A maritime victory before the fall of the Ming Dynasty relied on the support of pirate general Zheng Zhilong to win the Dutch, known as the "sea coachman".
The Netherlands came to the east. Trade hit a wall.
The arrival of the era of navigation has given many small European countries ambition to dominate the ocean. Seeing that Portuguese adventurers tasted the sweetness. Later, the independent Heli people were not willing to be lonely and began to travel far away. Finally, after successfully bypassing the Cape of Good Hope, they entered the Indian Ocean and opened the door to the Far East, thus laying the foundation for colonization and plundering. In the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1601), Dutch merchant ships appeared on the coast of China for the first time. The Ming people called it the "Red-haired Man".
Dutch colonists
After regaining huge wealth, in 1602, Dutch East India Company was officially established. This is an armed commercial group with colonial colors formed by the Dutch in Asia, and the Ming Dynasty in the Western Pacific was his next goal. Previously, the Portuguese had already gained a lot of trade benefits with the Japanese pirates around the coast of the Ming Dynasty and made huge profits. They even did some things to cause disaster to the military and civilians of the Ming Dynasty. These Dutch people already knew it clearly.
Even so, the temptation of wealth still drives the Dutch to sail. "History of Ming Dynasty: Biography of the Netherlands" records that "In the Wanli period, Fujian merchants were led to sell large mud (now Thailand), Luzon ( Philippine ancient country) and jiba (Jakarta), and the Lan people transferred to various countries to sell, but they did not dare to see China. From the Foliji City Xiangshan , based on Luzon, He Lan admired it. In the 29th year, he drove a large ship and carried a giant cannon, and directly turned to Luzon. Luzon refused it, and then turned to Xiangshan Macao. The number of people in Australia and China asked questions. , the words wanted to join the tribute city, but they dared not be a bandit." It is clearly described here that the Dutch initially followed the Portuguese, the Spaniards and others to engage in trade between Asian countries. At first, they did not dare to have any thoughts about China, but later they challenged the Spaniards on Luzon (the ones who occupied Luzon were actually Spanish, not Portuguese. The "History of Ming Dynasty" mistakenly called the two countries Franchise.), but unfortunately they failed. Later, they began to look at Macau, but Macau was the Portuguese at that time, and the Dutch did not succeed in the end.
East India Company Merchant Ship
"History of Ming Dynasty" records that Li Jin, a native of Haicheng, and the promiscuous merchants Pan Xiu and Guo Zhen, lived in the Dani area for a long time. After a long time, he became familiar with the Dutch leader Ma Weilang (who should be Weilang). He gave him an idea to let the Netherlands go to Penghu area as a base and asked him to bribe the local Ming Dynasty tax supervisor high-level . The Dutch immediately wrote a letter to local Ming Dynasty officials saying they wanted to trade, but the Ming Dynasty officials who were blocked refused and put Pan Xiu, who was in charge of the information, in prison. As a result, the Dutch leader did not wait for Pan Xiu's reply, so he was anxious and drove two large ships (the other historical records record three) to Penghu. The "History of Ming Dynasty" records that "in July of the 32nd year of the 32nd year of the Fong army had retreated, and it was like entering a deserted ruin, so he cut wood and built a house to make a long-term residence." In July of the 32nd year of Wanli (1604), when the Dutch arrived in Penghu, it happened to be the time when the Ming army changed its defenses. It was like entering a deserted land. The Dutch occupied Penghu without a single shot and an ammunition.
Besides, after the merchants who led the Dutch in the future were detained by the Ming Dynasty, they hoped that they could lobby the Dutch to withdraw, but they did not dare and just dragged it on. The Dutch contacted the tax surveillance and agreed to his request for a huge bribe of 30,000 gold. So Gao Lu and his own accomplices began to build momentum for the Dutch, saying how powerful their warships were, with the purpose of retreatment of the elite Fujian navy of the Ming Dynasty and forcing the Ming government to trade with the Dutch.
China and Dutch merchant ships
Dutch's approach to both soft and hard were strongly opposed by the Ming military, and they scoffed at the Dutch's strong ships and cannons. At that time, Fujian Navy General Shen Yourong and Deputy General Shi Dezheng strongly advocated expelling the Dutch. In the end, the Ming government decided that Shen Yourong would be responsible for clearing out the Dutch.According to the History of Ming Dynasty, Shen Yourong took peace talks as the best strategy and expelled by force as the worst strategy. He decided to negotiate with the Dutch first with diplomatic means. "Yourang is brave and wise, and speaks loudly, and the chief is heartbroken, and then said, "I have never heard of this." "The subordinates questioned each other with their swords, and had tolerance but no fear. They were full of energy and discernment, and the chief repented." After negotiations, the tax supervision and high school repatriation also returned the bribes received. After the incident, the Dutch still wanted to stay in Penghu and refused to leave. Shen Yourong supervised the Dutch in Penghu with 20 warships, and finally forced them to leave. Penghu Island returned to peace.
Dutch warship
covets China and creates trouble
Western powers created trouble along the coast of the Ming Dynasty, not only for commerce, but more for colonization and occupation of other countries' territory. This is not only the Netherlands, but also the same is true for Portugal, Spain, Britain and other countries. The actions of these Western colonial countries have deepened the Ming government's determination to implement maritime bans, strictly restricted the actions of Western countries such as the Netherlands on the coast of China, and even expelled them by force.
. Since the Netherlands has been resigned by Shen Yourong on Penghu Island, it has not been idle. However, since its East India Company was established, it has invaded Macau in 1601, occupied Penghu twice in 1604 and 1622, and occupied Taiwan Island in 1626.
Dutch colonist
In the 47th year of Wanli (1619), Cohen became the third governor of the Dutch East India Company. After this ambitious colonist came to power, he set his sights on the Ming Dynasty mainland, seeking an opportunity to open the door to China, and trying every means to destroy China's trade exchanges with other countries. In the second year of the Apocalypse (1622 o'clock), Cohen set his sights on Macau, intending to take Macau out of the Portuguese. In April of that year, the Dutch dispatched more than ten large ships and more than a thousand soldiers to head north to China. On June 21, the Dutch arrived in Macau and then launched an attack, which was blocked by the Portuguese. On June 24, Dutch artillery attacked Macau fiercely, and Portugal defended the enemy with a dangerous position and resisted desperately. The artillery repeatedly entered Dutch ships and ammunition trucks. After this battle, the Dutch suffered heavy casualties.
Front Cannon
Dutch Musket
Kinmen
Kinmen
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 In July, the Dutch drove seven warships and more than 900 soldiers to occupy Penghu again, blocked the Ming Dynasty's estuary, and used this as a base to plunder everywhere. Because two merchant ships of the pirate Zheng Zhilong (from 1604 to 1661, the father of Zheng Chenggong , were recruited by the Ming government many times during this period and were formally recruited by the Ming government in 1628) were robbed by the Dutch in Penghu, and both sides turned against each other. Later, Zheng Zhilong was recruited by Fujian Governor Nan Juyi and went to attack the Dutch. After the negotiations failed, in February of the fourth year of Tianqi (1624), Fujian Governor Nan Juyi commanded more than 10,000 Ming troops and more than 200 warships to encircle Penghu, but could not capture it for a long time. The two sides continued until August, and the Ming army captured the Dutch general Gao Wenlu alive and beheaded him. In this way, the Ming Dynasty successfully regained Penghu and restored national sovereignty.
Make a comeback. The Ming and Dutch naval battle
After the victory of the bourgeois revolution, the Netherlands was booming and was not satisfied with the small-scale smuggling trade. It regarded the Ming Empire at that time as an indigenous person in the East, and did not take it seriously at all. It was very dissatisfied with the Ming Dynasty's rejection of its trade everywhere, and urgently needed to open the door to trade with artillery fire.
On July 7, 1633, the Dutch Taiwan Chief Hans Putmans led thirteen Dutch warships (flagship Midborough) to launch a sudden attack on South Australia under the jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty.
Xiamen
On July 12, the Dutch fleet arrived in Xiamen and the raid was successfully launched. The unsuspecting Ming Navy was burned and sunk by the Netherlands. It also robbed ashore and threatened the Ming government to liberate trade and trade. It was rejected and the two sides continued to maintain a confrontation.
On October 22, the famous Liaoluo Bay Battle finally broke out between the Netherlands and the Ming Dynasty.
Military confrontation between the two sides is as follows:
Ming Army (Ming Army-Zheng Zhilong Fleet):
More than one hundred and fifty warships (including 50 large warships, 100 medium and small sailing ships)Ten thousand soldiers
Chinese three-masted sailing ships
Dutch Army (Netherland-Liuxiang Joint Fleet):
Nine Dutch Garen warships (Brouwershaeven, Slotendijck, Wieringen, Couckercken, Perdam, Bleyswijck, Zeeburch, de Salm and Texel) and more than fifty pirate ships.
Dutch Garen Ship
Location: Liaoluo Bay, south of Kinmen Island,
Navigation
Formation: Dutch army is in the center, and Liu Xiang's pirate ship is distributed around. The Ming Dynasty army attacked from the southeast corner with the wind, Zheng Zhilong's troops as the vanguard, and the other was detoured to the enemy's ships at the downwind.
Lili Luowan naval battle diagram - quoted from He Feng - "China's Ocean - An Investigation on the Construction of Marine Forces in the Ming Dynasty".jpg
Tactics: The Ming army adopted the fire attack tactic. Only 50 Ming army's 150 warships were gunships, and the rest became fire ships. They rushed towards the enemy fleet under the cover of gunboats, causing two of the nine large warships of the Dutch Navy to be burned, two were sunk, one was captured, and the other several were severely damaged and fled. The pirate Liu Xiang's fifty warships were wiped out.
casualties: 86 people were killed in battle and 132 people were seriously injured. Another Dutch fleet commander, several officers, 118 crew members were captured alive, level 20 beheaded, and more than 1,000 drowned Dutch and Chinese pirates were burned to death.
summary
After this battle, the Ming army took advantage of the victory to chase the Dutch and completely drove the Dutch out of the southeast coast. Zheng Zhilong also took the opportunity to eliminate Liu Xiang's fleet and become the dominant force at sea.
This naval battle was the last naval battle between the Ming Dynasty and Western countries. Although the Ming army won the victory, the key to victory was directly related to the recruited pirate general Zheng Zhilong. Compared with the Ming Navy, Zheng Zhilong's pirate fleet in the early years competed with various armed forces at sea all year round. Therefore, in terms of naval equipment and tactics, it was actually better than the Ming Navy of the same period. The warships he used were more similar to the Western warship style, and they also had a large displacement and strong firepower, which gave him a clear advantage in naval battles with the Dutch.
