The Central Military Commission suffered the greatest damage in history
1929 On the afternoon of August 24, 1929, the summer heat in Shanghai was steaming and the pedestrians were sparse. Walking on the road, I felt sweating profusely after a while. In the afternoon, at two o'clock, Yang Yin, who was elected as an alternate member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, alternate member of the Politburo Standing Committee and Minister of the Military Department at the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Peng Pai, member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, member of the Agricultural Commission, member of the Central Military Commission and secretary of the Military Commission of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee, Yan Changyi, member of the Central Military Commission and secretary of the Military Commission of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee, Xing Shizhen, chief of the Soldiers Section of the Military Department of the Central Military Commission, and Zhang Jichun, deputy commander-in-chief of the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions, entered the Shikumen house, a unique courtyard, No. 12, Jingyuanli, Lane 613, Xinzha Road, south bank of Suzhou. They came to discuss the important military issues of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee (the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee was in charge of the work of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang and Shanghai at that time - the author's note).
No. 613, Xinzha Road, Jingyuanli, former site of the Central Military Commission
has arrived, but the secretary of the Permanent Military Commission Bai Xin is missing. Only his wife was busy making water and tea. After a while, Bai Xin hurried over, wiped his face and called the leaders to the second floor for a meeting. But as soon as everyone sat down, a team of fully armed British police officers arrived, blocking the front and back doors tightly, and entering the house to arrest people. They handcuffed all the participants and took them away. Fortunately, Zhou Enlai, the actual head of the Party Central Committee, who was originally scheduled to attend the meeting, escaped a disaster because he failed to attend the meeting because he had something to do.
This is the biggest damage suffered since the founding of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China.
Meeting Department on the first floor of the Central Military Commission
The "Biography of Zhou Enlai" edited by the Central Document Research Office of the CPC Central Committee mentioned that in December 1926, Zhou Enlai left Guangdong for Shanghai, serving as secretary of the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee and member of the Central Military Commission. His first place to settle in Shanghai was Lafite House on Lafite Road, which is in Fuxing Middle Road, which is only one step away from Sinan Mansion. According to Nie Rongzhen in his memoirs, the Party Central Committee once sent 26 people including Nie Rongzhen, Wang Yifei, Yan Changyi to study military affairs in the Soviet Union and was ordered to return to China in September 1925. "As a result of the distribution, 12 people including Ye Ting, Xiong Xiong, Zhang Shanming, Jiang Defu, Yang Shanji, etc. went to the south; Li Lin, Fan Yi and others went to the north; Wang Yifei and Yan Changyi were left in the Party Central Committee to do the work of the Military Commission, and Wang Yifei was in charge. As far as I know, this is the earliest Military Commission" (excerpted from "Nie Rongzhen's Memoirs").
In order to plan to lead the third armed uprising of Shanghai workers, the Central Committee established a "Special Committee" with a total of 8 members, including Chen Duxiu, Peng Shuzhi and Luo Yinong. Each member marked the position they held in the party at that time. When talking about Zhou Enlai, it was clear that he was the Secretary of the Central Military Commission at that time.
In July 1928, the Communist Party of China held its sixth congress in Moscow and formed a new leadership body. Zhou Enlai was the secretary of the Central Military Commission, and Yang Yin was the minister of military affairs. Now, the leadership of the Central Military Commission has suffered such great damage, which is indeed a major loss to the Communist Party of China...
Just as the police car roared away, the sky suddenly darkened, the wind was everywhere, and heavy rain was pouring...
Bai Xin rebelled
That night, Zhou Enlai knew about the destruction of the Central Military Commission, and knew that the traitor who betrayed them was Bai Xin, secretary of the Central Military Commission (Military Department). Bai Xin, a student of Huangpu, worked in Hailufeng, met Peng Pai, and participated in the Nanchang Uprising . In early 1929, he was transferred to Shanghai by Peng Pai to serve as secretary of the Central Military Commission. Bai Xin rented a house and lived in Xinzha Road, and was a single family. This place has become the daily office space of the Central Military Commission.
The reason why Zhou Enlai was able to seize this information so quickly was due to his assistant, Chen Geng of the Central Special Committee, who successfully instigated Yang Dengying, the special envoy of the Kuomintang Military Commission in Shanghai (also known as Bao Junfu - author's note). Zhou Enlai approved Chen Geng to spend a lot of money to buy a car for Yang Dengying, and equipped Special Section member Lian Desheng as his driver and bodyguard, and Communist Party member An E as his secretary.Later, Chen Geng recalled: "The Kuomintang's secret service in Shanghai was actually in our hands." Due to his work connections and Yang Dengying's generous efforts, he became good friends with Lampson, the British arresting house and the assistant Tan Shaoliang. There is almost nothing that Yang Dengying doesn't know about what happened in the British Concession and whom he was going to arrest. But this time Bai Xin's rebellion was through his brother who was the director of the Nanjing Clothing Factory and directly contacted Fan Zhengbo, the intelligence director of the Kuomintang Shanghai Party Department. Fan Zhengbo directly contacted the Political Department of the British Concession authorities, asking the arresting room to send police to arrest people, skipping the Lampson link, causing great damage to the Central Military Commission.
Neighbor's residence opposite the window on the second floor of the former site of the Central Military Commission
Zhou Enlai found Chen Geng overnight and asked him to find Yang Dengying, hoping that through his contact with the British arresting house, he would spend a lot of money to bail them and not extradite them to the Kuomintang. But Yang Dengying believes that Peng Pai is a famous leader of the Communist Party of China in the country. The National Government offers a reward of 30,000 yuan for arrest. This matter was entrusted by the Kuomintang Municipal Party Committee, and it is almost impossible to release Peng Pai and others on bail. However, he said that he could grasp the exact time after Yang Yin and Peng Pai was extradited through relationships and escorted to Longhua Security Command through a prison car, and arrange the carjacking at Fenglin Bridge, the only way to pass the prison car. Zhou Enlai agreed repeatedly. He also took special care of Chen Geng, asking every member of the Central Special Branch who could shoot guns to mobilize, and then found a few comrades from the Central Military Commission to arrange them to go to Fenglin Bridge to jail...
Peng Pai, born in Haifeng, Guangdong in 1896. His family has more than 1,000 acres of land and more than 1,500 tenant farmers. Peng Pai himself said: "My family is less than 30 men, women, young and old, and there are 50 farmers in each of them as slaves." But his biological mother, Zhou Feng, is the daughter of a poor farmer family. She worked as a maid and married into the Peng family at the age of 16.
1917 Peng Pai traveled to Japan and studied at Waseda University, and came into contact with Marxism. After returning to China, he joined the Communist Party of China in 1923. Peng Pai was determined to make friends with farmers and get them out of poverty. He took off his dress, put on a coarse shirt, and went to the fields barefoot to help the tenant farmers work. But when the farmer saw him, he respectfully called him the young master. Over time, he realized that if he wanted to awaken the farmers, he first needed to destroy his family's life. He burned all the land deeds of the 500 acres from the division of the family in public and gave all the land to the farmers. Then the farmers were organized to establish the Haifeng General Farmers Association, to defeat the local tyrants and divide the land, and on this basis, the Guangdong General Farmers Association was established. He also established the first Chinese Peasant Movement Training Institute in Guangzhou, with the campus located at Huizhou Hall, No. 53 Yuexiu South Road. He was appointed as the director of the first agricultural peasant lecture hall and was called "the king of Chinese peasant movement" by Mao Zedong. The "Report on the Haifeng Peasant Movement" he wrote was titled by Zhou Enlai, and was called a must-read book for revolutionaries by Qu Qiubai.
The monument of the revolutionary activities of Martyrs Peng Pai in Shanghai
In July 1928, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Moscow, and Peng Pai was elected as a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. After being ordered to transfer to Shanghai, he lived in a simple small house in Bailuli, Daxi Road, and served as Secretary of the Central Agricultural Commission and Secretary of the Jiangsu Provincial Military Commission, and was directly led by Zhou Enlai.
Compared with the nationally famous Peng Pai, Yang Yin seems to be much more low-key. This may be related to his work, and he is one of the founders of the political defense and intelligence work of the Communist Party of China. Yang Yin was born in Cuiheng Village, Xiangshan, Guangdong in 1892. He was in the same village as Mr. Sun Yat-sen. Therefore, he joined the Tongmenghui very early and served as an adjutant of the Military Office of the Grand Marshal Sun Yat-sen. In 1913, the leader of the Kuomintang, Song Jiaoren, was stabbed at the Shanghai Railway Station. The 21-year-old Yang Yin was indignant. He came to Shanghai alone. Under the cover of the Shanghai Qing Gang, he set up an ambush near Waibaidu Bridge. While the carriage of the garrison in Shanghai, Zheng Rucheng, was passing by, and he threw a bomb in his hand, blowing Zheng Rucheng seriously injured. He sneaked into the barber shop and pretended to be a haircut to escape safely.
At the end of 1922, he joined the Communist Party of China and was engaged in the workers' movement for a long time. He was the main leader of the famous provincial and Hong Kong general strike. He was responsible for the defense of the general strike and pioneered the establishment of an armed workers' picket team during the workers' strike.Before the Guangzhou Uprising broke out, he asked party member Li Sheng to invade the enemy Guangzhou Public Security Bureau to be a special detective, and successively instigated the enemy Public Security Bureau Director Zhu Huiri and the drivers of the Secretary-General of the Public Security Bureau Chen Tian and Liang Nuan to absorb them into the party, and they all contacted him in a single line. Because of the knowledge of a lot of intelligence, the uprising won. After the Guangzhou Uprising, he served as a member of the People's Anti-Counterfeiting Committee and executed a group of counter-revolutionaries. When Zhang Tailei, the commander-in-chief of the uprising, was unfortunately shot and died, he succeeded as the acting chairman of the Guangzhou Soviet Union, responsible for the aftermath. At the last moment, he led more than a dozen Red Guards to cleverly highlight the encirclement and go to Hailufeng to meet with Peng Pai.
In June 1928, Yang Yin went to Moscow to attend the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China and was elected as an alternate member of the Politburo, an alternate member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and a military minister at the First Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee. After the meeting, he returned to China and went to Shanghai to work in the Party Central Committee. Along the way, he was busy and went to Jiangsu, Shandong, Anhui and other places to deploy military forces to lead the armed struggle. As Secretary of the Central Military Commission Zhou Enlai, Yang Yin and Peng Pai, were arrested, how could Zhou Enlai not be anxious?
martyrs Peng Pai (left) and Yang YinOn the evening of August 27, Chen Geng received a secret report from Yang Dengying, saying that the prison car carrying Yang Yin, Peng Pai and other five people would be handed over to the Longhua Security Command on the morning of the 28th. Zhou Enlai immediately arranged a red team and more than 20 people transferred from other departments of the Central Military Commission to set up an ambush at Fenglin Bridge to prepare for intercepting the vehicle for rescue, and asked the Special Forces to take out the 20 brand new shell guns secretly kept.
That day, the party organization sent someone to put the gun in a small suitcase and sent it to the special science and technology agency on Tongfu Road. Comrade Special Science and Technology found that the lubricant on the gun had not been wiped out, so he immediately went to find kerosene to wipe the gun, and then got in the car and set off. A tripod was placed on the car, and a box was placed on it, pretending to be shooting a movie scene. I waited for a long time at the scheduled location, but I didn't see the enemy's prison car passing by. It turned out that because the gun wasted time, the enemy had already taken Peng Pai and others to Longhua.
Rescue failed.
The suicide note of the martyr passed on in prison
Huang Mulan , a legendary woman. She was born in 1907 in Hunan Liuyang and joined the party at the age of 19. In the 1980s, he served as a consultant to the Shanghai Municipal People's Government Counseling Office. He died in 2017 and lived to be 110 years old.
In August 1929, she was sent to Shanghai Hengfeng Spinning Factory as an apprentice and organized a strike by a yarn mill workers. As a result, eight of them were arrested together and transferred from the Nanshi District Public Security Bureau to the Longhua Security Command Detention Center, and locked up in a large cell with a capacity of about 10 people. The wife of a thief was originally detained here. She spent money to take the initiative to go to jail to take care of her husband, and helped the guards wash and sew clothes, and sometimes also wash clothes for the detained prisoners. Huang Mulan asked the sister-in-law to say hello and asked her to visit each cell to do some miscellaneous work for the prisoners.
In his autobiography written in his later years, Huang Mulan wrote: On the morning of August 28, a large group of military police suddenly entered the cell and then arrested five political prisoners. It seemed that they had all been severely sentenced, but they refused the support of the prison guards, slowly dragged their feet and walked into the single cell where the serious criminals were detained in the depths of the prison. Suddenly, Huang Mulan recognized that one of them was Peng Pai because she had heard Peng Pai’s speech at the Peasant Movement Training Institute in Guangzhou at the climax of the Great Revolution. Peng Pai seemed to recognize her, so he nodded slowly and walked over...
Huang Mulan is very thin and pretends to be an illiterate apprentice. She quickly got in touch with Peng Pai. She told Peng Pai that one of the police officers who were custodians was from Guangdong and had participated in the Hai Lufeng Farmers' Association. He also told him that through the work of the Musichi Association secretly led by the Communist Party, he had reached a tacit understanding with the lower-class soldiers in prison. As long as they sent the letter from the prison to a shop opened by the Musichi Association, they would receive a reward of 5 yuan. At that time, the soldiers' monthly salary was only 3 yuan. So through the "illiterate" Huang Mulan, two letters from Peng Pai were sent to the Muji Club.
The first letter reads:
(I) Try to try to achieve the 5 people exempt from death penalty; (II) If you cannot do it in the previous article, you have to sacrifice the two men, An and Kui (An, that is, Meng'an, Peng Pai's pseudonym; Kui, that is, Meng'an, Yang Yin's pseudonym - author's note) and try to get rid of the three men who have no confession; (III) Movement Qiu Ge intends to relocate (Qiu Ge refers to the Kuomintang soldiers - author's note); (IV) Investigate Zhang Yongyan (Shen Xifeng knows) in the artillery battalion to see if there are any changes and hopes, so Bai also knows this person; (V) Guide Mulan to act on it; (V) Investigate and pay attention to the relationship and facts of Wang Ganchen. The letter
shows that Peng Pai no longer has any illusions about the brutal Kuomintang reactionaries. When he was imprisoned, he was thinking about the party's cause and the safety of other comrades.
August 30, Peng Pai knew that he might be executed at any time, so he wrote the second letter with Yang Yin:
Guansheng and the elderly and young people in the family (Guansheng is Zhou Enlai - author's note):
We were killed in vain this time, and it is no longer possible to save us. Zhang, Meng and Meng publicly acknowledged it and tried their best to expand publicity. The Qiu and the prisoners under them showed great sympathy. Especially after listening to us, Qiu and others sighed and beat their chests. We are in good spirits here. Brothers, don’t be sad because of your sacrifice. I hope to take care of your health. The rest of the people insisted on not recognizing it.
Kui and An
The last words of more than 100 words are very important.
(The contact and information of Huang Mulan with Peng Pai and others in Longhua Prison, except in her autobiography, is recorded in the "Biography of the Characters of the Party History of the Communist Party" compiled by the Chinese Communist Party History Research Association, Volume 3 Peng Pai and Volume 19 Yang Yin are both recorded - author's note)
Now, these two letters are treasured in the Central Archives.
In the afternoon of that day, Yang Yin, Peng Pai, Yan Changyi and Xing Shizhen were taken to the open space in the Longhua Security Command and were secretly killed. Yan Changyi, from Hunan, was born in 1898. Joined the Communist Party of China in 1922. He went to France to work and study. In 1924, he went to , Moscow Oriental University, and was later transferred to the Chinese class of the Soviet Red Army School. He participated in the three armed uprisings of the Shanghai workers, the Nanchang Uprising and the Hailufeng Armed Uprising. He came to Shanghai in November 1928 and worked in the Central Military Commission until his death. Xing Shizhen, from Shanxi, was born in 1903 and joined the Communist Party in April 1927. In 1929, he served as the head of the Soldiers Section of the Central Military Department until his death. Zhang Jichun was sentenced to 10 years in prison because he was a student in Huangpu. He hypocritically stated that he would not kill Huangpu students.
Yang Yin, Peng Pai, Yan Changyi and Xing Shizhen statues
That night, Zhou Enlai learned about the murder of four comrades including Yang Yin, Peng Pai. In the name of the Party Central Committee, he wrote a letter to the people entitled "Answering the Counter-Revolutionary Massacre with the Revolutionary Struggle of the Mass".
Late at night on November 11, Bai Xin, who had been hiding at the home of Fan Zhengbo, the intelligence director of the Kuomintang Shanghai Party Department, No. 43 Hehefang, Xiafei Road, stepped out of the house and was about to escape to Italy, and was blocked by more than ten special departments. There was only a gunshot, and in just one minute, Bai Xin and Fan Zhengbo's younger brother Fan Zhengluo and three bodyguards were shot dead on the spot. Fan Zhengbo was shot six times and escaped by chance.
On August 30, 1930, the Hongqi Daily, the official newspaper of the Party Central Committee, published a special issue "Commemorating the Anniversary of the Death of the Four Martyrs Peng Pai, Yang Yin, Yan Changyi and Xing Shizhen". Zhou Enlai wrote affectionately under the pseudonym of "Guansheng": Their achievements are indelible! It is like a ball of fire, "Lighting in the hearts of millions of people, melting into the driving force of the great revolution, burning the enthusiasm of every oppressed masses, and running towards the fire of the revolution together!"
column editor: Huang Wei Text editor: Xu Yunqian Title picture source: The photo provided by the author
Title picture is a historical photo of the former site of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of ChinaSource: Author: Wu Jimin
