Author cbjchxh
Reprinted on Baidu Tieba-Aerospace Bar
Original source Satellite Encyclopedia-www.drewexmachina.com
After 6 months of long and dull cruise, on June 11, 1985, Venus Halle 1 arrived on Venus, released the lander, and sent telemetry data to the earth as it flew over Venus.
lander separated from the spacecraft two days before reaching Venus (June 9, 1985) and entered the planet's atmosphere in an inclined path, without actively maneuvering like the previous Venus mission.
After separation from the Vega main body, the lander entered Venus atmosphere at 10.75 km/s at 10.75 km/sec at 18.23 degrees on June 11, 1985. The guide parachute is deployed at an altitude of 65 kilometers at 02:00:27. After 11 seconds, the brake parachute is opened at 64.5 kilometers. The upper hemisphere is released at this time (the upper hemisphere is equipped with the balloon aerator expansion system). The second half of the ball was released at 64.2 kilometers in 4 seconds.
parachute was cut off at 47 kilometers at 02:09:37. After this, the lander freely falls in the dense Venus atmosphere, minimizing vibration and rotation through the resistance device. Interestingly, at an altitude of 18 kilometers, an unknown mechanical shock (probably due to a sudden jamming of the valve in the upper compartment) triggered the ground contact accelerometer, causing the soil rig of the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to be deployed early. Due to premature deployment, the instrument is unavailable at landing.
A ring system similar to Venus 13 is designed to absorb impacts during landing. The lander landed at 7.5 degrees north latitude and 177.7 degrees east longitude at 03:02:54 on June 11, 1985, just north of the east of Aphrodite Terra. The height of the landing site is 0.6 kilometers below the average planetary radius.
lander transferred 56 minutes of data from the surface. The air pressure measured at the landing point was 95 atm and the temperature was 740 K. The downward gust measured by the balloon is 1 m/sec, and the maximum horizontal wind speed displayed is 240 km/h (higher than the previous values).
02:07:05, the balloon was pulled out of the cabin by a parachute at 8.1° north latitude, 176.9° east longitude, and 61 kilometers above sea level. The second parachute opened at an altitude of 55 kilometers 200 seconds after entering the atmosphere, and removed the folded balloon. After 100 seconds, the balloon was inflated at 54 kilometers, and the parachute and inflation system were subsequently discarded.
When the balloon reaches about 50 kilometers, the balloon is discarded and floats back to a stable altitude between 53 and 54 kilometers within about 15 to 25 minutes after entering. The average stable altitude is 53.6 kilometers, the air pressure is 535 millibar, and the temperature is 300-310K. It is located in the most active layer in the three-layer cloud system of Venus.
balloon drifts westward under the action of zonal wind, and the average velocity of is about 69m/s. After crossing 8500 kilometers, the detector crossed the morning and dusk line from morning to night at 12:20 on June 12. The detector continued to work during the day until the final transmission signal was received at 00:38 on June 13, with a transmission distance of 11,600 km, with a location of 8.1° north latitude and 68.8° east longitude.
balloons worked for about 48 hours.
or above is the situation of Venus Harley 1. Let's take a look at No. 2: The lander of
2 separated from the spacecraft two days before arriving at Venus (June 13, 1985), and followed the same landing and separation mechanism. The lander landed safely at 03:00:50 on June 15, 1985 at 8.5° south and 164.5° east longitude. The height of the landing site is 0.1 km higher than the average radius of the planet.
lander transferred 56 minutes of data from the surface. The pressure measured at the landing point was 91 atm, the temperature was 736k, and the surface sample was plagiarite-coarse crystalline rock. The balloon measures downward gusts of 1 m/sec and the horizontal wind speed is as high as 240 km/h.
2:06:59, at 7.45° south latitude, 179.8° east longitude, and 61 kilometers above sea level, the load of the aerostat was pulled out of the cabin by the parachute. The second parachute opened at a height of 55 km 200 seconds after entering and removed the folded balloon. After 100 seconds, the balloon was inflated at 54 kilometers, and the parachute and inflation system were discarded.
When the balloon reaches about 50 kilometers, the ballast is discarded. The balloon floats back to a stable altitude between 53 and 54 kilometers within about 15 to 25 minutes after entering. The average stable altitude is 53.6 kilometers, the air pressure is 535 millibar, and the temperature is 308-316K.
balloon drifts westward in zonal winds, with an average speed of about 66 meters/sec, and latitude is almost unchanged. After crossing 7400 kilometers, the detector crossed the morning and dusk line from morning to night at 9:10 on June 16. The detector continued to work during the day until 00:38 on June 17, after a total horizontal movement distance of 11,100 km, it lost contact at 7.5° south latitude and 76.3° east longitude. People don't know how far the balloon has flew after the last communication.
balloons worked for about 50 hours in total.
After completing the mission to Venus, the Vega 1 spacecraft arrived at Halley's Comet 9 months later.
March 6, 1986 7:20:06 UTC, it passed through Halley's comet nucleus at a relative speed of 79.2 kilometers per second (this number is very important). When returning images of the 15-kilometer-long peanut-shaped nucleus, the detector was hit by up to 4,000 dust particles per second. The detector survived this dangerous encounter and successfully transmitted about 800 images and other data, but the two instruments were damaged and the output power of the unprotected solar array was reduced by 55%. Halley's Comet
Vega 1 took Halley's Comet
March 7 and 8, 1986, after the subsequent imaging meeting, Venus Halley 1 headed to deep space. The mission ended with the mission Harley 1, which was completed on January 30, 1987. It is still in the heliocentric orbit at present.
Japan's Suisei is the second to meet Halley's Comet. It began to observe Halley's Comet with an ultraviolet imager in mid-November 1985. When approaching, it passes within a safer range of 151,000 kilometers, where it obtains useful data on the properties of comets' extended hydrogen clouds.
The third one arrived at the Soviet Union's Venus Halle 2. On March 7, 1986, the spacecraft took 100 photos of comets over a distance of 14 million kilometers and began its encounter. Compared to Vega 1, it can see a clearer view of the comet of Halley. Although the main processor that controls the scanning platform fails 32 minutes before approaching the target (forced switch to a poorly performing backup system), Venus Harley 2 survived a 76.8km/span at a speed of 8030km (shorter than the Vega 1’s distance) in a chase with Harley on March 9 at 7:20:00 on March 9. Several instruments in the
detector were lost or partially failed in the chase, and the detector also instantly lost 80% of the power of the solar panel, although it was later restored to only 50% of the loss.
(Human nuclear photographed by Vega 2)
Soviet scientists had considered to fly over the near-Earth asteroid (2101 Adonis) 6 million kilometers away. But it turned out that the detector did not have enough fuel to make the necessary orbital changes. Instead, detectors take advantage of this opportunity to measure dust as they pass orbits of comets 72P/Denning-Fujikawa, Biela and 289P/Blanpain.
On March 24, 1987, the ground lost contact with Vega 2.
Japan's Suisei is the fourth. It passed Halley's Comet 6.99 million kilometers away from its nucleus and detected the comet's halo.
The real Warrior is ESA's Giotto number. Data from Soviet detectors have controlled the location of the Harley core within 75 kilometers, with a confidence level of 99.7%, a 20-fold increase over the results obtained by relying solely on ground observations. With such an accurate positioning, on March 11, scientists of the Giotto decided to try a 500-kilometer nuclear crossing and made a final heading correction. It made its closest approach within a range of 605 km, returned 2112 images of comets and provided the clearest image of the Halle core. But it was hit hard by a large dust particle in the first 16 seconds of the closest approach. Although the impact-induced jitter was suppressed for 32 minutes and full contact with the detector was restored, some instruments were damaged, including the camera.
(Gotto provided the best and most secret perspective in Halley's comet's encounter on March 14, 1986)
With the cooperation between the Soviet Union, Japan and Europe, people have a great understanding of the series of structures of comets' halo to nuclear. Such international cooperation has also reached an unprecedented level.
Hope there will be someone coming later!
Finally, list the achievements of Vega 1 and 2 in Venus exploration.Preliminary data from
(1) UV absorption spectrum show that sulfur dioxide and sulfur atom vapors exist in Venus' atmosphere and are part of a complex chemical reaction.
(2) Venus atmospheric aerosols are rich in ingredients. In heavy-grain samples, sulfur trioxide (sulfur anhydride) was found, as well as a small amount of chlorine. This reveals the complex structure of aerosols.
(3) X-ray fluorescence spectrometer is also an important source of data for studying the composition of cloud aerosols. The instrument found a large amount of chlorine, sulfur and phosphorus in the clouds of 63 to 47 kilometers.
(4) At 18 kilometers, mysterious electrical pulses appeared in the system, and Doppler tracking fluctuated. The impact on Vega-1 caused it to trigger the post-landing procedure, resulting in the failure of soil drilling experiments. Similar electrical interference was reported from Venus 11 to Venus 14 at altitudes of 12 to 18 kilometers, with four of the US Pioneer detectors receiving electrical damage within this altitude range. The reason for the formation of this "impact layer" in the lower atmosphere of Venus is still unclear.
(5) Vega-2 was soil sampling analysis at the landing location. The results were measured similar to basalt.
(6) The balloon found so much more turbulence in the middle cloud than expected that it would drift very quickly.
(7) The balloon's photometer electronics also counted the flash, but found no obvious signs of lightning.
There are many more, many more. .
On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev announced his resignation as president of the Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991, the Supreme Soviet Republic of the Soviet Union held its last meeting, announcing that the Soviet Union ceased to exist and that the Soviet Union had officially disintegrated. At this time, it was only more than 4 years before the official end of the Venus Halle mission.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has not conducted space-based Venus exploration. In the subsequent Venus exploration, the more famous ones were the ESA's "Venus Express" mission and Japan's "Akatsuki".
Now, the only detectors around Venus are Japan's "Aki".
In people's eyes, most of Venus is the "tool star" of gravitational slingshots. For example: Galileo , Cassini, Messenger, Parker's solar probe, Bepikorumbu and ESA's solar probe. They all just treat Venus as an acceleration/deceleration tool.
Now some people have realized that they are almost ignorant of Venus:
Web link: https://www.msn.cn/zh-cn/news/techandscience/ There is phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus - or the mark of life/ar-BB193gJs?li=BBR7jrk
On September 14, 2020, the European Southern Observatory issued a press release saying that an international team of astronomers detected traces of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus. Analysis believes that there may be unknown photochemical processes on Venus, or it may be that these phosphines originate from some form of life.
A conspiracy theory believes that this may be related to the Soviet lander. Early Soviet landers were not really disinfected. A certain kind of earth creature may have adapted to the environment of Venus and reproduced in large quantities. Opponents believe that the environment between Venus and Earth is very different, and it is impossible for any kind of creature to survive on Venus.
Perhaps, a new round of Venus exploration will begin? But at least Russia wouldn't be as crazy as the Soviet Union at that time.
Finally, a statistics came from
The Soviet Union failed 13 consecutive times in Venus exploration since Sputnik 7, and then had a great historical turning point on Venus 4. Until Venus 8, the mission continued to "bride/bridesmaid mode". Starting from Venus 9, the mission continues to be successful until Venus 15, 16, and Vega 1, 2. The overall success rate is around 40%. (If it continues, it may get higher and higher)
On the road of technological innovation, they have achieved success in a seemingly desperate situation through their hard work. After layered research on rockets, communications, quality assurance, and detailed technology, the Soviets finally achieved perfect success on Venus 13 and 14, and performed well again and again in the next four missions.
, I won’t say anything sensational.
But the Soviet Union's madness towards Venus is indeed something other countries can't learn.
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