The Old Summer Palace is not only an important representative of the royal gardens of the Qing Dynasty, but also a historical witness to the invasion and colonization of modern China. So, what historical relics do the Old Summer Palace, once known as the 
,000 Gardens Garden, are there now? Is it just the Great Water Method and the Far Yingguan?
water method and Yuanyingguan current situation.
is actually far more than that. Taking the imperial stone carvings of the Old Summer Palace as an example, some are scattered in the Old Summer Palace, and some are lost in the large and small courtyards of Beijing City . Most of the stone carvings are rarely known because they are stored in private or unit courtyards all year round, and rubbings have never been published. These stone carvings are mainly imperial pens by Emperor Qianlong, Jiaqing , and Daoguang . Many of them have been weathered and cannot be identified clearly. However, they are fine works of royal stone carvings in the Qing Dynasty, which gives us some room for imagination about the former summer palace scenic spots.
In the book "Qinglian Duoduo: Stone Carvings of the Old Summer Palace", Liu Yang, who is currently working in the Management Office of the Old Summer Palace, systematically introduced these existing imperial stone carvings in the Old Summer Palace, and combined their rubbings with imperial poetry and prose to tell the historical story behind them.
The following content is excerpted from "Qinglian Duoduo: Stone Carvings of the Old Summer Palace". The illustrations used in the article are all from the book and have been authorized by the publisher to publish.
"Qinglian Duoduo: Stone Carvings of the Old Summer Palace", written by Liu Yang, Tsinghua University Press January 2022 edition.
Wenyuan Pavilion "Lingfeng" stone (Qianlong imperial pen)
The left picture is Qianlong imperial pen on the "Lingfeng" stone, and the right picture is an old photo of the "Lingfeng" stone in Wenyuan Pavilion before it was blown up.
Wenyuan Pavilion is located in the central and northern part of the Old Summer Palace, covering an area of 16,000 square meters. It is the largest library in the Old Summer Palace.
Wenyuan Pavilion address was originally a rice field in the north of Shuimu Mingse. During the Yongzheng period, a Sida Pavilion was built. By the 40th year of Qianlong (1775), Qianlong issued an order to build Wenyuan Pavilion here according to the Fan Family Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo, Zhejiang. Wenyuan Pavilion contains a 10,000 volumes of " Ancient and Modern Books Integrated " and an 80,000 volumes of " Siku Quanshu ". "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books" is a large-scale book compiled by during the reign of Kangxi. It took ten years. The "Siku Quanshu" was compiled in the 38th year of Qianlong (1773) and was not announced to be compiled until the 47th year (1783). It took ten years. The book was divided into four parts: classics, history, ci, and collections, so it is called "Siku". The book is copied in seven copies, which are collected in the Wenyuan Pavilion in the Forbidden City of Beijing, Wenyuan Pavilion in the Old Summer Palace, Wenjin Pavilion in the Chengde Summer Palace, Wensu Pavilion in the Shenyang Palace in the Forbidden City, Wenhui Pavilion in the Zhenjiang Wenzong Pavilion and Hangzhou Wenlan Pavilion . Among them, the four pavilions of Wenyuan Pavilion , Wenyuan Pavilion, Wenjin Pavilion , and Wensu Pavilion are collectively called the "Four Pavilions of the Inner Court".
In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French forces burned the Old Summer Palace, and Wenyuan Pavilion was also burned by a fire. But the "Lingfeng" stone has always been well preserved.
1924, this stone was blown into several sections by bandits, and the remaining stones are still in their original place. From the existing remaining stones, we can also identify the remains of poems such as "Inscription on Wenyuan Pavilion", "Inscription on Lingfeng Song of Wenyuan Pavilion", "Inscription on Lingfeng Stone Poems in Wenyuan Pavilion", "Inscription on Lingfeng Stone Poems in Wenyuan Pavilion", and "Inscription on Lingfeng Stone Poems in Wenyuan Pavilion" and other poems.
was blown into several segments of "Lingfeng" stone.
The beautiful scenery of Xifeng "Changqingzhou" (Imperially written by Qianlong)
0 Scenery of the Old Summer Palace —The beautiful scenery of Changqingzhou and Xiaokuanglu in the beautiful scenery of Xifeng.
The beautiful scenery of the West Peak is one of the forty scenic spots of the Old Summer Palace, located south of the fish leaping and kites flying. This scenery is surrounded by water and is surrounded by hills and hills. It is a garden in the middle. The island is 90 meters long from north to south and 120 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of 11,000 square meters and a building area of 1,750 square meters. Changqingzhou is located to the northwest of the beautiful scenery of Xifeng, adjacent to Xiaokuanglu in the west, and adjacent to the east to the Huagang Yuguan , which is one of the ten scenic spots of West Lake. It is an independent island with Qiao Song and green covers and rugged rocks on the island. In the third year of Qianlong (1738), the imperial title was "Changqingzhou". The Qianlong imperially inscription "Changqingzhou" stone carving is still on the original site. It is the only existing imperially-brushed stone carving in the Old Summer Palace that has been standing on the original site for a hundred years.
Changqingzhou Island Current Situation.
Zhengjue Temple Mountain Gate "Zhengjue Temple" Stone Plaque (Imperial Pen of Qianlong)
Zhengjue Temple Mountain Gate.
Zhengjue Temple is located west of the main gate of Qichun Garden , covering an area of 12,660 square meters.
Zhengjue Temple was built in the 38th year of Qianlong (1773). It is the largest Buddhist temple in Qichun Garden, commonly known as the "Lama Temple". Zhengjue Temple is very different from the Yuedi Yunju Buddhist Temple in the Old Summer Palace. Zhengjue Temple belongs to the Manchu Lama Temple. There are six Manchu Lama Temples in Beijing: Dongling Longfu Temple, Xiling Yongfu Temple, Xiangshan Baodi Temple, Yuanmingyuan Zhengjue Temple , Xishan Gongde Temple, and Chengde Shuxiang Temple. The lamas in each temple are all from the highest-ranking Da Lama to the lowest-ranking Demuqi and Gesgui. They were selected from the descendants of the Baoyi people and the Manchu soldiers and recited Manchu scriptures. After the completion of Zhengjue Temple, Qianlong transferred 41 lamas from Baodi Temple in Xiangshan, including one leader, and forty lamas. On the first, eighth, thirteenth, and fifteenth day of every month, these lamas have to chant scriptures in Zhengjue Temple. Qianlong came to Zhengjue Temple from time to time to recite scriptures.
Zhengjue Temple faces north and south, with an independent mountain gate leading out of the garden, and a back door connecting with Qichun Garden. Zhengjue Temple is the only group of scenic spots that lead to the outside of the park in Yuanming Sanyuan . The mountain gate of Zhengjue Temple is three opens. The plaque of "Zhengjue Temple" with the words "Han, Manchu, Tibetan and Mongolian written by Qianlong is carved in stone. There is a side gate built in the east and west of the mountain gate of Zhengjue Temple. This mountain gate is only opened when the Zhengjue Temple is held. Usually, monks can only enter and exit through the side gate. There are two generals in the mountain gate hall, and their image is majestic and ferocious. After entering the mountain gate are five rooms of the Heavenly King Hall, which enshrines a big-bellied Maitreya Buddha. On the east and west sides of the hall are statues of the four Heavenly Kings. In front of the Heavenly King Hall, there are bells and drum towers and , and are built in the east and west, and there is a flagpole in front of each building.
Behind the Heavenly King Hall are seven main halls with single-eaved hip roofs, called the "Three Saints Temple". There are corridors in front and behind the hall, and there are three rooms in , , behind the hall. There is a platform in front of the hall, and the statue of Nanmu Three Buddhas is shaped in the middle of the hall, and the Eighteen Arhats color sculptures are listed in the east and west respectively. Later, I carried a statue of a master of the South China Sea in Xiamen.
There are five side halls built in the east and west of the Three Holy Temples, all of which are Lama’s houses. There is a double-eaves pavilion built in the north of the Three Saints Temple, and a plaque "Manjushri Pavilion" is hung on the outer eaves. There is a passage in front of the Manjushri Pavilion that connects to the Three Holy Temples. There is a divine platform inside the pavilion, which is six feet high. It is a rectangular white marble Sumeru mount . On the Sumeru mount is a wooden carved Manjushri Bodhisattva riding a lion statue , which is said to be shaped according to the appearance of Qianlong. The lion is one meter and four feet tall, and the Manjushri Bodhisattva is carved from nanmu, and the meter is three feet tall. Two standing boys stand on the left and right, and black lion slaves in the east, with curly hair and a green lion wrapped around the rope. Legend has it that this person is an Uighur. On the right is Wei Tuo, wearing armor and majestic expression (there is also legendary that this person was General Bai, the guard of Qianlong), and stood with a stick. Both statues were eight feet tall.
Behind Manjushri Pavilion is the last group of buildings in Zhengjue Temple, which is a two-story and seven-bedroom back cover building, called "The Upstairs". Mr. Jin Xun, who had seen the Buddha statue in the upper stairs of Zhengjue Temple, wrote in later records: "The upper stairs and lower stairs worship the five Buddhas in the middle, and the five colors are all like the face of Tathagata Buddha . The middle one is yellow, the east one is blue, the east one is green, the west one is red, and the west one is white. There is a Arhat bed in the west wall, which is the seat of Zhangjia Hutuketu. A row of sutra cabinets are placed in the west mountain, which contains the four-type scriptures." The five directions refer to the five directions of east, south, west, north and middle, which are formed by the five wisdoms of Buddhism. There are five side halls in the east and west of the upper stairs, which are houses for monks.
During the two disasters of the Old Summer Palace in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860) and the Gengzi incident (1900), Zhengjue Temple survived because it was located in a remote area, becoming the only group of buildings in the Three Yuanming Gardens that have been preserved to this day. During the Republic of China, Zhengjue Temple was the private villa of Yan Huiqing, the acting Prime Minister of the Beiyang Government. During this period, Yan Huiqing ordered people to demolish the Buddha statue and send Lamas. After the founding of New China, Zhengjue Temple was once used as the dormitory of faculty and staff at Tsinghua University, and was well preserved. During the Cultural Revolution, Zhengjue Temple was occupied by a factory and demolished randomly, and was seriously damaged.
In 2001, the government moved the factory out and carried out a phase of repair and repair of Zhengjue Temple. The mountain gate, the east-west side hall of the Three Saints Temple, and the Manjushri Pavilion were restored as it is, and archaeological excavations were carried out on the Heavenly King Hall and the upper stairs. In October 2003, the first phase of Zhengjue Temple was completed. The renovation project included the mountain gate, Manjushri Pavilion, the five east-west Buddha halls, the east-west side halls, and the west corner room, with a total of 990 square meters. On December 16, 2009, the construction of Zhengjue Temple Reconstruction and Protection Project officially started, with an investment of about 30 million yuan. The reconstruction content includes the Heavenly King Hall, the Three Saints Temple, the upper stairs, the Six Vajra Halls, the East Corner Room, the East Road Auxiliary Room, the Yemen Gate, the Courtyard Gate, the Payroll Room, etc. However, due to limited information and other reasons, the Three Saint Temple was rebuilt as double-eaved hip roof , while the Three Saint Temple in Zhengjue Temple in history had a single-eaved hip roof. On October 8, 2010, on the eve of the 150th anniversary of the death of the Old Summer Palace, the main project of Zhengjue Temple was completed. On July 6, 2011, the reconstruction and protection project of Zhengjue Temple was fully completed and opened to the public for trial.
The plaque and rubbings of the Zhengjue Temple mountain gate written in four Chinese, Manchuria, Tibetan and Mongolian characters.
"Lion Forest" and "Rainbow Bridge" stone plaque (Imperial Pen of Qianlong)
Lion Forest Restore Picture.
Lion Forest is located in the northeast of Changchun Garden , covering an area of 15,000 square meters.
In the 37th year of Qianlong's reign (1772), after Qianlong's fourth southern tour, he ordered people to make a model based on Suzhou Lion Forest and then return to Beijing to imitate it. In the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), some additional construction was carried out. On his 48th birthday, Daoguang also accompanied the Empress Dowager to visit the Lion Forest and have a meal. The Lion Forest Scenic Area has fully absorbed the artistic conception of "Lion Forest Picture", mainly based on mountain scenery, and all buildings are built in small sizes, with Guangdui rockery, and pavilions and pavilions built on the rockery. The stacked stones here are also mainly Taihu stone . Among them, the strange peaks and strange stones are interspersed with both the spirit of royal gardens and the magnificent Suzhou gardens. The entrance to the Lion Grove is located directly south of the east of its scenic area, and is an east-facing water pass. A stone plaque "Lion Forest" written by Qianlong on the south bank of Shuiguan is erected. There are 10 stone carvings of Qianlong's imperial poem "Lion Forest" written by Qianlong on the inside and outside of the stone arch. After entering the Shui Pass, three open halls were built on the stacked stones in the north of the shore, called "Qingshuzhai". There are also a large number of imperial poems and stones engraved around Qingshuzhai. There is a Shiqian Bridge in the west of Qingshuzhai and connects it to the Congfangxie Courtyard in the west. The name of the "Rongqiao" and 10 poems of the imperially produced "Rongqiao" in the 39th year of Qianlong's reign (1774) are engraved on the arch of Shiqian Bridge.
Lion Forest South Water Gate.
After the Lion Forest Scenic Area was burned by the British and French coalition forces in 1860, many of the rockery's stacked stones were preserved, but after nearly a hundred years of man-made destruction and dig, few of the remaining ones were pitifully preserved. In the mid-1990s, the Management Office of the Old Summer Palace conducted a simple excavation of the lion forest and discovered a large number of Qianlong's imperial stone carvings. The Later Old Summer Palace Management Office restored some scenic spots such as Hongqiao and Shuiguan at the original site, and returned the stone carvings to the present day. The Lion Forest is also the scenic spot with the most imperial pens of Qianlong among the Three Gardens of Yuanming.
Hongqiao Wushen Xinzheng Imperial Imperial Topic (5 stones east of the south side of Hongqiao). Interpretation: The Hongqiao is the little flying rainbow, how can Xu Ben be the picture be different? The spring moon is raining, and Rao Si imagines looking at the sky. The new official imperial title of Wushen.
"Mirror Pool" (Jiaqing Imperial Pen)
"Mirror Pool" poem inscription and rubbings. Interpretation: The pond is covered with green and green, and it is full of the splendor of early autumn and summer. When we meet the truth of quietness, the truth of color and emptiness, the gentleman in the flower, , the fragrance in the mirror. The Imperial Imperial Moon above the Meng Qiuyue of Renshen.
Jiaqing imperial pen "Jingxiangchi" stone carving was unearthed in front of the Hanbilou site in Ruyuan in 2017. This poem is a poem written by Jiaqing in July of the 17th year of Jiaqing (1812) for the Mirror Pond, one of the ", , , ," which was written by Jiaqing. This stone carving is preserved on the original site.
Original author丨Liu Yang
excerpt丨An Ye
edit丨Qingqingzi
introduction proofreading丨Wang Xin
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