 students who joined the 207th Division. Two graduates of the teacher training class, Zha Haoxiang and Ning Tianxi, gave up their quiet careers and enlisted in the 207th Division. Levels 3 and 6 were probably the most enlisted levels in the Jingyang Division.
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