The Legend of Guanlong The founder of the Northern Zhou Dynasty Yuwen Tai 's struggle history
Yuwen Tai (507-556), whose courtesy name is Hei Er, was from Wuchuan County, Dai County (now Wuchuan County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and a Xianbei ethnic group. Outstanding military strategists, reformers, and politicians during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the actual ruler of the Western Wei Dynasty, and the founder of the Northern Zhou regime.
In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, Yuwen Tai's father and brother both died in war. After many twists and turns, he became Hebayue's command. He Bayue welcomed Emperor Xiaozhuang of Wei back to Luoyang. He entered Guanzhong again, followed the defeat of Wanqi Chou Nu, set the Longyou, and carried out Yuanzhou affairs. In the first year of Taichang (532), He Bayue appointed him as the left prime minister and the Sima of the Taiwan Prefecture. He participated in the decision-making decisions in every detail and later served as the governor of Xiazhou. In the third year of Yongxi (534), Hebayue was killed by Hou Mo Chenyue, and Yuwen Tai was pushed by everyone and led his army to attack and kill Hou Mo Chenyue, which shocked Qinlong. He paid homage to the Grand Tour of Guanxi, and sent an edict to Fangzhen, and vowed to get rid of Prime Minister Gao Huan. In August, Emperor Xiaowu of Wei entered the pass, and soon killed him, Yuan Baoju was appointed as the emperor, and he was appointed as the general, and promoted to the prime minister. In the first year of Datong (535), the Western Wei Dynasty governed the military and major military service in China and abroad, and was renamed the Duke of Anding. Later he was the Grand Tutor and the Dazhong Priest. During this period, established its foothold in Guanlong, fought against Eastern Wei , eroded Nanliang, and successively seized Hedong and other places in the Eastern Wei Dynasty and Bashu and other places in the Southern Liang Dynasty. The battle of Xiaoguan and the battle of Shayuan, which he personally commanded, are both military history models that defeat the majority.
Yuwen Tai is strict in military discipline, knows people well, and promotes Li Bi, Dugu Xin equal to Rongwu, and also promotes Su Chuo and Lu Bian among Confucian scholars. He was determined to reform and put in thirty-six new systems, banning corruption, laying down officials, and implementing military farming, thinking that it was "Zhongxing Yongshi". The equal-field system was promulgated, and the Guanlong Haoyou was widely recruited to increase the military and organized into the 12 armies. The eight-pillar state of was led by the eight-pillar state, and the government system was established. He ruled for more than 20 years and laid the foundation for the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
The second year of Dading (556), Yuwen Tai died and was posthumously named Duke Wen. After receiving Zen, Emperor Xiaomin of Zhou was posthumously honored as King Wen, with the temple name Taizu. In the first year of Wucheng (559), he posthumously respected as Emperor Wen, and called his tomb Chengling.
Characters’ Life
Yuwen Tai’s ancestors originated from the Southern Xiongnu, and later merged into the Xianbei tribe and were called Yuwen tribe. Later, it was destroyed by the Xianbei Murong Lun, and the rest of the tribes served in the Murong Yan family. When the Later Yan defeated the Northern Wei Dynasty, he returned to the Northern Wei Dynasty. Soon he was moved to Wuchuan (now Wuchuan County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and then stayed in the country for many years.
In the late Zhengguang period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a six-town uprising broke out. The Wei Kegu of the rebel army was very strong, and he captured Wuchuan and Huaishuo. Although the Wuchuan army leader Hebaduba (the father of Hebayue), was captured by the rebel army, his position still supported the Northern Wei government. Therefore, he conspired with his close friend Yuwen Gong (the father of Yuwen Tai), and led the heroes Yuzhen, Nianxian, Yifukugen, Yuchi Zhentan and others to recruit volunteers and attack Wei Kegu. During the battle, Yuwen Tai's eldest brother Yuwen Hao was killed in battle.
Wuchuan Town, which had been through war, had just expelled Wei Kegu's uprising army, and Tiel's leader, Hebaduba, died in battle. So Yuwen Gong led his family to Zhongshan for refuge.
64646646646646656656666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666. However, on the way to Zuoren City, he was defeated by the Northern Wei official army, and Yuwen Tai's father Yuwen Gong and Yuwen Tai's second brother Yuwen Lian were killed. Yuwen Tai and his third brother Yuwen Luosheng survived and fled to Xianyu Xiuli Army. After Xianyu Xiuli's death, Yuwen Tai joined Ge Rong's army and was appointed as the general. After Ge Rong failed, he was afraid that the Yuwen brothers had a different intention, so he involved other charges and killed Yuwen Luosheng. It was because of Yuwen Tai's generous statement that Er Zhu Rong's vigilance towards him was relieved and he was spared from his difficulties.Because Yuwen Tai and Erzhu Rong's general Hebayue were old, Hebayue was also a soldier in Wuchuan and had a close relationship with Yuwen Tai's father Yuwen Gong, Yuwen Tai, therefore, Yuwen Tai was incorporated under Hebayue's subordinates
Hebajin gang general
In the spring of the third year of Yong'an (530), Erzhu Rong used Erzhu Tianguang as the head coach, , Hebayue and Hou Mo Chenyue as the deputy commander, and led his troops to suppress the Guanlong Uprising Army. Yuwen Tai followed Hebayue into the pass as an infantry captain. Because of his contributions to suppressing the uprising army, he moved to the General of the Western Expedition and the Jinzi Guanglu Dafu, with 300 households in the town, and was appointed as the General of Zhige and the General of Yuanzhou. In the process of suppressing the Guanlong Uprising, Yuwen Tai took the opportunity to expand his influence and favored the officials and the people, which won the favor of many people. In September of that year, Emperor Xiao Zhuang Yuan Ziyou killed Erzhu Rong , but the power was still in the hands of Erzhu, who had a large army.
The first year of Taichang (532), Gao Huan defeated the Erzhu family, and supported Emperor Xiaowu of Wei to ascend the throne and ruled the great power. He appointed He Bayue as the Grand Xingtai of Guanxi, and He Bayue appointed Yuwen Tai as the left prime minister of Xingtai, the Sima of the Palace, and the Changshi of the Sanqi. He appointed everything in detail. Gao Huan was the prime minister in the court and held great power. Emperor Xiaowu Yuan Xiumi and Hebayue wanted to restrain Gao Huan. Yuwen Tai, who was the Sima of the Palace, asked to go to Jinyang (now Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province) to observe Gao Huan's character. After Yuwen Tai arrived in Jinyang, he agreed with Gao Huan and was quick and eloquent. Gao Huan wanted to keep Yuwen Tai for his own use, but Yuwen Tai refused and returned. Yuwen Tai returned to Chang'an and analyzed the situation at that time to Hebayue: "Gao Huan is definitely not willing to be a subordinate. The reason why he has not usurped the throne is because he is afraid of you brothers. As for Hou Mo Chenyue, he is just a mediocre person. He only encountered a good opportunity to be able to hold a high position. Since he has no worries about the country, he is not taboo by Gao Huan. As long as he prepares early, it is not difficult to get it. Now, Hexi Fei has a cavalry that controls the strings and does not have less than 10,000. The governor of Xiazhou, Hubami, suddenly has three thousand troops. The governor of the state Cao Ni, and the governor of Hexi, Hedouling, also had their own tribes and their ambitions. Therefore, if we lead the army to Longdi, show our military power, and convince the people with our virtue, we can collect their troops to enrich our team. At that time, we would pacify the ethnic minorities such as Di and Qiang in Xi'an, and to the north, we could conquer the tribes in the northern desert. We would return to Chang'an to assist the Wei family. Isn't this the act of Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin to appease the Zhou family and dominate the world. "Hebayue was very impressed when she heard this, so she sent Yuwen Tai to Luoyang to meet Emperor Xiaowu and secretly stated his plans. Emperor Xiaowu was overjoyed after hearing this and added Yuwen Tai as General Wuwei.
In August of the second year of Yongxi (533), Emperor Xiaowu appointed He Bayue as the governor of the military and governor of the 20 prefectures including Yong and Hua. Hebayue led his troops to Xitun Pingliang (now Huating City, Gansu Province). In that year, Hebayue used Xiazhou (Zhiyanlu, now Nanbaichengzi, Wushen Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) as the key frontier, and wanted to send capable people as the governor. With the strong recommendation of everyone, Yuwen Tai was appointed as the envoy, General of Wuwei, and Governor of Xiazhou. After Yuwen Tai arrived in Xiazhou, he comforted the refugees and formed ethnic minorities, and quickly controlled the situation in Xiazhou.
In the third year of Yongxi (534), Hebayue joined forces with Hou Mo Chenyue to attack Cao Ni, but ended up being defeated by Hou Mo Chenyue's plan and Hebayue was murdered. Hebayue's army was unprincipled and was in panic. Zhao Gui and others suggested that Yuwen Tai command the Hebayue army and send someone to find Yuwen Tai. Yuwen Tai's friend dissuaded him and said that the situation was unclear and the situation was dangerous, so he should observe it before making a decision. However, Yuwen Tai believed that "it is rare and easy to lose. It is not a matter of opportunity for the whole day. If you don't go early this day, you will be afraid that everyone will be distracted." He immediately rushed to Liangzhou to take over the command of the He Ministry, gathered all generals to discuss the pros and cons, inspected various camps and stabilize the morale of the army. And defeated Hou Mo Chenyue and marched eastward to Chang'an. With the foundation for establishing government and Guanlong.
dictator Guanlong
Yuwen Tai commanded Hebayue's army, and ordered the troops to be martial law and prepared to fight against Hou Mo Chenyue. On the other hand, he expressed his condemnation to Emperor Xiaowu Yuan Xiu, and made an oath with Yuanpi and the generals to support the royal family. Emperor Xiaowu then issued an edict to use Yuwen Tai as the commander-in-chief and commanded Hebayue's troops. After Yuwen Tai was formally recognized by Emperor Xiaowu, he immediately attacked Hou Mo Chenyue.In November, Yuwen Tai sent Li Hu, Li Bi and others to attack Cao Ni. The following year, Cao Ni surrendered and Lingzhou was pacified. Yuwen Tai moved his powerful men to Xianyang (now Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) to strengthen control. Yuwen Tai pacified Qin and Long, and his strength increased. Emperor Xiaowu appointed Tai as the Shizhong, General of the Cavalry, Kaifu Yitong Sansi, the Grand Governor of Guanxi, and Duke of Lueyang County. He inherited the title of the title and became a powerful figure second only to Gao Huan.
In May of the third year of Yongxi (534), Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty wanted to raise an army to attack Gao Huan. After the incident was leaked, Gao Huan was already on guard. The general of the Central Army Wang Sizheng said to Emperor Xiaowu: "Gao Huan's desire to usurpate the rebellion is obvious. Luoyang is not a place for martial arts. Once attacked, it is difficult to defend. Yuwen Tai is in the Wei family. It is better to go to Guanzhong and use his strength to compete with Gao Huan." Emperor Xiaowu agreed deeply. First, when Qin Longgang was pacified, the governor of Xia, Yu Jin, once advised Yuwen Tai to write a letter to Emperor Xiaowu and move the capital to Guanzhong to follow Cao Cao's actions and use the emperor to command the princes. Yuwen Tai accepted this opinion and handed Gao Huan over all his letters to Emperor Xiaowu to show his loyalty to the royal family. When Emperor Xiaowu wanted to attack Gao Huan, Tai sent the Grand Governor Liang Yu to lead 5,000 infantry and cavalry to the junction of the Yellow River and Wei River to support Luo Chao, the governor of Qinzhou, to lead 1,000 light cavalry to Luoyang. Soon, the Grand Governor Li Xian sent a thousand elite cavalry to Luoyang. Therefore, when Emperor Xiaowu asked the ministers for their opinions on moving to Guanzhong, almost everyone agreed.
In July of the third year of Yongxi (534), Emperor Xiaowu was defeated by Gao Huan, so he led a light cavalry from Luoyang to enter the pass, moved the capital to Chang'an, and was appointed as General Yuwen Tai, Governor of Yongzhou, and also the Minister of Shangshu. In October of that year, Gao Huan also held another Emperor Xiaojing of Wei ascended the throne and moved his capital to Ye (now Ye Town, Linzhang County, Hebei Province). It was known in history as the Eastern Wei, and the Gao family continued to control the Eastern Wei government. After Emperor Xiaowu moved to Chang'an, all the government orders depended on Yuwen Tai. Emperor Xiaowu was still controlled by others, and he was displeased. He gradually became rifty with Yuwen Tai, and his dissatisfaction was beyond words. In December of the same year, Yuwen Tai poisoned Emperor Xiaowu and made Yuanbaoju the emperor, known in history as the Western Wei Dynasty. In the first month of the following year, Yuan Baoju officially ascended the throne in the west of Chang'an City and changed the reign of the Great Order, and was appointed Emperor Wen of the Western Wei Dynasty. Yuwen Tai still controlled the real power of the Western Wei government, and was the prime minister, general of military affairs in China and abroad, and was appointed Duke of Anding County. Northern Wei was divided into two
Tongguan fight for victory
At that time, the Eastern Wei was strong, and Gao Huan had the ambition to pacify Guanlong. In the first month of the first year of Datong in the Western Wei Dynasty (535), Gao Huan led his army to build three floating bridges, and he prepared to cross the Yellow River in Puban (now Yongji City, Shanxi Province). The first battle between the East and West Wei wars began. The Eastern Wei Daxingtai Shangshu Sima Ziru led the majority of Supervisor Dou Tai , Qinzhou Governor Han Zhi and others attacked Tongguan . The Western Wei Yuwentai Army was stationed in Bashang (now Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province). Sima Ziru and others returned to the army and crossed the Yellow River at night from Pujin (now the Yellow River Ferry Crossing in Puzhou Town, Yongji City, Shanxi Province), attacked Huazhou (now the Dali County, Shaanxi Province), and were repelled by the governor Wang Fu . In December of the second year of Datong (536), in order to avoid fighting on both sides, Gao Huan sent envoys to ask for peace to the Southern Dynasty Liang. At the same time, taking advantage of the famine in Guanzhong, the army in charge of the Western Wei three routes: Situ Gao Aocao led the troops to attack Shangluo (now Shangzhou City, Shaanxi Province), the commander-in-chief Dou Tai attacked Tongguan, and Gao Huan personally led the troops from Jinyang to Puban.
The first month of the third year of Datong (537), Gao Huan's army stationed in Puban and built three floating bridges on the Yellow River, trying to cross the river. When Yuwen Tai, who was stationed in Guangyang (now north of Lintong, Shaanxi Province), learned about it, he believed that the Eastern Wei army attacked in separate routes and used bridges to show crossings, which was actually to restrain the Western Wei army and wanted to allow Dou Tai's army to enter the west. Dou Tai was a brave general of Gao Huan and was arrogant after winning many times. He should first attack his team. When Dou Tai's army was defeated, Gao Huan retreated without fighting. However, the generals believed that Gao Huan was close and Dou Tai was far away. It was inappropriate to be far away if you were close, so it was better to divide your troops to resist.
Yuwen Tai led a riding 6,000 from Guangyang to Chang'an to seek the opinions of the direct doctor Yuwen Shen. Yuwen Shen believes that if I attack Gao Huan first and Dou Tai will go to rescue me, I will be attacked from both sides. If you sneak out of Xiaoguan (now east of Tongguan, Shaanxi Province) with light and sharpness, you will attack Dou Tai first, and Gao Huan will be steadily and it will be difficult to rescue him in time. When Dou Tai is defeated, Gao Huan's military force will definitely be frustrated. When he returns to the army and attacks, he will win a complete victory. Yuwen Tai proposed to the point.So he threatened to abandon Guanzhong and retreat to Longyou to confuse the Eastern Wei army. At the same time, he went east from the Chang'an Qianjun and arrived at Xiaoguan on the morning of the 17th day of the first lunar month. When Dou Tai suddenly heard that the Western Wei army had arrived, he was panicked and hurriedly crossed south from Fengling (now the north bank of the Yellow River in Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province) to fight. Yuwen Tai went out to Ma Muze (now the northern foot of Mount Hua) and sent troops to attack Dou Tai. Dou Tai's army was defeated. Dou Tai committed suicide and his troops were captured by more than 10,000 people. Gao Huan retreated because the Yellow River was so thin that it was difficult to rescue, so he retreated with the floating bridge. Gao Aocao was also ordered to withdraw his troops from Shangluo. Yuwen Tai judged the situation in the battle of Tongguan , took advantage of the weaknesses of the Eastern Wei army, concentrated its forces, and unexpectedly attacked the whole way, winning in one fell swoop. The first time the two sides fought, ended in Gao Huan's failure.
Shayuan Battle
4Dharma 4 In the third year of Datong (537), Gao Huan personally led 200,000 troops from Hukou to Pujin. The second battle between East and West Wei began. Due to the drought and famine in Guanzhong, Yuwen Tai took less than 10,000 troops to rest in Huannong Barn for more than 50 days. Yuwen Tai's troops were not replenished and were short of soldiers and food. The troops from various states failed to assemble on time according to Zi Wentai's order. Yuwen Tai heard that Gao Huan came to fight across the Yellow River, so he hurried into the pass to prepare. Gao Huan's general Gao Aocao brought 30,000 troops and surrounded Huannong. Gao Huan's staff advised: "The Western Wei suffered famine for years, so Yuwen Tai's army ventured to Shanzhou to grab grain and grain. Now Gao Aocao has surrounded Huannong's granary and the grain cannot be transported out. We'd better divide the troops and not fight with Yuwen Tai's army. By the time of the Autumn Period, most of the Yuwen Tai's military and civilians starved to death, and Yuwen Tai must surrender even if they don't die. Therefore, we'd better not cross the Yellow River." General Hou Jing also advised: "Our army has hundreds of thousands of soldiers coming in one fell swoop. If it's not victorious, it's difficult to gather troops for a while. It's better to divide the army into two and advance one after another. If the front army wins, the rear army will attack with all its might; if the front army is defeated, the rear army can respond, and then act as a reserve force to fight to meet the enemy." Gao Huan was eager to avenge Dou Tai, and did not listen to these two opinions and crossed the Yellow River from Pujin.
Yuwen Tai learned that the Eastern Wei army was in a fortress, led nearly 10,000 troops back to Guanzhong, and warned Huazhou Governor Wang Fu and others to strictly guard the garrison. Gao Huan led his army to the city of Fengyi (Huazhou Capital, now Dali County, Shaanxi Province), and persuaded Wang Fu to surrender, but was rejected. Gao Huan was unable to capture it, so he turned to the army to the west of Xuyuan in Fengyi south. Yuwen Tai went to the south of the Wei River and ordered the conscript of soldiers from all prefectures to fight. At that time, the state soldiers had not gathered, and the generals were disparate due to the fact that the number of soldiers was large, and they advocated waiting for the Eastern Wei army to advance westward to observe their momentum. Yuwen Tai believed that if the Eastern Wei army arrived in Chang'an, it would disturb people's hearts and could attack them while they came from afar. Then he built a floating bridge in the Wei River and ordered his troops to carry three days of food to cross the Wei River north, and his baggage traveled westward from Weinan along the Wei River.
On the first day of October, we entered Shayuan and approached the Eastern Wei army. Yuwen Tai sent his general Da Xiwu to lead several cavalry to dress up as the Eastern Wei army to reconnaissance.
On the morning of the second day of the lunar month, Yuwen Tai adopted the strategy of his subordinate Li Bi and led his troops to form east and west, with Li Bi as the right wing and Zhao Gui as the left wing. He chose the Weiqu, which was deep and muddy in the reeds ten miles east of the garrison, and set up an ambush, so that the soldiers would all slung into the reeds and they would hear the sound of drums. In the afternoon, the Eastern Wei army arrived in Weiqu. The governor Hulu Qiangju thought that the reeds were deep and muddy, so it was better to temporarily stalemate with the Western Wei army, and at the same time, he secretly sent fierce soldiers to Chang'an. Gao Huan advocated burning reeds and burning the Western Wei army. Sikong Hou Jing suggested capturing Yuwen Tai alive. The general Peng Le threatened to capture Yuwen Tai alive. Gao Huan followed Hou Jing and Peng Le's opinions and rushed forward. When the Eastern Wei army saw that there were few soldiers in the Western Wei army, they rushed to attack before they could make an array. The two generals of the army fought each other, Yuwen Tai beat the drum, and the ambush suddenly rose and rushed bravely. The General of the Cavalry of the Western Wei Dynasty, Yu Jin and other six armies cooperated in combat. Zhao Gui, the left army, was unfavorable to fight, and Li Bi of the Right Army led the cavalry to attack, dividing the Eastern Wei army into two. Yuwen Tai's army defeated Gao Huan as a result. Gao Huan led the remnants to cross the Yellow River to escape. Yuwen Tai led the Western Wei army to chase the Yellow River and killed 80,000 people. Yuwen Tai selected more than 20,000 soldiers to leave, and the rest were released back to their hometowns. After this battle, Yuwen Tai defeated Gao Huan. Gao Aocao heard about the defeat and withdrew from Huanong, and was withdrawn from the insurance of Luoyang. After Yuwen Tai won this victory, his soldiers were strong and his food was sufficient, and everyone was very happy. Yuwen Tai ordered each soldier to plant a willow tree on the battlefield to show his congratulations, and later promoted to the general of the . Shortly after the Battle of Shayuan, Yuwen Tai sent troops eastward.Yuwen Tai sent Fengyi Wang Yuanjihai and Kaifu Dugu Xin to lead 20,000 infantry and cavalry to Luoyang; Luozhou Governor Li Xian went to Jingzhou ; Hebasheng , Li Bi crossed the Yellow River to surround Puyang. The Eastern Wei general Gao Zixin opened the door and accepted the victorious army. The Eastern Wei general Xue Chongli abandoned the city and left. He Basheng and others pursued him and captured Xue Chongli. Yuwen Tai personally led his army to cross the Yellow River eastward and marched into Puyang, and settled the east of the Hebei region (now southwest of Shanxi Province). Lay the foundation for the later Jade Bi Battle . In the fourth year of the Eastern Wei Dynasty (538), Gao Huan generals Hou Jing and Gao Aocao surrounded Jinyong City in Luoyang and burned down a large number of civilian temples in Luoyang. Yuwen Tai had already brought Emperor Wen of the Western Wei to Luoyang to worship the Northern Wei imperial tomb temple. After hearing the news, he led his army to help and killed Gao Huan's general Moduo Lou Dawen in the last battle. Hou Jing retreated to the siege overnight and returned north, and Yuwen Tai pursued him. Hou Jing set up a long formation, occupied the Heqiao in the north, and followed the south to Mangshan (now Luoyang City, Henan Province), and fought with Yuwen Tai's army. During the melee, Yuwen Tai was shocked by the waves of arrows in the battle of the horse and threw Yuwen Tai to the ground. The Eastern Wei army chased and surrounded it, and the left and right were scattered. Governor Li Mu dismounted and hit Yuwen Tai, who was lying on the ground with a horse whip, pretending to be scolding a soldier. The Eastern Wei soldiers who were chasing Li Mu's tone determined that Yuwen Tai who fell off the horse was not the commander of the Western Wei army, and they turned around and chased others. Li Mu helped Yu and Wen Tai get on the horse and both fled. Because the Western Wei army arrived at this time, the army revived and turned around to face Hou Jing's army. Hou Jing's army was defeated and left. Gao Aocao was arrogant and looked down on Yuwen Tai. He ordered a large number of banners with the names of official generals and a precious umbrella cover to cross the horse to face the battle. The Western Wei army mobilized the most elite troops to besiege Gao Aocao, causing his entire army to be destroyed. Finally, he rode alone to the south city of Heyang. It happened that the guard general was Gao Huan's cousin Gao Yongle. Su had a relationship with Gao Aocao and closed the city gate to prevent Gao Aocao from entering the city. The Western Wei brigade pursued the troops. Gao Aocao knew that his life was not guaranteed, so he turned around and raised his head to face him. After the soldiers who had cut off the head of Gao Aocao returned to the Western Wei Dynasty, they were rewarded with tens of thousands of pieces of silk, and were given to them every year according to the quantity. Until the Northern Zhou Dynasty was established by Yuwen Tai, the reward of silk was not finished. Gao Huan heard the news of Gao Aocao's death and was like losing his courage. He beat Gao Yongle with two hundred military sticks and posthumously awarded Gao Aocao as the Grand Tutor, Grand Sima, and Grand Marshal.
Since the Western Wei Wanqipu defected to the Eastern Wei, Gao Huan always took special care of him because of his age. In this battle, the collapsed Eastern Wei army crossed the Heqiao north, and only Wanqiluo's army remained unmoved like a mountain. The Western Wei army chased him to Heqiao, and Wanqiluo said with sarcasm, "Wanqi Sui Luogan is here, can he come!" The people of the Western Wei left in fear. On that day, the battle between the East and West Wei was very large, and the heads and tails could not be seen. At this time, heavy fog fell from the sky, and they could not distinguish between each other. The stiff situation began to turn around. Dugu Xin of the Western Wei Dynasty, Li Yuan's Right Army, Zhao Gui, and Yifeng's left army took a sharp turn, and at the same time, they lost contact with Yuwen Tai and Yuan Baoju, and gave up their troops and escaped first. Li Hu of the rear army, Nianxian, saw Dugu Xin and others retreating to the rear. Seeing that the army collapsed, Yuwen Tai did not dare to stay alone, so he burned the camp with Yuan Baoju and fled.
After nightfall, the Eastern Wei soldiers retreated, and Wang Sizheng's confidants found Yuwen Tai on the battlefield, and it was already late at night when they returned to the camp. At this time, Yuan Baoju and Yuwen Tai retreated to Hengnong, and the guards in the city had already dispersed as birds and beasts. The captured soldiers of the Eastern Wei took the opportunity to defend themselves behind closed doors. Yuwen Tai broke through the city and killed hundreds of people who were in trouble. That night, Cai You also arrived in Hengnong. Yuwen Tai was overjoyed, "Chengxian (Cai You word) I don't have to worry about you when you come." The war that day made Yuwen Tai frightened and couldn't sleep at night. Later, he was pillowing on Cai You's thighs and could not fall asleep. At this moment, Gao Huan hurried to the front line with seven thousand cavalry, and the Western Wei had withdrawn. Gao Huan immediately attacked Jinyong. The guard general Changsun Ziyan burned the houses and palaces in the city and fled. Gao Huan flattened Jinyong and returned. In this battle, although the Eastern Wei regained the Central Plains and rushed to Luoyang, and the Western Wei also lost some of its troops, it did not hurt the key points of the Western Wei, resulting in the fall of Luoyang again in the local counterattack of the Western Wei in December of that year.
Mangshan War
499th year of Datong (543), the Fourth War of the Two Wei Dynasty (Mangshan War) began.The fuse of this war was caused by the surrender of Yuzhou (now Sishui Town, Xingyang City, Henan Province) to the north of Gao Aocao's brother Gao Zhongmi. Just as Gao Zhongmi was about to be released as the governor of Northern Yuzhou. Frightened and angry, he surrendered to the Western Wei as soon as he took office. The strategic location of the Eastern Wei Hulaoguan (now Sishui Town, Xingyang City, Henan Province) fell into the hands of the Western Wei. Yuwen Tai personally led the troops to meet Gao Zhongmi, and the army arrived in Luoyang, surrounding the south city of Heqiao. Gao Huan also personally led 100,000 troops to cross the river from the north bank of the Yellow River, and occupied Mangshan as a formation, without fighting for several days. Yuwen Tai kept all the supplies and climbed the mountain at night to attack Gao Huan. At dawn, the two armies fought, and General Gao Huan Peng Le rushed straight into the Northern Army of the Western Wei with thousands of cavalry, and all the directions were defeated. Soon, Peng Le of the Eastern Wei sent an envoy to win and captured five princes including Yuan Jian, the King of Lintao of the Western Wei, and the generals and staff officers, a total of 48 people. Gao Huan sent Peng Le to pursue Yuwen Tai. Yuwen Tai was in a mess and begged Peng Le on the horse, "Isn't this General Peng Le? If you kill me today, will you still use it tomorrow? Why don't you return to the camp immediately and take away the gold and silver treasures I left behind?" Peng Le was a rough man. He felt that this was reasonable, so he gave up Yuwen Tai and returned to the camp that Yuwen Tai abandoned and put a large bag of gold and treasures on his horse and returned to the camp to report to Gao Huan.
Peng Le reported after seeing Gao Huan: "Yuwen Tai escaped by chance, and was already scared." Gao Huan was both happy that Peng Le had a fight and was extremely angry that he let Yuwen Tai go, and ordered Peng Le to lie on the ground, personally stepped forward and grabbed Peng Le's big head and hit the ground hard, gritted his teeth for a long time, raised the knife in his hand several times to cut off Peng Le's head on the spot, weighed the pros and cons, but couldn't bear to take action. Drum Le's face was covered in blood, and he raised his head and begged Gao Huan to give him another 5,000 troops, and return to the formation to chase Yuwen Tai. Gao Huan cursed, "You let everyone go, why are you going back to the formation and chase after you?" He sent someone to get three thousand pieces of silk to pile it on Peng Le's back to reward him for his victory. The next day, the East and West Wei armies revived and fought again. Yuwen Tai's three armies attacked the Eastern Wei army, Gao Huan was defeated and 60,000 prisoners were killed. Gao Huan was shot to death for a moment, and his subordinate Helian Yangshun got off the horse and gave it to Gao Huan, and he and seven people later protected him.
As the troops of the five generals including Zhao Gui of the Western Wei Dynasty retreated, the situation on the battlefield changed again. The Eastern Wei soldiers gathered again and rushed over. Yuwen Tai attacked and retreated without a fight. He led his army to escape, and the Eastern Wei army pursued him. Because Duhuxin and others collected the Western Wei sanctuary soldiers from behind and attacked the pursuers of the Eastern Wei dynasty, Yuwen Tai was lucky enough to escape and stationed troops upstream of the Wei River. Gao Huan led his troops into Shanzhou, and his subordinate Feng Zihui persuaded Gao Huan to take advantage of the victory and pursue the two Wei. But the other generals had no fighting spirit and were exhausted, so they dared not fight again. At that time, Yuwen Tai had already become the last of his strength, and as long as Gao Huan's army arrived, he would definitely die. Seeing that the generals were depressed, Gao Huan ordered the return of the army, losing an excellent opportunity. Wang Sizheng, who had always been guarding Huannong's granary for Yuwen Tai, heard the news of the defeat of the Western Wei army. Not only did he not escape, but he asked someone to open the city gate and lie on the city tower. He comforted the soldiers and inspire the soldiers and show his courage. A few days later, the Eastern Wei soldiers rushed to the city. Seeing that the city gate was wide open, they knew Wang Sizheng's reputation, and they were very timid and fled without fighting. Since then, the Eastern Wei army recaptured Northern Yuzhou and Luozhou, and Hou Jing captured Gao Zhongmi's wife and children and sent them to Yecheng (now Linzhang County, Hebei Province). In the next two or three years, there was no major war between the two Wei.
Reversing the disadvantages
In September of the 12th year of Datong (546), Gao Huan personally led an army of more than 100,000 to besiege Yubi (now Jishan County, Shanxi Province), which was defended by the Western Wei Dynasty, and wanted to remove the nail that the Western Wei Dynasty was downstream of the Fen River. Western Wei Bingzhou Governor Wei Xiaokuan guarded the Yubi and resisted tenaciously. Gao Huan successively adopted tactics such as water cutoff, fire attack, and digging tunnels. After more than 50 days of besieging the city, more than 70,000 soldiers died and failed to capture the jade wall. In the end, Gao Huan was sick and had to rescue him. Battle of Yubi , Gao Huan came out with all his strength and attacked Yilan City for more than fifty days. His intelligence was trapped, and he became ill in anger. In the first month of the following year, he died of illness. Since then, Yuwen Tai reversed his past disadvantages and was evenly matched with the Eastern Wei Dynasty. After Gao Huan's death, his eldest son, Gao Cheng, took charge of the Eastern Wei Dynasty's affairs. Gao Cheng was incompatible with Hou Jing, who held heavy troops. Gao Cheng was afraid of Hou Jing's power and wanted to seize his military power. Hou Jing surrendered to the Western Wei Dynasty in the thirteen prefectures of Henan.Yuwen Tai accepted Hou Jing's surrender, and at the same time he was very cautious about Hou Jing, who was deceitful and fickle, and sent a large army to take over the land occupied by Hou Jing and signaled Jing to hand over the army and enter Chang'an. At that time, after Hou Jing rebelled, Gao Cheng also sent a large army to advance, so Hou Jing turned to Xiaoliang, and then launched a Hou Jing rebellion. In the process of quelling the Hou Jing Rebellion, Xiao brothers competed for the throne and killed each other. Yuwen Tai took the opportunity to briefly capture the land of the Southern Liang Dynasty, seized the Handong, Yizhou , Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei) and other places, and controlled the upstream of the Yangtze River and the Hanshui .
In the 17th year of Datong (552), Hou Jing was defeated and the seventh son of Emperor Wu of Liang was Xiao Yi was called emperor in Jiangling (now Jiangling County, Hubei Province), and was Emperor Yuan of Liang. Before Hou Jing was pacified, Xiao Yi had resigned to the Western Wei Dynasty and entered into an alliance with the Western Wei Dynasty. The Western Wei Dynasty used Jingling (now Qianjiang City, Hubei Province) and Anlu (now Anlu City, Hubei Province) as the boundary, so he asked to be a vassal and sent a proton. Since he became emperor, he no longer submitted his ministers. Yuwen Tai sent his envoy Yuwen Renshu to Jiangling to ask questions. Emperor Yuan of Liang told Yuwen Renshu that Liang had been unified and the Western Wei should return the occupied Liang Yi, Xiangyang and other places. After Yuwen Renshu also sued Yuwen Tai, Yuwen Tai believed that since Liang and Yi had obtained the two prefectures, they should further encircle Jianghan. It happened that at this time, Xiao Yi's nephew Xiao Xun entered the Western Wei Dynasty and requested to send troops to attack Xiao Yi. So in September 1 of the first year of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty (554), Yuwen Tai ordered Yu Jin, Yu Wen Hu and others to lead 50,000 infantry and cavalry to attack Jiangling. In November, the city was broken and Emperor Yuan of Liang was executed. The Wei army selected more than 100,000 men and women in Jiangling and drove them back to Guanzhong. They only left an empty city to Xiao Xu. At the same time, they took over the counties of Yongzhou, which were originally controlled by the Liang Dynasty, and returned to the Western Wei county. In this way, the territory of the Western Wei Dynasty expanded to the current areas of Sichuan and Hubei. This series of victories made the Western Wei the most unified regime among the Three Kingdoms at that time, laying the foundation for the Northern Zhou Dynasty to unify the north in the future. In March of the seventeenth year of Datong (551), Emperor Wen of the Western Wei Dynasty died, and the prince Yuan Qin succeeded to the throne, and was the deposed emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty. In the first year, the reign title was no longer established, and the emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty did not establish reign titles since then. Some Yuan clan members were unwilling to accept the situation of political power and wanted to regain power from Yuwen Tai. Shangshu Yuan Lie conspired to launch a coup to kill Yuwen Tai. The matter was leaked and killed by Yuwen Tai. The deposed emperor felt deeply sympathy for Yuan Lie's death and was very dissatisfied with Yuwen Tai. He plotted to kill him and vented him again. So in September of the third year of the deposed emperor (554), Yuwen Tai deposed and killed Yuan Qin and made his younger brother, King Qi, Tuoba Gu, the emperor, who was Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty. And restored the old royal family surname Tuoba. Since then, the Emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty only had the emperor's name left, and the Yuwen family's Zen period was only a matter of time. During the twenty-three years of the Western Wei Dynasty, Yuwen Tai always held the power firmly in his own hands.
The first month of the third year of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty (556), Yuwen Tai launched a new official system formulated by the Han scholar Su Chuo and Lu Bian based on the "Li of Zhou". This new official system abandoned the title of official positions since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and imitated the "Zhou Li" to establish six officials: Yuwen Tai was the Tai Shi and the Prime Minister; Li Bi was the Tai Fu, and the Da Situ ; Zhao Gui was the Tai Bao and Da Zong Bo; Dugu Xin was the Grand Sima, and Yu Jin was the Grand Sikou; Hou Mo Chen Chong was the Grand Sikong, and the title of Yu official was also imitated the "Zhou Li", but it was not abolished the Qin and Han official systems, but were used in reference, especially local officials still followed the old laws of the Qin and Han dynasties without changing. Before the reform of the official system, Yuwen Tai wrote a scripture of nine destinies to describe the titles of internal and external officials, which was to divide the ranks of officials into eighteen destinies, nine destinies and nine destinies. Those with a large number of destinies have high officials, such as the general of the Pillar Kingdom, who is the nine lives, and the general of the cavalry and the cyclist are the nine lives. Fate is actually a rank, but the first rank is the highest official, and the nine rank is the highest official. At the same time, when Yuwen Tai reformed the official system, he took over the power of appointing and removing local officials to the central government and strengthened centralization.
Yuwen Tai's reform of the official system was also like the establishment of the government military system, with a strong retro color, except that the former was looking for the basis from the ancient Han society, and the latter was inspired by the tribal era of the Xianbei people. Through this kind of reform, Yuwen Tai put an orthodox cloak on his rule.To show people, the Yuwen regime is not a false prejudice, and the psychological barriers between nations are eliminated. In , the government military system , through Xianbei transformation, the feelings of the Xianbei people are taken into consideration and the national boundaries among the government military are destroyed. Through these reforms, Yuwen Tai consolidated the foundation of ruling.
Northern Tour passed away
In April of the third year of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty (556), Yuwen Tai made a northern tour. In August, cross the Beihe River (now the Uga River in Inner Mongolia). In September, he returned to Qiantun Mountain (now east of Longde County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) to get sick. Yuwen Tai knew that he was seriously ill, so he sent someone to urgently recruit his nephew Yuwen Hu to come to entrust the big thing. Yuwen Hu rushed to Jingzhou (now Jingchuan County, Gansu Province). Yuwen Tai was already critically ill. He entrusted his nephew Yuwen Hu to his nephew: "My sons are still young, now they are strong external enemies and have many internal opponents. In the future, the affairs of the country will be decided by you. You must work hard to fulfill my ambitions."
October 1 (the fourth day of the lunar month) of the same year (November 21), Yuwen Tai died in Yunyang (now Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province). . At the age of fifty, he was buried in Chengling (now Beigongli Town Primary School, Fuping County, Shaanxi Province). He was posthumously named Wengong. In that month, his son Yuwen Juesu was the Grand Tutor and the Dazhong Priest, and the was assisted by Yuwen Hu.
557, Yuwen Jue was named emperor and his country was named Zhou. It was established for Emperor Xiaomin of Zhou and Northern Zhou. Yuwen Tai was successively respected as King Wen and Emperor Wen. The temple name is Taizu
political measures
political
change the official system
4 Datong 7th year (541), Yuwen Tai issued six edicts drafted by Su Chuo , " First govern the heart, educate the people, do their best, promote virtuous people, and be responsible for prison lawsuits, and all taxes and service ". In November, twelve new systems were promulgated, which combined with the twenty-four new systems promulgated in March of the first year of Datong (535), a total of thirty-six. The six edicts and these new systems have a wide range of contents, including political, economic, ideological and cultural aspects, and a series of measures have been taken based on this.
Yuwen Tai also ordered Lu Bian to imitate the Zhou Li to change the official system, implement the official system of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and even the government's proclamation should imitate the pre-Qin style. Six officials refer to the six government agencies: heaven, earth, spring, summer, autumn, and winter official . In order to gain the support and return of Han landlords in the Central Plains. The following year in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Yuwen Taizi Yuwen Jue (Emperor Xiaomin) continued to use it after ascended the throne. It was not until Emperor Wen of Sui that Yang Jian became emperor in the Zhou Dynasty. In the first year of Kaihuang (581), the system of three provinces (now three provinces and six ministries) developed since the Wei and Jin Dynasties was restored, and the system of six officials was abolished.
My governance education
In politics, Yuwen Tai pursues the rule principle of moral governance education as the main and rule of law as the auxiliary. Officials at all levels are required to use Confucianism to cultivate themselves, practice benevolence and righteousness, filial piety, loyalty, courtesy, integrity, and frugality, etc., and abide by these Confucian moral norms. At the same time, it instills filial piety, benevolence, obedience, and ethics into the people, and uses these Confucian ethical concepts to bind people's thoughts, and uses their minds to be calm and calm, so that evil and eccentric thoughts will not arise, and stabilize the rule order.
is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the only one who is the As long as you have both virtue and talent, even if you are born in a humble family, you can still be a prime minister. Yuwen Tai's idea of selecting officials embodies the innovative spirit of breaking the traditions of aristocratic families, ensuring that the Western Wei administration was relatively clear and also opening up the way for a large number of Han scholars to enter the Western Wei regime.
Under the guidance of this idea of selecting people, Yuwen Tai gathered people from different aspects around him. For example, Li Bi was originally the governor of Hou Mo and Chen Yue, and was in-laws, and later turned against each other. Yuwen Tai was not suspicious and valued it, becoming one of the eight-pillars who commanded the government troops. Liu Min was originally the magistrate of Hedong County in the Eastern Wei Dynasty. After Yuwen Taikeng got it, he immediately became the Prime Minister's Office to participate in the military affairs. Later, he became the core figure in helping Yuwen Tai formulate national policies. For example, Su Chuo, a great martial arts surname, was very enthusiastic about the appointment and had no gossip. If you go out, you often make an appointment with Chuo. If you need to be punished, Su Chuo can do it as you please and tell me afterwards. It is precisely because Yuwen Tai can be based on the meritorious and does not doubt , so the Western Wei governments united and united internally, ensuring the smooth implementation of various policies and measures.
is good at accepting advice
Yuwen Tai also pays more attention to listening to different opinions from his subordinates and is brave enough to accept advice. As early as the fifth year of Datong (539), he ordered paper and pen to be placed outside the Yangwu Gate of the capital to seek gains and losses. When Liu Qiu, the Prime Minister's Office, proposed the proposal to accept the words of loyalty, Yuwen Tai happily adopted it and asked the historian to record the matter, and there was no hidden gain or loss. Yuwen Tai's approach helped the Qingming Festival of the Western Wei administration.
Strictly enforce the law
In terms of law, Yuwen Tai advocated not being harsh or violent, and that he wanted to "not be noble" and officials violated the law equally. For example, when Yuwen Tai's inner brother Wang Shichao was appointed as the governor of Qinzhou, he was arrogant in prefecture and county, but was sentenced to death. Zheng Wei, who was in power as a general, did not comply with the law and was dismissed. On the other hand, the case-breaker is required to be cautious in punishment, and to avoid self-deprecation and falsehood under Chu Poison, and to minimize unjust, false and wrong cases. In the 13th year of Datong (547), Yuwen Tai ordered the abolition of the castration that had been circulated for more than 2,000 years.
Rectify the administration of officials
In order to rectify the administration of officials, Yuwen Tai relaxed the corrupt people until they were over thirty horses before they were punished for death. This is relaxed than the execution of ten horses in "Liang Lu" and the "one who has one horse in the stolen money" in the Northern Wei and Northern Qi, but this is to better enforce the law. He suddenly announced: "Killing one hundred yuan will be beneficial to the Qing king, and it is possible to punish severely." Historical records show that the Northern Zhou Dynasty "used quite strictly", and once officials who were corrupt and abused by the law were found, they would be severely punished. For the former corrupt officials, the Northern Zhou Dynasty also formulated the "compensation method", which is to pardon things committed in the past, but as long as there are clues that can be traced to the end, and recorded them, and the proceeds of corruption must be recovered. The edict says that the national treasury is the public property of the people of the world, and the emperor is just keeping wealth for the people of the world. I can lenient your sins, but the property of the people must be recovered for them. In the third year of the expansion of the army (537), Yuwen Tai began to reorganize the army. First, Gao Huan relied on his strength in the military to attack the Western Wei Dynasty every year. Although he had never succeeded, Yuwen Tai knew that if this continues, the Western Wei, which is at a disadvantage, will inevitably be difficult to support. The most urgent task is to improve morale, enhance combat effectiveness, expand troops, and expand the army. In July of the same year, Yuwen Tai gathered all the troops in Xianyang. In August, he led the army to Tongguan to reorganize the military and announced military laws and regulations, and must not underestimate the enemy by greed for money or do not act as a prestigious person on the people. When fighting against the enemy, reward them with your life, and kill them if you escape. Through this rectification, the combat effectiveness of the Western Wei army has been greatly improved. Soon, Gao Huan led a 200,000 army to invade. The Western Wei defeated the majority with few defeats, defeated Gao Huan in Shayuan (now south of Dali County, Shaanxi Province), and captured more than 80,000 enemies. With the improvement of the military quality, Yuwen Tai further expanded the army and strengthened his military strength. At first, when Yuwen Tai accepted Hebayue's army with the Wuchuan soldiers as the backbone, the number of this army was only a few thousand. After defeating Hou Mo Chenyue, his general Li Bi came back with thousands of people. Later, there were nearly 10,000 Northern Wei Guards, composed of Xianbei people who followed Emperor Xiaowu Yuan Xiu to enter the pass. Together, Yuwen Tai had about 30,000 troops, led by twelve generals. After the Battle of Shayuan, the number of people gradually increased by incorporating surrendered troops. By March of the eighth year of Datong (542), the Sixth Army was officially established, and by then about 100,000 soldiers had already been established. In February of the ninth year of Datong (543), Gao Huan led an army of 100,000 across the Yellow River and formed an array in Mangshan (now Luoyang City, Henan Province). Yuwen Tai led the army to attack it and fought in Mangshan. He was defeated. The soldiers lost more than 60,000 soldiers. The army established after several years of operation lost most of them. At that time, the number of Xianbei people in the Guanlong area was limited, so it was impossible to replenish the army in large quantities.
Therefore, after the Battle of Mangshan, Yuwen Tai began to absorb troops from the Han people. In March, it was announced that the powerful landlords from Guanlong area were recruited. During the Guanlong Uprising in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, in order to protect their own interests, the powerful landlords organized the township soldiers. After the separation of the East and West Wei, these landlord armed forces were not disbanded and were still controlled in the hands of the powerful. Yuwen Tai turned these scattered rural soldiers into part of the central army through the measure of recruiting powerful people to serve as military force, and the government chose famous figures in the Guanlong area to lead the army. Thus, it not only strengthened the central government's control over the army, weakened the local forces since the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, but also promoted the alliance between the Wuchuan military group and the Guanlong landlords.After that, by the 16th year of Datong (550), the recruitment targets were further expanded to all equal-land households, so that the proportion of Han soldiers in the Western Wei army further increased.
Create the government soldiers
Western Wei warrior figurines
Yuwen Tai also reformed the military's control system, formally adopting the old eight-department system of the Xianbei Dynasty and establishing the eight-pillar state. In the third year of Datong (537), Yuwen Tai himself was appointed as the general of the Pillar Kingdom and the commander of the Chinese and foreign military forces by Emperor Wen of the Western Wei Dynasty. In the 14th year of Datong (548), Wang Yuanxin, a royal clan of the Western Wei Dynasty, was appointed as the general of the pillar country, but he only had a false name and had no real power. Zhao Gui, Li Hu, Li Bi, Yu Jin, Dugu Xin, Hou Mo and Chen Chong were appointed as generals of the country, and actually commanded the six armies. There are two generals under each pillar, a total of twelve generals; there are two Kaifu under each prime minister, a total of 24 Kaifu; there are two Yitong under each prime minister, a total of 48 Yitong; one Yitong leads about a thousand soldiers, one Kaifu leads two thousand soldiers, one Kaifu leads four thousand soldiers, and one Zhufu leads eight thousand soldiers, and the six Zhufu leads a total of about 48,000 soldiers. This army is what is called the government soldiers in history. The predecessor of the palace soldiers was composed of Hebayue's Wuchuan Legion, the Li Bi Legion in Houmo Chenyue's Legion, and the Northern Wei Guards' Brigade that moved west with Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei. These troops were all Xianbei troops, especially the Wuchuan Legion. was formerly the Six Towns of Xianbei, mostly members of the Tuoba clan. With the feudalization of the Tuoba clan, their status declined. Therefore, they participated in the Six Town Uprising and the Hebei Uprising. However, they mistakenly believed that it was the Chineseization that caused their status to decline, and they could not see that the Chineseization was a historical progress and necessity, and they tried their best to return to the original clan and tribal relationship. Yuwen Tai was born in the Wuchuan Legion and knew this psychology very well. Therefore, when establishing the government troops, the original tribal organization of the Xianbei people, namely the eight tribe system, was adopted as the blueprint for organizing the new army. In terms of the relationship between soldiers and officers, the clan relations between the Xianbei were maintained. In the first year of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty (554), the generals inherited the thirty-six countries and ninety-nine surnames of the Xianbei for their contributions. Except for some generals who originally used the Xianbei duplex surname to refuse to change, those generals who had already changed the duplex surname to a single surname during the Taihe restructuring were changed to duplex surnames again. If the Han surname has been adopted or is originally a Han surname, the Xianbei surname will be given. For example, Li Hu gave the surname Daye, Li Bi gave the surname He, Zhao Gui gave the surname Yifu, and Yang Zhong gave the surname Puliru. All the soldiers under their command took the Xianbei surname of their commander as their surname.
Yuwen Tai borrowed the blood bonds of clan tribes to organize the government soldiers, which gave the officers and soldiers a layer of clan intimacy, so as to combine the generals and soldiers and improve the combat effectiveness of the government soldiers. In fact, the composition of the palace soldiers did not and could not really retreat into clan relations. However, since this military system had some of the past tribal military system, from the perspective of the six towns of Xianbei, which had once become military households, their identity and status were improved, thus enhancing the combat effectiveness of the palace soldiers.
Resist the Eastern Wei
Yuwen Tai is good at strategy and command. In military terms, they mainly rely on the people from Beizhen, especially Wuchuan, who later became the political pillars of the Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties. Yuwen Tai fought with the Eastern Wei many times and won and lost each other. In the spring of the third year of Datong (537), the Eastern Wei attacked Tongguan. Yuwen Tai led his elite troops out of the Xiaoguan on the left side of Tongguan, attacking him unprepared, defeating the Eastern Wei army. The Eastern Wei general Dou Tai committed suicide. In the autumn, 100,000 people from the Eastern Wei Dynasty entered Shayuan (now south of Dali, Shaanxi). Yuwen Tai took advantage of the weak force of less than 10,000 people to underestimate the enemy and fought with the Eastern Wei army, and won a great victory, capturing 70,000 people. The Western Wei army entered Luoyang twice. In the ninth year of Datong (543), in the Battle of Mangshan, Yuwen Tai led his army to climb the mountain and attack in the dark, but Gao Huan was only exempted. After fighting the next day, Yuwen Taijun was unfavorable to return it. The Western Wei's financial strength and military strength were not as good as the Eastern Wei, and its military strength was mainly defensive. For example, Yubi City (now southwest of Jishan, Shanxi) had resisted the Eastern Wei's attack many times. The Western Wei and Eastern Wei are generally bounded by the Yellow River.
Economic
Encouragement and Swallows
Yuwen Tai actively encourages Swallows to teach in agriculture and Swallows
Encouragement and takes some measures accordingly based on the traditional Confucian concept of wealth first and then teaching. The first thing is to restore the destroyed equal land system, so that farmers who lost their land and lived in foreign lands due to land annexation, wars, and natural disasters will be reunited, thus providing conditions for farmers' production activities. Although there were differences in the granting of land and renting and reconciliation of the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were few changes, and the service system changed a lot, and the service age, time, and number of people were re-regulated. 's service age has been changed from fifteen years old to eighteen years old ; the service time is determined according to the year of prosperity, the year of prosperity shall not exceed one month, middle age shall not exceed twenty days, next year shall not exceed ten days, the service period shall be greatly shortened; in terms of the number of people, it shall be stipulated that each farmer shall be limited to one person, to avoid excessive use of people's strength and hindering agricultural production. At the same time, Yuwen Tai also issued a household registration system and accounting system, that is, a method of counting the accounting of the following year's labor service, so as to make the tax and labor service more reasonable. He also made unified regulations on the length of silk, with forty feet per piece.
Agriculture System
In addition to formulating and promulgating the above economic policies, Yuwen Tai also clearly stipulates the responsibilities of local officials in developing production. At the beginning of the year, the prefecture and county magistrates must urge the people, no matter how young they are, but who can handle agricultural tools, will be ordered to take the land and ensure that they do not lose the farming time. Those who are lazy, lazy, and dislike production, are punished. Since one of Yuwen Tai's criteria for measuring the achievements of the pastoral government is to encourage farming and sericulture, most local officials attach importance to agricultural and sericulture production, and the economy gradually develops. Before Yuwen Tai's death, a well-off situation had already emerged with full granaries.
Culture
Respect Confucianism and promote learning
In terms of ideology and culture, Yuwen Taiya is fond of Confucianism, and uses Confucianism as an ideological weapon to remove some backward customs of the Xianbei people and abandon the corrupt customs of empty talk about mystery and worship Buddhism and Taoism that were popular in the ideological field at that time. The Imperial College was established in Chang'an, the Confucian master Lu Dan paid tribute to the Imperial College. Through school education, a large number of people with Confucian ideas were cultivated as the pillars of the regime. According to the format of the article "Daoqi" in the pre-Qin classic "Shangshu", a "Daoqi" was formulated as the style of the article. In the 11th year of Datong (545), he declared all his ministers to express his order that from now on, all articles must be based on this style, and strive to correct the style of flamboyant writing. After the six edicts of
were issued, Yuwen Tai ordered officials at all levels to study and recite them, and stipulated that anyone who did not understand the six and accounting methods could not be an official, which ensured the implementation of these measures and refreshed the politics of the Guanlong regime.
restores the old customs
In addition, Yuwen Tai restores the old surname of Xianbei, such as restoring the royal family Yuan family to the Tuoba family. The soldiers and soldiers also changed to the Hu surname of the chief general. In terms of form, Hu transformed a group of Han people, such as Yang Zhong was appointed as Pu Liuru and Li Hu was appointed as Ono. In terms of diplomacy, Yuwen Tai adopted a policy of attacking the east and south with the north. The Turks and Rouran in the north strive to communicate well, and the Eastern Wei (Northern Qi) and Southern Liang in the east and south directions were attacked. They fought against the Eastern Wei (Northern Qi) in order to protect themselves and took advantage of the civil strife of Liang to occupy Yizhou and Jingyong and other places under Liang's control.
In order to deal with the Eastern Wei and Southern Liang, Yuwen Tai adopted a policy of marriage to the nomadic peoples in the north, Rouran and the Turks. In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, there was internal turmoil, and Rouran's power grew again and repeatedly invaded the border. After the establishment of the Western Wei Dynasty, Yuwen Tai first married Tahan, the younger daughter of the royal family, to the daughter of Yuan Yi of Rouran, and then persuaded Emperor Wen of the Western Wei Dynasty to take the daughter of Anage Yu Jiulu as the queen to make Rouran. The same is true for the Turks. In the 11th year of the Great Tong (545th year), Yuwen Tai sent envoys to the Turks to establish connections with the Turks. In the 17th year of the Great Tong (551th year), Princess Changle married the Turks' Lord Ashinatumen. The Turks also often sent envoys to visit the Western Wei and gave gifts. For example, in the 17th year of the Great Tong (553th year), the Turks presented 50,000 horses to the Western Wei.
Yuwen Tai's marriage policy for the nomadic peoples in the north ensured that the border was free of fear, strengthened friendly exchanges with the nomadic peoples, and played a role in national cultivation.
Family background
Grandfather: Yuwen Ling.
Great-grandfather: Yuwen series.
Grandfather: Yuwen Tao.
Father: Emperor De Yuwen Gong.
Mother: Empress Mingde Wang.
Brothers
Elder brother: Shao Huigong Yuwen Hao.
th brother: Qi Jian Gong Yuwen Lian.
The third brother: Yuwen Luosheng, Duke of Juzhuang.
sisters
Princess Jian'an, sister Yuwen Tai, married Helan Chuzhen, the mother of Helanxiang.
Princess Changle, sister Yuwen Tai, married Yuchi Shidou, the mother of Yuchi Jiong and Yuchi Gang.
Princess Ande, Yuwen Tai's third sister, married Qiu Yuan, the mother of Qiu Chong and Qiu Bin.
Wife and concubine
Legal wife: Princess Fengyi Yuanshi, daughter of King Yuanhuai of Guangping, Northern Wei Dynasty, sister of Emperor Yuanxiu of Northern Wei Dynasty, and mother of Emperor Xiaomin Yuwen Jue. After his death, he was buried with Yuwen Tai and was posthumously named Empress Wen.
Concubine: Chi Nu, the mother of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, Yuwen Yong, and Wang Yuwen Zhi of Wei. After Yuwen Yong ascended the throne, he was respected as the Empress Dowager. After his death, he posthumously named Empress Xuan.
Concubine: Yao.
concubine: Dabugan.
Concubine: Wang.
Concubine: Zhang Nudi.
Son
Emperor Ming Yuwen Yu, and his mother is wife Yao.
Song Xiangong Yuwen Zhen.
Emperor Xiaomin Yuwen Jue, whose mother is Empress Wen Yuan.
Emperor Wu of Zhou Yuwen Yong, whose mother is Ji Chinu.
Qi Yang Wang Yuwen Xian, whose mother is the concubine Dabugan.
Weila Wang Yuwen Zhi, his mother is Ji Chinu.
Zhao Zhengwang Yuwen Zhao, whose mother was Ji Wang, was killed by Yang Jian in the second year of Daxiang (580).
King Qiao Xiao, Yuwen Jian, died in the first year of Xuanzheng (578).
Chen Huo Wang Yuwen Chun was killed by Yang Jian in the second year of the elephant (580).
Off-road Wang Yuwen Sheng was killed by Yang Jian in the second year of the elephant (580).
th generation Wang Yuwenda, whose mother was Ji Zhang's daughter Bi, was killed by Yang Jian in the first year of Dading (581).
Ji Kang Wang Yuwen Tong died in the sixth year of Tianhe (571).
Teng Wen Wang Yuwen Bi was killed by Yang Jian in the first year of Dading (581).
Daughter
Fifth daughter, Princess of Xiangyang, married Dou Yi, mother of Empress Taimu of the Tang Dynasty (Mother of Li Shimin).
A certain woman, Empress Yuwen, Empress Yuanqin, the deposed emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty.
A certain girl, Princess Yi'an, married Li Bi's son Li Hui.
A certain girl, Princess Shunyang, married Yang Zan, the younger brother of Emperor Wen of Sui.
A certain girl, Princess of Plain, married to Yi.
A certain girl, Princess Yongfu, married Shi Xiong.
A certain woman, whose title is unknown, married to Heba Yue's son Heba Wei.
A certain woman, whose title is unknown, married several Huizi and several phoenixes.
A certain woman, whose title is unknown, married to Zhao Gui's son Zhao Yongren.
A certain girl, Princess Xihe, married Liu Chang.
A certain girl, who is loyal to the princess, married Li Ji, the governor of Haizhou.
A certain girl, Princess Xiangle, married Wei Shikang.
A certain girl, Princess of Yidu, married Liang Rui.
