Preface
On January 5, 1946, the National Government issued an announcement. The announcement said:
" Outer Mongolia people held a referendum on October 20, 1945. The central government sent the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Interior to observe. Recently, according to the report of the voting personnel in Outer Mongolia, the referendum results have confirmed that the people of Outer Mongolia agree with independence. According to the deliberation of the Supreme National Defense Committee, it decided to recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia. In addition to the Executive Yuan's order to formally notify the Outer Mongolia government of this resolution, we hereby announce that "
Subsequently, the Kuomintang government represented by Chiang Kai-shek expressed support for Mongolia to join the United Nations. Soon, the Kuomintang government formally established diplomatic relations with Mongolia.
Chairman Mao was reading the newspaper
When the news of Outer Mongolia independence reached Chairman Mao's ears, he sighed and said nothing, then lit a cigarette and smoked alone.
At this time, Chairman Mao was in a complicated mood, but in order to liberate the whole country, he had to publicly support the Soviet Union and Outer Mongolia in his position, and this matter became a heart-wrenching problem for Chairman Mao.
Chiang Kai-shek made Outer Mongolia independent for his own selfish desires
As we all know, Outer Mongolia is between China and Russia, bordering Siberia to the north, which can directly threaten Chita and Novosibirsk industrial zone; to the west, it is adjacent to China, and it is in a bow and European shape across the north of China. It sets out from Zhamenwude , which is far away from the Prime Minister, and only more than 600 kilometers to Beijing. Its strategic position is very important, so how did it be lost?
Today's Outer Mongolia
Speaking of Mongolia, we have to mention the famous Genghis Khan in history. He is regarded by everyone as the most outstanding military strategist and politician in the world, and he also established the major Mongolian .
Genghis Khan conquered all tribes of the entire Mongolian grassland through force and established the Great Mongolian Kingdom, which is also the predecessor of Yuan Dynasty . After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, this vast land of Outer Mongolia was officially included in China's territory.
When the Qing Dynasty was , in order to strengthen the rule of Outer Mongolia, the Qing court adopted measures to divide and govern and integrate Mongolian tribes with Central Plains culture, but it did not work. At that time, there were many armed conflicts between the Mongolian tribes and the Qing government. Because Mongolia is weak in its own strength, every war ended in failure.
Time came in 1840. Britain launched the Opium War, and the whole of China fell into a huge social and national crisis. The imperialist country extends its claws to China, and the Chinese people live in dire straits.
The people at the bottom of
Among the many powerful people, the biggest threat to China is the Tsarist Russian in the north. Tsarist Russia took advantage of our country's internal and external troubles to continuously erode the territory of northern China, and then they extended their claws to Mongolia.
911, Mr. Sun Yat-sen launched the Wuchang Uprising. After that, the Qing emperor announced his abdication, and China ended the feudal imperial system for more than two thousand years. Just when China was in internal and external difficulties, Outer Mongolia established the Great Mongolian Kingdom with the support of Tsarist Russia, and since then began Mongolia's journey of independence. After the Beiyang government came to power, General Xu Shuzheng was appointed as the Northwest border envoy to be responsible for managing Mongolian affairs. Xu Shuzheng took advantage of the conflicts between Mongolian tribes and once again attributed the entire Mongolian territory to the rule of the Chinese government. had a good time. With the support of the Soviet Union, the separatist forces in Outer Mongolia once again moved towards independence in 1924. Since then, China has been in a warlord melee situation. Both the Beiyang government and the Kuomintang have no time to take into account the Mongolian issue. Since then, Outer Mongolia has completely broken away from the control of the Chinese government.
Mongol people in the early 20th century
In the spring of 1945, Stalin, Roosevelt , and Churchill held a secret meeting on Yalta . In exchange for the Soviet Union's war against Japan, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union betrayed China's territorial sovereignty and recognized the status quo of Outer Mongolia.
After Chiang Kai-shek learned that China's interests were betrayed by the Americans, he immediately sent Song Ziwen , Chiang Ching-kuo and others to the Soviet Union for negotiations. Faced with China's request, Stalin responded in a tough tone: "The reason why I want Outer Mongolia is entirely considered from a military strategic perspective. If there is a strong military force that launches an attack on the Soviet Union from the Outer Mongolia direction and the Siberian Railway is cut off, the Soviet Union will be finished."
After many negotiations and the National Government received the promise of the Soviet Union not supporting the CCP, Chiang Kai-shek finally agreed to the Soviet Union's conditions and allowed Outer Mongolia to be independent.
On October 20, 1945, Outer Mongolia voted on the issue of independence. Under the control of the Soviet government, about 97.8% of citizens favored Outer Mongolia's independence, and the procedures required for Outer Mongolia independence on International Law were completed.
Outer Mongolia referendum under the control of the Soviet Union
On January 5, 1946, the National Government Foreign Minister Wang Shijie issued an announcement announcing his recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia. From then on, this land of more than 1.5 million square kilometers officially left China.
When Chairman Mao learned that Outer Mongolia was independent, he felt even more heartbroken, but for the sake of the overall situation in front of him, he had to make concessions.
Chairman Mao wanted to take back Outer Mongolia, but he was ineffective in everything
949, after three major battles, the Chinese People's Liberation Army gradually eliminated the vital forces of the Kuomintang. As the situation stabilized, Chairman Mao wanted to go to the Soviet Union to meet Stalin and discuss a series of important issues such as the founding of the country, including the issue of the ownership of territorial sovereignty in Outer Mongolia. , Stalin refused. He felt that the Communist Party of China had not established a government yet. If he met the Chinese delegation now, it would make the National Government, which had just signed the Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty with the Soviet Union for less than three years, and would even affect the interests of the Soviet Union in China.
Stalin's special envoy Migoyang
However, seeing that the Chinese Communist Party had the upper hand on the domestic battlefield, Stalin decided to let Soviet Ministers' Meeting Vice Chairman Migoyang serve as his special envoy, set off for China, and consult with Chairman Mao and other central leaders on specific issues.
In order to better negotiate with the Soviet Union, the Party Central Committee attached great importance to Migoyang's arrival and specially sent Zhu De and other central leaders to Shijiazhuang Airport to welcome him. After
came to Xibaipo , Chairman Mao held a welcome banquet for him. After learning that he likes to drink, Chairman Mao specially prepared the best Fenjiu to entertain Mi Gaoyang. During the conversation, Chairman Mao asked specifically: "What do you think about the unification of Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia now?"
Mi Gao Yang did not agree with Chairman Mao's point of view based on the interests of the Soviet Union. He replied: "Now Outer Mongolia already has its own army and culture, it has become a legal country recognized by the world, and the National Government has also recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia."
Chairman Mao
Chairman Mao repeatedly emphasized the importance of Outer Mongolia to China. Even so, the Soviet Union still did not give in on the issue of Outer Mongolia.
In June 1949, Liu Shaoqi led the CCP delegation to visit the Soviet Union and once again mentioned the issue of belonging to Outer Mongolia. But this matter was a foregone conclusion, and Stalin never let it go.
On October 1, 1949, Chairman Mao solemnly declared the founding of the People's Republic of China on the Tiananmen Gate Tower, and the Chinese people stood up from then on.
After the founding of New China, the Central People's Government announced the abolition of the previous unequal treaties signed by China with Western powers, and no longer recognizes the various illegal rights and interests of Western countries on the land of China.
However, this regulation does not directly include the Soviet Union, because we have just founded the country and need to receive support from the Soviet government.
The founding of New China (oil painting)
Subsequently, under the leadership of the Soviet Union, more than a dozen countries established diplomatic relations with China. The regime led by the Communist Party of China has gained a firm foothold on the world stage, and Chairman Mao and other central leaders were also very happy.
Not long after, Chairman Mao received an invitation from Soviet leader Stalin.It turned out that December was Stalin's 70th birthday, which was a very important day for the Soviet people. He specially invited delegations from Communist Party countries around the world to visit, and the new People's Republic of China was also invited.
At this time, it was only more than two months before the founding of New China, and there were many internal problems that need to be dealt with. For the development of Sino-Soviet relations, Chairman Mao personally selected gifts and spent a lot of effort.
On December 6, 1949, Chairman Mao led a delegation to set off. As the first visit of the national leader after the founding of New China, it has attracted widespread attention from the world.
The Soviet Union welcomed Chairman Mao
Stelling attached special importance to Chairman Mao’s arrival. Stalin specially sent Vice Chairman Molotov and Marshal Berganin to the station to welcome him, and also prepared the highest-standard welcome ceremony.
Under the arrangement of the Soviet Union, Chairman Mao lived in a villa in the suburbs of Moscow. At six o'clock in the evening, Chairman Mao came to Kremlin , and Stalin personally greeted him at the door.
After seeing Chairman Mao, Stalin stretched out his hand from afar and said to Chairman Mao: "Congratulations on your great victory. You have made great contributions to the Chinese people. We sincerely congratulate you on your health."
After a brief greeting, the two sides began to hold talks, but the central issue of the negotiations has been arguing.
During the talks, Chairman Mao proposed that China take back Outer Mongolia. However, Stalin refused sternly: "If the inner and outer Mongolia really wants to merge together, it will be Inner Mongolia to be included in Outer Mongolia and establish a unified and independent Great Mongolian country. Because only provinces are incorporated into the country, but no countries are incorporated into the province."
Stalin
Subsequently, Stalin once again emphasized Sino-Soviet relations, and he regarded the independence of Outer Mongolia as the prerequisite for signing the Sino-Soviet Friendship and Alliance Treaty. Stalin's tough stance on the Mongolia issue has put the leaders of the New China in a dilemma between national unity and social development and the big socialist family.
In the following period, Chairman Mao was neglected in the Soviet Union. Chairman Mao decided to take the approach of calm and steadily and began to stay in the villa and refused to see the leaders of other countries.
The news of Chairman Mao’s visit to the Soviet Union attracted widespread attention from the international community, but there was no news. Therefore, Western media accused the Soviet Union of seizing Chairman Mao.
At the same time, Chairman Mao also deliberately made a statement, indicating that India, the United Kingdom and other countries are interested in recognizing the newly established People's Republic of China and are preparing to establish diplomatic relations with the New China.
Faced with huge international pressure, Stalin decided to take the initiative to sign a treaty with New China. After some negotiations, China took back , Lushun Port, , Dalian Port and the China-Changhai Railway, but the issue of Mongolia's ownership has not been resolved.
Chairman Mao attended Stalin's 70th birthday
In fact, there are deeper reasons for the Mongolian problem. On the one hand, the new China urgently needs a lot of assistance at this time, so it can only follow the pace of "big brother"; on the other hand, as a new regime, China cannot compete with the Soviet Union, a superpower.
On the premise that Outer Mongolia's independence has become a fact, the Chinese and Soviet governments signed the " Sino-Soviet Friendship Alliance and Mutual Assistance Treaty" in 1950, and China was forced to recognize " Mongolian People's Republic ".
After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev came to power, and Chairman Mao tried to further negotiate with the Soviet Union to resolve the issue of ownership of Outer Mongolia.
In 1954, Khrushchev visited China and participated in the celebration of the fifth anniversary of the founding of New China. Through a series of negotiations, the Soviet Union returned the brigade military port and returned the management rights of Northeast Railway .
Chairman Mao and Khrushchev
At this moment, Chairman Mao once again mentioned the issue of ownership of Outer Mongolia. During the negotiations, Khrushchev has always opposed the incorporation of Outer Mongolia into China and has vaguely reminded China that if China wants to forcibly take back Outer Mongolia, the Soviet Union will also send troops to interfere. In this way, Chairman Mao’s wish to take back Outer Mongolia for the second time was dashed.
In the late 1950s, Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated, and the Soviet Union continued to increase troops on the Sino-Mongolia border, posing a huge threat to China, while Outer Mongolia has been following the Soviet Union's pace. In the past few decades, Mongolia is equivalent to "the 16th franchise republic of the Soviet Union", and China-Mongolia relations are also equivalent to Sino-Soviet relations.
Deng Xiaoping
By the 1980s and 1990s, in order to ease relations with China, Gorbachev negotiated with China. Deng Xiaoping raised the "three major obstacles" to Sino-Soviet relations, one of which was the withdrawal of troops from the Mongolian border. By 1992, all Soviet troops had withdrawn from Outer Mongolia.
But Outer Mongolia eventually became an independent sovereign state and could no longer return to the embrace of the motherland.
After Mongolia's independence, economic development encountered difficulties. After leaving
, Outer Mongolia joined the United Nations and became one of its members, but it did not improve in terms of economic development.
Although there are more than 80 mineral resources in Outer Mongolia, it has become one of the countries with the largest variety of mineral resources in the world. However, their industrial level is insufficient, and even if they have too many mineral resources, it will be useless. In the end, it will be cheaper for other countries and can only promote the development of their domestic economy through simple exports.
Today's Outer Mongolia
and they have been relying on the assistance of the Soviet Union in history and have no characteristics of their own. Since the collapse of , the economy of Outer Mongolia has taken a sharp decline and the quality of life of the people has not improved for a long time.
Now China and Russia are Mongolia’s largest trading partners. If political factors affect economic development, Mongolia’s economy will also suffer a devastating blow.
So although Mongolia successfully founded its country, it did not achieve long-term development. All this was caused by Mongolia in the final analysis.
So if Mongolia wants to develop, it still needs to find a method that suits its development. If this continues, the people of Mongolia will eventually be affected.
No matter whether Mongolia can return to China in the future, it will never be able to get rid of China's influence. In order to develop China-Mongolia relations, we need to make more efforts and hope to realize the dreams of our ancestors as soon as possible.
Today's Outer Mongolia
The independence of Outer Mongolia is generally caused by the weak national strength of the old China. Only when the Chinese people work together to strive to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as soon as possible can such historical tragedies not be allowed to repeat.
