Archway, a "archway", abbreviated as "archway", is a door-style building unique to China. It is established to commend meritorious, academic, moral, political, loyal, filial, and righteous. It has the functions of commendation, commemoration, decoration, logo and guidance. The history, culture and architecture of the archway are briefly described in "Dear, Gorgeous, and Rich Connotation of Etiquette Architecture (Part 1)". Now I will give a brief introduction to some representative archways.
Representative archways
1 Beijing Zhongshan Park "Protect Peace" archway
Zhongshan Park "Protect Peace" archway
is located in the "Protect Peace" archway in Zhongshan Park in the north. It is built in white marble , with four columns, three rooms, three floors and hip roof structure, the roof is covered with blue glazed tiles , the columns are fixed with clamping stones, facing north to south, be careful that the big characters in the big characters are engraved "Protect Peace", and the stamp is signed Guo Moruo and sealed with seal seal. This archway has nothing new in terms of architecture and appearance, but it carries many important information in modern Chinese history and can be called "China's first political archway."
"Defend Peace" workshop, original name Clinder Stele . Clinder , a German diplomat, came to China in the seventh year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1881), and served as consular officer in Guangzhou and other places. In the 25th year of Guangxu (1899), he was the German ambassador to China.
In the late Guangxu period, the Boxer Rebellion put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying the foreign countries" and went to Beijing to defend the country. The foreign ambassador to China was frightened and demanded that the Qing government suppress the Boxer Rebellion on the grounds of protecting security. The Qing government took some suppression measures, but the ambassadors from various countries to China were still dissatisfied and decided to jointly send troops. In May of the 26th year of the Guangxu period (1900), many armies entered the Dongjiaomin Lane, - a relatively concentrated location for the foreign embassy in China.
On May 18, German Minister Clinder led German soldiers out to provoke, shooting and killing more than 20 Chinese people, arousing public outrage. On the 23rd, the Zongli Yamen issued a note to the ambassadors in various countries to China: they would leave Beijing within 24 hours and be escorted to Tianjin by the Qing army. On the 24th, Clinder took an interpreter to the Zongli Yamen in a mule cart, preparing to protest to the Qing government. When we arrived at the west entrance of Dongdan Xizhubu Hutong, the Qing army's Tiger God Camp Enhai led a team to patrol. Enhai took the high point and aimed at the car with his gun. Seeing this, Clinder shot Enhai. Enhai immediately fought back and beat Clinder to death on the spot. The German side demanded that Enhai beheading at the place where Clinder was killed, and to write inscriptions in German and Chinese characters, and erect stone tablets to explain.
On the 25th, the Qing government issued a "decree of war to all countries", claiming that "better than to live in a life of misfortune, it is better to attack and fight against the male and female." At the same time, the Boxer Regiment was incorporated and food and wages were distributed, allowing it to jointly defend Beijing with the Qing army.
In the 27th year of the Guangxu period (1901), the Qing government was defeated and was forced to sign the " Xinchou Treaty" with Russia, Britain, the United States, France, Germany and other countries. Among them, the agreement was made: the Qing government sent Prince Chun to be the first-class envoy minister to represent the Chinese government for the murder of Clinder, personally went to Germany to apologize and apologize, and established a archway at the place where Clinder was killed, engraved with content such as "Sacrificing one's life for the country and making a reputation". At the beginning of the 29th year of the Guangxu period (1903), this stone archway, which symbolizes the modern national humiliation of China, was built as scheduled. It was named "Clinde Monument", commonly known as the stone archway among the people.
It is said that the German Emperor initially disagreed with the construction of the archway, and after learning about the significance of the archway to the Chinese, he agreed. For Clinder and Germany, nothing can humiliate the Chinese more than building such a archway in the downtown area of the Chinese capital!
In November 1918, Germany was defeated in World War I . China is a member of Allied Powers and one of the victorious countries. Everyone was happy and demolished the "stone archway that has been shamed throughout the country since the Boxer Emperor". Later, France came forward and asked Germany to repair the demolished archway and move it to Central Park, which is now Zhongshan Park, and renamed it to the "Axiom Victory" yard to commemorate "Axiom Victory against Power".
In October 1952, the Asia-Pacific Peace Conference was held in Beijing. The meeting decided to rename "Axiom Victory Square" to "Defend Peace Square".
2 Shendaofang, Qingdong Tombs, Zunhua City, Hebei Province
0 Shendaofangs, Qingdong Tombs, Zunhua City
Representative of the Mausoleum Arch. Located in the Qing Dong Tomb in Zunhua City, Hebei Province, it is the first building to enter the Longmenkou Tomb District.The stone fang is not only the starting point of the shrine in the mausoleum area, but also plays a role in separating the space, increasing levels, and setting off a solemn and quiet atmosphere.
Shendaofang was built in in the early years of the Qing Dynasty. It is made of huge mortises and tenons of blue and white stones, imitating the wood structure, with five rooms, six columns, eleventh floor hip roof. It is 12.48 meters high and 31.35 meters wide. It is the widest stone archway in China. On the huge stone archway, cloud dragon playing with pearls, strange beasts and double lions rolling balls are carved, and spirals are carved on the beams and rafters are carved on the color paintings of . Auspicious clouds are embossed on the folded columns and the flower panels. The brackets, rafters, tiles, ridges, ridges, clouds, and croakers are all carved by stone materials, with exquisite workmanship and exquisite carving skills. The entire stone yard has beautiful shapes, solemn and majestic, with coordinated proportions of each part, soft and smooth lines, majestic and magnificent, and its scale and craftsmanship accuracy are rare in China.
Stone archways similar to this are also found in the Ming Thirteen Tombs Shindaofang in Changping District, Beijing and the Qing Xiling Shindaofang in Yi County, Hebei Province (there are three stone archways with the same specifications in front of the Tailing Shindao). They can be called representatives of the stable and gorgeous style of northern official buildings.
3 Neixiang County Yaxian Xuanhuafang
Henan Province Neixiang County Yaxian Xuanhuafang
Political archway, representative of educating the people. Located between the screen wall in front of the county government office and the gate, there are four columns, three rooms, three floors, eight slabs, hip roof wooden archways, ridge decorations, flying eaves and corners, drum stones are placed in front and back of the columns and slabs are supported. Xuanhuafang was the place where the magistrates preached the imperial edicts and educated the people in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The workshop was built in the 19th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1483) and was rebuilt by Zhang Bingtao during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty. It was destroyed in the early days of the "Cultural Revolution" and was rebuilt as it was in 1993. Be careful that the big characters in the middle are written in "Xuanhua" and "Jutan Ancient Tradition". " Jutan " is the ancient name of Neixiang , and was called Jutan County during the Sui and Tang dynasties.
The preaching of the sacred edict began in the early Ming Dynasty. In order to educate the people and to refine the customs of the people, Zhu Yuanzhang issued six sages to all localities, requiring this as a criterion to unify words and deeds and promote social harmony and stability. The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty carried forward the six sacred edicts and formulated the Sixteen sacred edicts, which are:
to uphold filial piety and brotherhood, so as to value human ethics; to strengthen the clans, so as to show harmony; to be harmonious with the village party, so as to calm disputes; to emphasize agriculture and secular life, so as to give full play to food and clothing; to advocate frugality, so as to cherish money and use; to raise schools, so as to promote the practice of scholars, to ban the sacred ethics, to promote the law, to warn the stubbornness, to be polite, to be generous with customs, to do the work of the people, to ensure the determination of the people; to train the children, to ban the wrongs; to stop false accusations, to be kind; to warn the escaping to avoid implicating; to save money and food, to save the sacrificial education; to join the baojia to eliminate thieves; to relieve hatred and anger, to value life.
Qing Yongzheng Emperor interpreted this and formed the "Sacred Edict Guangxu ", requiring that the magistrate personally preside over the preaching on the first and fifteenth day of each month. The preaching of the sages is usually carried out in Xuanhuafang, or in places such as the City God Temple. "Neixiang Qing Dynasty County Office" records: On the first and fifteenth day of every month (5-7 o'clock), the magistrate wore a public uniform, rang the gong to open the way, and went to the City God Temple. The magistrate sat upright and the listeners arranged in order of high and low status. After everyone placed the public case, the sacred tablets, bells, drums, , wooden bells, , etc., the rituals and gentlemen invited the magistrate to read the "Sacred Orders and Guangxu". The magistrate followed the rules and began to preach. After the lecture, the officials, people and others dispersed.
The model of preaching the sacred edicts is basically the same in counties across the country, but it is just a routine matter and is just a reading of the text according to the script. Therefore, it was originally a good way of people-friendly education, but it became almost a farce.
4 Jieshifang in Neixiang County, Henan Province
Jieshifang in Neixiang County, Henan Province
Political archway, representatives of alert officials. Located between the county yamen gate and the lobby, it was built in the fifth year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1666) and was later destroyed. Rebuilt as-is in January 2003.
Jingshifang is a four-column and three-story sky-summit stone archway. The columns are placed on the base, with drum stone in front and back, and a stone lion squatting on it. Be careful that the big-character board is engraved with "Public Shengming", and the back of the archway faces the lobby, and the inscribed with "Imperial Rings Stone Inscription: Your salary is your own fortune, and the people are rich, and the people are easy to abuse, and God is difficult to deceive." The document is signed by "Huang Tingjian".
Jie Shifang evolved from "Jie Shi Ming", and "Jie Shi Ming" originated from " Promotion of Orders " written by Meng Chang , the latter king of Shu in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The full text is:
I am thinking of a innocent child and eating and clothing for a night. To be honest, I will raise Huisui. There are three differences in politics, and the Tao lies in the seven silks. It is the reason to drive away the roosters, and it is the rule to keep the calves. Be generous and vigorous, and the customs can be moved. No invasion and destruction. It is easy for the people below to abuse, but it is difficult for God to deceive. Fu is a stern, and military and national affairs are capital. My titles and rewards are not overdue. Your salary is your salary, and the people are rich. All parents are kind. I will encourage you to take a warning and reflect my deep thoughts.
Meng Chang used this to warn local officials: love the people and not be corrupt officials. Northern Song destroys Houshu . Emperor Taizong Zhao Jiong ( Zhao Guangyi ) selected the four sentences from "The Proclamation of Orders": "Your salary and your salary are the people, the people are rich, the people are easy to abuse, and the people are difficult to deceive," and wrote in person "to grant the county and the country, and stand in the south of the department affairs, which is called the 'Jingshi Ming'" ("Rongzhai Xubian" by Hong Mai, a native of the Song Dynasty).
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Gaozong Zhao Gou unified the stone inscriptions, and used the Taizong quarrel stone inscriptions written by the calligrapher Huang Tingjian to promulgate the prefectures and counties to be carved into stone tablets and placed on the "left of the seat".
In the early Ming Dynasty, Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang ordered yamen at all levels to set up the stone inscriptions in the center of the courtyard outside the lobby to see in and out, and remember them without forgetting them. In order to protect the inscription, a stone pavilion was also built.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Jieshi Pavilion was renamed the "Jieshi Pavilion" on the grounds that it was in the middle of the corridor and prevented people from entering and leaving the lobby. Be careful of the big characters on the board, with the inscription "Pongshengming" on the front, and the inscription on the back.
5 Zhixiangbao archway in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province
Suzhou City Zhixiangbao archway in Suzhou City
Representatives of the archway of the ancestral hall and temple archway of the celebrity. Standing in front of Baoen Temple in Suzhou City, it has four columns, three rooms and five floors, and has a double-eaved hip-top structure. It has a simple shape, with stone pillars and wooden structures. It has drum stones on both front and back of the pillars and left and right of the edge pillars. Be careful that the front of the big-character board is engraved with "Knowing the Grace to Repay" (written by Zhao Puchu), and the back is engraved with "The Scenic Trace of the North Tower", and the signature is " Jiang Yinqiu (famous calligrapher and epigrapher)" and "Mobilized in October 1978".
Beita Baoen Temple was first built during the Chiwu period of Wu, the Three Kingdoms. It is said that it was built by the Master Wu Sun Quan to repay the kindness of the wet nurse Chen. It was originally named Xuantong Temple. It was renamed Kaiyuan Temple during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty. It was rebuilt during the Xiande period of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and was renamed Baoen Temple. The North Tower is a landmark building in the temple, 76 meters high, with an octagonal nine-story attic style, with a double eaves and a majestic spirit. It is the first ancient pagoda in the south of the Yangtze River.
年后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其� The 4 characters "Loyal and Good Pillar" are engraved on the large-character board, which was re-edited in the Qing Dynasty. The ancestral hall was destroyed. In October 1978, the archway in front of the hall was moved to the front of Baoen Temple in Beita. Be careful that the inscription on the big characters board was changed to " Chiwu Traces" to show the temple's long history. Then change it to the current question.
6 Donglin Academy Archway, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province
Wuxi Donglin Academy Archway
Representative of the Academy Archway. Donglin Academy , located in Sujialan on the Gonghe River in Dongmen, Wuxi City. It is one of the famous academies in ancient my country. It was founded by the well-known scholar Yang Shi (No. Guishan, an important figure in the Southern Biography) in the first year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1111). It is said that when Yang Shi was traveling and giving lectures in the southeast region, he visited Lushan in Jiangxi today. Because of the secludedness of Donglin Temple, the famous academy is " Donglin ". Later, the people of the town were rebuilt into the Yangshi ancestral hall for sacrificial sacrifices.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the emperor was negligent in power and the eunuchs were tyrannical. In the 32nd year of Wanli (1604), Gu Xiancheng, , , , Gao Panlong and others, who were dismissed from office and returned home, rebuilt Donglin Academy at the original site and gathered to give lectures. In addition to Confucian classics, the academy also advocates students to care about national affairs and learn practically. At the same time, we promote the proposal of integrity and dedication to the public, oppose corruption and abuse of the law, and call for: to revitalize the administration of officials and eliminate the accumulated ills of society.
Because the academy's lectures involved social issues such as "caring for the country and supporting the world", for a time, many people in the court and the country admired their style, and scholars from all over the country came to attend the lecture.Gu Xian became a couplet written by the academy, and also became a famous couplet that has been passed down from generation to generation: the sound of wind, rain, and reading are heard; family affairs, national affairs, and world affairs are concerned about everything.
In the fifth year of Tianqi in the Ming Dynasty (1625), the academy was abolished by the court controlled by eunuchs, and the buildings were destroyed. In the early Qing Dynasty, the academy was rebuilt at the original site, but the atmosphere of Donglin Academy's " practical learning and practical" was not inherited.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, a wooden yard was built on the former site of the academy archway in the Ming Dynasty, and was re-established as a stone yard in the fifth year of Qianlong (1740). The yard faces north and south, with four columns, three rooms and five floors, with a height of 7.24 meters and a width of more than 8 meters. The ridge is decorated with dragon kisses, and the upper and lower ridges are decorated with carved panels. The ridges are and other exquisite patterns are carved with two dragons playing with pearls, the phoenixes are rising up, the lion rolling hydrangea , and the carp jumping over the dragon gate. Be careful of the big characters on the board, with the inscription "Old Traces of Donglin" engraved on the front and the inscription "Houxu Jinliang" engraved on the back, all of which were written by Qin Ailian, a native of the town.
Donglin Academy Archway is still a landmark building of Donglin Academy. With this ancient archway, other buildings in the academy (many of which were newly built in recent years) also appear solemn and simple.
7 Xu Guoshifang in the ancient city of Huizhou, She County, Anhui Province
Huangshan City She County, Huizhou, Ancient City, Xu Guoshifang in the ancient city of Huizhou, She County, Ancient City,
Huangshan City, Xu Guoshifang in the ancient city of Huizhou, She County, Huangshan City (inside)
Representative of the Fighting and Fame House. She County is known as the "hometown of archways". More than 250 stone archways in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are all over the county, and more than 80 are still there. In order to commend the merits of the important ministers of the cabinet and She County, Xu Guoshifang made a meritorious service in Yunnan to suppress rebellion. The meritorious service was specially given by Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty in Xuguo Township, also known as the Grand Secretary's Office.
Stone yards are all made of blue giant stones and imitated wood structures. They were built in the 12th year of Wanli (1584). It is 11.74 meters long from north to south, 6.77 meters wide from east to west, and 11.4 meters high. It crosses Zhonghe Street in Yanghe Gate, an ancient city in She County. Because there are 8 huge rocks half a meter square on all sides of the archway, they stand on the sky and the ground, commonly known as the "Eight-legged Archway".
Shifang has two pillars and one room and three floors on both sides of the north and south sides, and four pillars and three floors on both sides of the east and west sides. All stone components such as stone pillars, beams, plaques, doubao , and qued are carved with exquisite and vivid animal and plant patterns and various patterns, which are exquisite and wonderful associations at the same time.
There are 12 stone lions arranged on the four pillars on the archway, 4 in front and behind, 2 in the left and right, with different postures, steady and powerful, and lifelike. It is said that these stone lions with unique expressions and personality are cleverly conveying the thoughts and consciousness of the owner of the archway, Xu Guo, and promoting his social achievements.
The archway is engraved with pictures on the inside and outside sides of the southeast, west, north, and north: on the south, the "giant dragon soars" outside and the "heroic figure" inside to show respect for the imperial power and the young emperor; on the east, the "fish jumps on the dragon gate" outside and the "three leopards and magpies (three good news) inside" inside, indicating that Xu Guo was promoted to the imperial examination and was promoted three times in the Wanli Dynasty; on the west, the "powerful phoenix and auspicious erotic" outside and the "dance dances in the dragon court (Wuying Hall) inside", which symbolizes the peaceful and prosperous era of literary style and prosperous moral politics, and at the same time demonstrates the great reputation of the Grand Secretary of the Wuying Hall; on the north, the "auspicious cranes fly in the clouds" outside and the "deer singing pictures" inside, which means peace in the world, indicating that Xu Guo's life is elegant and refined, with noble character.
The top floor of the north and south sides of the archway and the third floor on the east and west sides are inlaid in the middle of the plaque with the two dragon plates written on it, with the two words "Enrong" written on it; the four sides of the bottom floor are engraved with "Grandmaster" and "Grandmaster of the Prince's Taibao and the Minister of Rites of Wuying Hall" are respectively organized on the small archways on both sides of the front and back; the second floor of the north and south sides are engraved with "Study first and then ministers" and "Shangtai elders" respectively, showing Xu's glorious experience - Jie Yuan in the provincial examination, the seventh Jinshi in the imperial examination, and the auxiliary minister is "Shaobao and the Prince's Taibao". "Going on stage" is the highest among the top, middle and lower three. "Santai" was originally astrological name, which was often used by the ancients to symbolize Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao. All the inscriptions on the stone yard are the most popular official style of the Ming Dynasty (it is said that the inscriptions on the yard are from the Ming Dynasty calligrapher and painter Dong Qichang , so they have a more cultural atmosphere). Xu Guoshifang has three other talents:
, the first one. The entire archway is composed of two ordinary archways with three rooms, four pillars and three floors, and two ordinary archways with two single rooms, two pillars and three floors.This octagonal archway with eight columns and four sides and twelve floors is rare in ancient Chinese stone yards.
The second best, built during Xu Guo’s lifetime, is unique in the thousands of years of feudal social history and the history of Chinese archways.
The third most outstanding, the architectural characteristics and technologies of the archway: joints and solid stones, the whole body brocade pattern , which is rare in the world.
The entire archway is built elegantly, spectacular and exquisitely. It is the luxurious best among archway buildings and represents the highest level of stone archway architecture and carving art in Anhui.
8 Shunfengshan Park House, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province
Shunfengshan Park House, Shunde District, Foshan City
Contemporary built, representative of scenic spots archways. Located at the entrance of the park, it was built in 2002, with a three-strip giant Chinese archway. The total height is 38 meters, the width is 88 meters, the base is 3 meters thick, the main span is 35 meters, and the entire building plaque weighs 14,000 tons, making it the largest archway in Asia. There are five big words " Shunfeng Mountain Park " written on the arch hole in the middle of the front of the archway, and four words "Shunfeng Range Rover" written on the back.
Shunfeng Mountain Park House uses a reinforced concrete frame as the skeleton, with granite on the outside, mainly two types of rocks, "black blue sesame stone" and "rich red". The total weight of the hanging stone reaches 3,000 tons. It has a huge scale, majestic shape, gorgeous patterns, and exquisite stone art. It is rare at home and abroad, and enjoys the reputation of "the first archway in China".
The tiles of the archway generally use concave yellow convex green half-sided glazed dragon ridges. The picks between the tiles are built with hollow stones to decorate and balance the upper and lower tiles. Because the archway is huge, the tiles have as many as 11 floors (generally the tiles of the archway are only three or five floors), and the heights are staggered, which is spectacular, and the number of tiles is rare in China.
The ceilings on the archway are carved, and the curved door holes are decorated with bluestone fish heads, which show peace and nobility in the simplicity. The flower panels on the three door holes are all symmetrical left and right, including three lions playing with balls, nine dragons playing with pearls, eight immortals and eight treasures, pine and cranes prolong their lives, and flowers and birds of different shapes.
The four bases of the archway, except for the 4 cement columns supporting the archway, there are 2 dragon columns on both sides with a diameter of 1.1 meters and a length of 12 meters. They are carved from marble. There are 16 dragon pillars, first make the original stone hollow, built-in steel pipes, and then carve 3 dancing dragons on the surface of the stone. The single dragon pillar weighs 25 tons, and all are bolted with screws on the roof of the gatehouse and hung upside down at a height of 5 meters above the ground, which is a masterpiece. The exquisitely carved dragon pillars and the flying dragon, no matter how close you look, the majestic momentum that flows down the sky makes people pay special attention.
9 Tangyue Archway Group, She County, Huangshan City, Anhui Province
Huangshan City, She County, Tangyue Archway Group, She County,
Huangshan City, She County, Tangyue Archway Group,
0Representative of archways that honor family deeds. Located on an ancient road at the east end of Tangyue Village, it consists of 7 closely connected stone yards. Among them, two three-bedroom, four-pillar, three-bedroom, three-bedroom, and three-bedroom, four-pillar, three-bedroom, four-pillar, and sky-crowed pillar arches were built in the Qing Dynasty. The archway group is centered on the character "Yi" and is arranged in the order of "loyalty, filial piety, integrity and righteousness" whether in the past or from the back. The Archway Group was built in the Ming and Qing dynasties, both of which were built to honor members of the Bao family. It is the largest Archway Group in China. Tangyue, a famous historical and cultural village in China, is located 7 kilometers west of She County. During the 4th year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1008-1016), Bao Rong, Huizhou, started building a villa. His great-grandson Bao Jumei moved from the county west, and his descendants reproduced, and became the prosperous clan of the great surname in Shexi. The prominent family created a prominent history and also won the distinguished archway group for the family.
The entire archway group is arranged in sequence from both ends to the middle, unfolding in a semi-arc shape, from outside the village to the village, and is Bao Xiangxian Shangshufang , Bao Fengchang Xiaozifang, Bao Fangyuan's successor wife Wu's filial piety, Leshan Haoshifang (Bao Shufang, father and son Yixingfang), Bao Wenling's wife Wang's filial piety, Ci Xiaolifang, and Bao Canzhong filial piety.
Tangyue Bao family takes the idea of "cultivating oneself, managing the family, and governing the country" as a model of worship among clans. Whether studying, being a human being, doing business or being an official, they pursue Confucianism. To emphasize loyalty, filial piety, integrity and righteousness is the foundation of Tang Yue people. Since the Song Dynasty, many loyal ministers, filial sons and polite wives have appeared in the Bao family, and their deeds are the most prominent.
The filial piety of serving parents and the filial piety of being widowed and being careless, and set up a "filial piety" workshop for Bao's family.The Tangyue Bao family, who talks about "benevolence and virtue", talks about "official morality" when they become officials. He made outstanding achievements throughout his life. Although he was "rewarded with great merits", he was still frank and "officials do not choose positions", which eventually won a "Zhong" Bao Xiangxian for the Bao family, and was a representative of "official ethics".
The Bao family is a prosperous tribe of regional culture, and many wealthy businessmen have appeared. Dahui merchant Bao Zhidao , "Take the emperor and hide millions" is known as the richest man in Jiangnan and is prominent for a while. The reason why Hui merchants traveled all over the country and were richest in the world is to talk about "business ethics": genuine goods, real prices, sufficient quantity, and trustworthiness are important secrets to success.
Tangyue people who talk about "business ethics" are rich but do not forget their hometown. They continue to invest in building bridges, roads, and river embankments, which also won the Bao family a "righteous" house that is "loving and generous" for the Bao family.
"A kind and filial piety in the world are unparalleled, and the most beautiful village in the south of the Yangtze River." It can be said that the spiritual pursuit of Tangyue people is the connotation of Huizhou Archway, and it is also the entire thought of Tangyue Archway.
The stone fang is not only the starting point of the shrine in the mausoleum area, but also plays a role in separating the space, increasing levels, and setting off a solemn and quiet atmosphere.Shendaofang was built in in the early years of the Qing Dynasty. It is made of huge mortises and tenons of blue and white stones, imitating the wood structure, with five rooms, six columns, eleventh floor hip roof. It is 12.48 meters high and 31.35 meters wide. It is the widest stone archway in China. On the huge stone archway, cloud dragon playing with pearls, strange beasts and double lions rolling balls are carved, and spirals are carved on the beams and rafters are carved on the color paintings of . Auspicious clouds are embossed on the folded columns and the flower panels. The brackets, rafters, tiles, ridges, ridges, clouds, and croakers are all carved by stone materials, with exquisite workmanship and exquisite carving skills. The entire stone yard has beautiful shapes, solemn and majestic, with coordinated proportions of each part, soft and smooth lines, majestic and magnificent, and its scale and craftsmanship accuracy are rare in China.
Stone archways similar to this are also found in the Ming Thirteen Tombs Shindaofang in Changping District, Beijing and the Qing Xiling Shindaofang in Yi County, Hebei Province (there are three stone archways with the same specifications in front of the Tailing Shindao). They can be called representatives of the stable and gorgeous style of northern official buildings.
3 Neixiang County Yaxian Xuanhuafang
Henan Province Neixiang County Yaxian Xuanhuafang
Political archway, representative of educating the people. Located between the screen wall in front of the county government office and the gate, there are four columns, three rooms, three floors, eight slabs, hip roof wooden archways, ridge decorations, flying eaves and corners, drum stones are placed in front and back of the columns and slabs are supported. Xuanhuafang was the place where the magistrates preached the imperial edicts and educated the people in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The workshop was built in the 19th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1483) and was rebuilt by Zhang Bingtao during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty. It was destroyed in the early days of the "Cultural Revolution" and was rebuilt as it was in 1993. Be careful that the big characters in the middle are written in "Xuanhua" and "Jutan Ancient Tradition". " Jutan " is the ancient name of Neixiang , and was called Jutan County during the Sui and Tang dynasties.
The preaching of the sacred edict began in the early Ming Dynasty. In order to educate the people and to refine the customs of the people, Zhu Yuanzhang issued six sages to all localities, requiring this as a criterion to unify words and deeds and promote social harmony and stability. The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty carried forward the six sacred edicts and formulated the Sixteen sacred edicts, which are:
to uphold filial piety and brotherhood, so as to value human ethics; to strengthen the clans, so as to show harmony; to be harmonious with the village party, so as to calm disputes; to emphasize agriculture and secular life, so as to give full play to food and clothing; to advocate frugality, so as to cherish money and use; to raise schools, so as to promote the practice of scholars, to ban the sacred ethics, to promote the law, to warn the stubbornness, to be polite, to be generous with customs, to do the work of the people, to ensure the determination of the people; to train the children, to ban the wrongs; to stop false accusations, to be kind; to warn the escaping to avoid implicating; to save money and food, to save the sacrificial education; to join the baojia to eliminate thieves; to relieve hatred and anger, to value life.
Qing Yongzheng Emperor interpreted this and formed the "Sacred Edict Guangxu ", requiring that the magistrate personally preside over the preaching on the first and fifteenth day of each month. The preaching of the sages is usually carried out in Xuanhuafang, or in places such as the City God Temple. "Neixiang Qing Dynasty County Office" records: On the first and fifteenth day of every month (5-7 o'clock), the magistrate wore a public uniform, rang the gong to open the way, and went to the City God Temple. The magistrate sat upright and the listeners arranged in order of high and low status. After everyone placed the public case, the sacred tablets, bells, drums, , wooden bells, , etc., the rituals and gentlemen invited the magistrate to read the "Sacred Orders and Guangxu". The magistrate followed the rules and began to preach. After the lecture, the officials, people and others dispersed.
The model of preaching the sacred edicts is basically the same in counties across the country, but it is just a routine matter and is just a reading of the text according to the script. Therefore, it was originally a good way of people-friendly education, but it became almost a farce.
4 Jieshifang in Neixiang County, Henan Province
Jieshifang in Neixiang County, Henan Province
Political archway, representatives of alert officials. Located between the county yamen gate and the lobby, it was built in the fifth year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1666) and was later destroyed. Rebuilt as-is in January 2003.
Jingshifang is a four-column and three-story sky-summit stone archway. The columns are placed on the base, with drum stone in front and back, and a stone lion squatting on it. Be careful that the big-character board is engraved with "Public Shengming", and the back of the archway faces the lobby, and the inscribed with "Imperial Rings Stone Inscription: Your salary is your own fortune, and the people are rich, and the people are easy to abuse, and God is difficult to deceive." The document is signed by "Huang Tingjian".
Jie Shifang evolved from "Jie Shi Ming", and "Jie Shi Ming" originated from " Promotion of Orders " written by Meng Chang , the latter king of Shu in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The full text is:
I am thinking of a innocent child and eating and clothing for a night. To be honest, I will raise Huisui. There are three differences in politics, and the Tao lies in the seven silks. It is the reason to drive away the roosters, and it is the rule to keep the calves. Be generous and vigorous, and the customs can be moved. No invasion and destruction. It is easy for the people below to abuse, but it is difficult for God to deceive. Fu is a stern, and military and national affairs are capital. My titles and rewards are not overdue. Your salary is your salary, and the people are rich. All parents are kind. I will encourage you to take a warning and reflect my deep thoughts.
Meng Chang used this to warn local officials: love the people and not be corrupt officials. Northern Song destroys Houshu . Emperor Taizong Zhao Jiong ( Zhao Guangyi ) selected the four sentences from "The Proclamation of Orders": "Your salary and your salary are the people, the people are rich, the people are easy to abuse, and the people are difficult to deceive," and wrote in person "to grant the county and the country, and stand in the south of the department affairs, which is called the 'Jingshi Ming'" ("Rongzhai Xubian" by Hong Mai, a native of the Song Dynasty).
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Gaozong Zhao Gou unified the stone inscriptions, and used the Taizong quarrel stone inscriptions written by the calligrapher Huang Tingjian to promulgate the prefectures and counties to be carved into stone tablets and placed on the "left of the seat".
In the early Ming Dynasty, Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang ordered yamen at all levels to set up the stone inscriptions in the center of the courtyard outside the lobby to see in and out, and remember them without forgetting them. In order to protect the inscription, a stone pavilion was also built.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Jieshi Pavilion was renamed the "Jieshi Pavilion" on the grounds that it was in the middle of the corridor and prevented people from entering and leaving the lobby. Be careful of the big characters on the board, with the inscription "Pongshengming" on the front, and the inscription on the back.
5 Zhixiangbao archway in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province
Suzhou City Zhixiangbao archway in Suzhou City
Representatives of the archway of the ancestral hall and temple archway of the celebrity. Standing in front of Baoen Temple in Suzhou City, it has four columns, three rooms and five floors, and has a double-eaved hip-top structure. It has a simple shape, with stone pillars and wooden structures. It has drum stones on both front and back of the pillars and left and right of the edge pillars. Be careful that the front of the big-character board is engraved with "Knowing the Grace to Repay" (written by Zhao Puchu), and the back is engraved with "The Scenic Trace of the North Tower", and the signature is " Jiang Yinqiu (famous calligrapher and epigrapher)" and "Mobilized in October 1978".
Beita Baoen Temple was first built during the Chiwu period of Wu, the Three Kingdoms. It is said that it was built by the Master Wu Sun Quan to repay the kindness of the wet nurse Chen. It was originally named Xuantong Temple. It was renamed Kaiyuan Temple during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty. It was rebuilt during the Xiande period of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and was renamed Baoen Temple. The North Tower is a landmark building in the temple, 76 meters high, with an octagonal nine-story attic style, with a double eaves and a majestic spirit. It is the first ancient pagoda in the south of the Yangtze River.
年后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其后其� The 4 characters "Loyal and Good Pillar" are engraved on the large-character board, which was re-edited in the Qing Dynasty. The ancestral hall was destroyed. In October 1978, the archway in front of the hall was moved to the front of Baoen Temple in Beita. Be careful that the inscription on the big characters board was changed to " Chiwu Traces" to show the temple's long history. Then change it to the current question.
6 Donglin Academy Archway, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province
Wuxi Donglin Academy Archway
Representative of the Academy Archway. Donglin Academy , located in Sujialan on the Gonghe River in Dongmen, Wuxi City. It is one of the famous academies in ancient my country. It was founded by the well-known scholar Yang Shi (No. Guishan, an important figure in the Southern Biography) in the first year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1111). It is said that when Yang Shi was traveling and giving lectures in the southeast region, he visited Lushan in Jiangxi today. Because of the secludedness of Donglin Temple, the famous academy is " Donglin ". Later, the people of the town were rebuilt into the Yangshi ancestral hall for sacrificial sacrifices.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the emperor was negligent in power and the eunuchs were tyrannical. In the 32nd year of Wanli (1604), Gu Xiancheng, , , , Gao Panlong and others, who were dismissed from office and returned home, rebuilt Donglin Academy at the original site and gathered to give lectures. In addition to Confucian classics, the academy also advocates students to care about national affairs and learn practically. At the same time, we promote the proposal of integrity and dedication to the public, oppose corruption and abuse of the law, and call for: to revitalize the administration of officials and eliminate the accumulated ills of society.
Because the academy's lectures involved social issues such as "caring for the country and supporting the world", for a time, many people in the court and the country admired their style, and scholars from all over the country came to attend the lecture.Gu Xian became a couplet written by the academy, and also became a famous couplet that has been passed down from generation to generation: the sound of wind, rain, and reading are heard; family affairs, national affairs, and world affairs are concerned about everything.
In the fifth year of Tianqi in the Ming Dynasty (1625), the academy was abolished by the court controlled by eunuchs, and the buildings were destroyed. In the early Qing Dynasty, the academy was rebuilt at the original site, but the atmosphere of Donglin Academy's " practical learning and practical" was not inherited.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, a wooden yard was built on the former site of the academy archway in the Ming Dynasty, and was re-established as a stone yard in the fifth year of Qianlong (1740). The yard faces north and south, with four columns, three rooms and five floors, with a height of 7.24 meters and a width of more than 8 meters. The ridge is decorated with dragon kisses, and the upper and lower ridges are decorated with carved panels. The ridges are and other exquisite patterns are carved with two dragons playing with pearls, the phoenixes are rising up, the lion rolling hydrangea , and the carp jumping over the dragon gate. Be careful of the big characters on the board, with the inscription "Old Traces of Donglin" engraved on the front and the inscription "Houxu Jinliang" engraved on the back, all of which were written by Qin Ailian, a native of the town.
Donglin Academy Archway is still a landmark building of Donglin Academy. With this ancient archway, other buildings in the academy (many of which were newly built in recent years) also appear solemn and simple.
7 Xu Guoshifang in the ancient city of Huizhou, She County, Anhui Province
Huangshan City She County, Huizhou, Ancient City, Xu Guoshifang in the ancient city of Huizhou, She County, Ancient City,
Huangshan City, Xu Guoshifang in the ancient city of Huizhou, She County, Huangshan City (inside)
Representative of the Fighting and Fame House. She County is known as the "hometown of archways". More than 250 stone archways in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are all over the county, and more than 80 are still there. In order to commend the merits of the important ministers of the cabinet and She County, Xu Guoshifang made a meritorious service in Yunnan to suppress rebellion. The meritorious service was specially given by Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty in Xuguo Township, also known as the Grand Secretary's Office.
Stone yards are all made of blue giant stones and imitated wood structures. They were built in the 12th year of Wanli (1584). It is 11.74 meters long from north to south, 6.77 meters wide from east to west, and 11.4 meters high. It crosses Zhonghe Street in Yanghe Gate, an ancient city in She County. Because there are 8 huge rocks half a meter square on all sides of the archway, they stand on the sky and the ground, commonly known as the "Eight-legged Archway".
Shifang has two pillars and one room and three floors on both sides of the north and south sides, and four pillars and three floors on both sides of the east and west sides. All stone components such as stone pillars, beams, plaques, doubao , and qued are carved with exquisite and vivid animal and plant patterns and various patterns, which are exquisite and wonderful associations at the same time.
There are 12 stone lions arranged on the four pillars on the archway, 4 in front and behind, 2 in the left and right, with different postures, steady and powerful, and lifelike. It is said that these stone lions with unique expressions and personality are cleverly conveying the thoughts and consciousness of the owner of the archway, Xu Guo, and promoting his social achievements.
The archway is engraved with pictures on the inside and outside sides of the southeast, west, north, and north: on the south, the "giant dragon soars" outside and the "heroic figure" inside to show respect for the imperial power and the young emperor; on the east, the "fish jumps on the dragon gate" outside and the "three leopards and magpies (three good news) inside" inside, indicating that Xu Guo was promoted to the imperial examination and was promoted three times in the Wanli Dynasty; on the west, the "powerful phoenix and auspicious erotic" outside and the "dance dances in the dragon court (Wuying Hall) inside", which symbolizes the peaceful and prosperous era of literary style and prosperous moral politics, and at the same time demonstrates the great reputation of the Grand Secretary of the Wuying Hall; on the north, the "auspicious cranes fly in the clouds" outside and the "deer singing pictures" inside, which means peace in the world, indicating that Xu Guo's life is elegant and refined, with noble character.
The top floor of the north and south sides of the archway and the third floor on the east and west sides are inlaid in the middle of the plaque with the two dragon plates written on it, with the two words "Enrong" written on it; the four sides of the bottom floor are engraved with "Grandmaster" and "Grandmaster of the Prince's Taibao and the Minister of Rites of Wuying Hall" are respectively organized on the small archways on both sides of the front and back; the second floor of the north and south sides are engraved with "Study first and then ministers" and "Shangtai elders" respectively, showing Xu's glorious experience - Jie Yuan in the provincial examination, the seventh Jinshi in the imperial examination, and the auxiliary minister is "Shaobao and the Prince's Taibao". "Going on stage" is the highest among the top, middle and lower three. "Santai" was originally astrological name, which was often used by the ancients to symbolize Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao. All the inscriptions on the stone yard are the most popular official style of the Ming Dynasty (it is said that the inscriptions on the yard are from the Ming Dynasty calligrapher and painter Dong Qichang , so they have a more cultural atmosphere). Xu Guoshifang has three other talents:
, the first one. The entire archway is composed of two ordinary archways with three rooms, four pillars and three floors, and two ordinary archways with two single rooms, two pillars and three floors.This octagonal archway with eight columns and four sides and twelve floors is rare in ancient Chinese stone yards.
The second best, built during Xu Guo’s lifetime, is unique in the thousands of years of feudal social history and the history of Chinese archways.
The third most outstanding, the architectural characteristics and technologies of the archway: joints and solid stones, the whole body brocade pattern , which is rare in the world.
The entire archway is built elegantly, spectacular and exquisitely. It is the luxurious best among archway buildings and represents the highest level of stone archway architecture and carving art in Anhui.
8 Shunfengshan Park House, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province
Shunfengshan Park House, Shunde District, Foshan City
Contemporary built, representative of scenic spots archways. Located at the entrance of the park, it was built in 2002, with a three-strip giant Chinese archway. The total height is 38 meters, the width is 88 meters, the base is 3 meters thick, the main span is 35 meters, and the entire building plaque weighs 14,000 tons, making it the largest archway in Asia. There are five big words " Shunfeng Mountain Park " written on the arch hole in the middle of the front of the archway, and four words "Shunfeng Range Rover" written on the back.
Shunfeng Mountain Park House uses a reinforced concrete frame as the skeleton, with granite on the outside, mainly two types of rocks, "black blue sesame stone" and "rich red". The total weight of the hanging stone reaches 3,000 tons. It has a huge scale, majestic shape, gorgeous patterns, and exquisite stone art. It is rare at home and abroad, and enjoys the reputation of "the first archway in China".
The tiles of the archway generally use concave yellow convex green half-sided glazed dragon ridges. The picks between the tiles are built with hollow stones to decorate and balance the upper and lower tiles. Because the archway is huge, the tiles have as many as 11 floors (generally the tiles of the archway are only three or five floors), and the heights are staggered, which is spectacular, and the number of tiles is rare in China.
The ceilings on the archway are carved, and the curved door holes are decorated with bluestone fish heads, which show peace and nobility in the simplicity. The flower panels on the three door holes are all symmetrical left and right, including three lions playing with balls, nine dragons playing with pearls, eight immortals and eight treasures, pine and cranes prolong their lives, and flowers and birds of different shapes.
The four bases of the archway, except for the 4 cement columns supporting the archway, there are 2 dragon columns on both sides with a diameter of 1.1 meters and a length of 12 meters. They are carved from marble. There are 16 dragon pillars, first make the original stone hollow, built-in steel pipes, and then carve 3 dancing dragons on the surface of the stone. The single dragon pillar weighs 25 tons, and all are bolted with screws on the roof of the gatehouse and hung upside down at a height of 5 meters above the ground, which is a masterpiece. The exquisitely carved dragon pillars and the flying dragon, no matter how close you look, the majestic momentum that flows down the sky makes people pay special attention.
9 Tangyue Archway Group, She County, Huangshan City, Anhui Province
Huangshan City, She County, Tangyue Archway Group, She County,
Huangshan City, She County, Tangyue Archway Group,
0Representative of archways that honor family deeds. Located on an ancient road at the east end of Tangyue Village, it consists of 7 closely connected stone yards. Among them, two three-bedroom, four-pillar, three-bedroom, three-bedroom, and three-bedroom, four-pillar, three-bedroom, four-pillar, and sky-crowed pillar arches were built in the Qing Dynasty. The archway group is centered on the character "Yi" and is arranged in the order of "loyalty, filial piety, integrity and righteousness" whether in the past or from the back. The Archway Group was built in the Ming and Qing dynasties, both of which were built to honor members of the Bao family. It is the largest Archway Group in China. Tangyue, a famous historical and cultural village in China, is located 7 kilometers west of She County. During the 4th year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1008-1016), Bao Rong, Huizhou, started building a villa. His great-grandson Bao Jumei moved from the county west, and his descendants reproduced, and became the prosperous clan of the great surname in Shexi. The prominent family created a prominent history and also won the distinguished archway group for the family.
The entire archway group is arranged in sequence from both ends to the middle, unfolding in a semi-arc shape, from outside the village to the village, and is Bao Xiangxian Shangshufang , Bao Fengchang Xiaozifang, Bao Fangyuan's successor wife Wu's filial piety, Leshan Haoshifang (Bao Shufang, father and son Yixingfang), Bao Wenling's wife Wang's filial piety, Ci Xiaolifang, and Bao Canzhong filial piety.
Tangyue Bao family takes the idea of "cultivating oneself, managing the family, and governing the country" as a model of worship among clans. Whether studying, being a human being, doing business or being an official, they pursue Confucianism. To emphasize loyalty, filial piety, integrity and righteousness is the foundation of Tang Yue people. Since the Song Dynasty, many loyal ministers, filial sons and polite wives have appeared in the Bao family, and their deeds are the most prominent.
The filial piety of serving parents and the filial piety of being widowed and being careless, and set up a "filial piety" workshop for Bao's family.The Tangyue Bao family, who talks about "benevolence and virtue", talks about "official morality" when they become officials. He made outstanding achievements throughout his life. Although he was "rewarded with great merits", he was still frank and "officials do not choose positions", which eventually won a "Zhong" Bao Xiangxian for the Bao family, and was a representative of "official ethics".
The Bao family is a prosperous tribe of regional culture, and many wealthy businessmen have appeared. Dahui merchant Bao Zhidao , "Take the emperor and hide millions" is known as the richest man in Jiangnan and is prominent for a while. The reason why Hui merchants traveled all over the country and were richest in the world is to talk about "business ethics": genuine goods, real prices, sufficient quantity, and trustworthiness are important secrets to success.
Tangyue people who talk about "business ethics" are rich but do not forget their hometown. They continue to invest in building bridges, roads, and river embankments, which also won the Bao family a "righteous" house that is "loving and generous" for the Bao family.
"A kind and filial piety in the world are unparalleled, and the most beautiful village in the south of the Yangtze River." It can be said that the spiritual pursuit of Tangyue people is the connotation of Huizhou Archway, and it is also the entire thought of Tangyue Archway.
