Hunter is difficult, and hunting a son-in-law is even more difficult! After all, few people can pick a young man with a bare belly lying on his back like Xi Jian, who is like Wang Xizhi, who is like a young man who is lying on his back at first sight. Zeng Guofan was hailed as the "saint" of the late Qing Dynasty, but when faced with the problem of choosing a son-in-law, he repeatedly "missed".
Zeng Guofan
Zeng Guofan has five daughters, and the first four sons-in-laws were all selected by him personally, but what Zeng Guofan never expected was that he had all taken a look at these four sons-in-law: the eldest son-in-law Yuan Yusheng was a playboy who took a concubine before she was unmarried in the Zeng family. The second son-in-law Chen Yuanji had an impatient personality and died young, the third son-in-law Luo Zhaosheng had a "rebellious temperament", and the fourth son-in-law Guo Gangji died short-lived and died at the age of 21, so that the fate of Zeng Guofan's four daughters was quite miserable. Zeng Jifen is lucky than her four sisters. She lives to the age of 90, has many children and many blessings, and is called "Old Man Chongde". Zeng Guofan's Manchu son-in-law Nie Jiwei was good, and he became the governor. He was also known as a famous national capitalist in early modern China. However, this son-in-law of Man was not chosen by Zeng Guofan, but by his younger brother Zeng Guoquan . Only one of the five sons-in-laws chose, and the younger brother helped him choose. Zeng Guofan might have to sigh: Why is it so difficult to choose a son-in-law!
Hu Linyi , which is as famous as Zeng Guofan, was selected by Tao Shu , an important official of the Daoguang Dynasty at the age of 8. Later, he lived up to his father-in-law's expectations and became a famous minister of a generation. He was enough to be comparable to his father-in-law in terms of character, talent and achievements. Tao Shu also won the reputation of knowing people.
Hu Linyi has only one daughter, named Duanyi. Zeng Guofan answered all four questions wrong, with an error rate of 100%; Hu Linyi failed to answer one question correctly, with an error rate of 100%.
Then who will he choose as his son-in-law?
Mei Yingjie's "Biography of Hu Wenzhong Gong" records that in the third year of Xianfeng (1853), "in May, the female etiquette was in the same county Zhou family." Also quoted Guo Songtao "The Inscription on the Burial of Mrs. Tao" says: "A daughter, married to the Censor Zhou Kaiming."
No scholar has previously discussed Zhou Kaiming in detail. The author interrogated historical materials from many sources and gained a detailed understanding of Zhou Kaiming's life and deeds. He found that Zhou Kaiming was highly similar to Hu Linyi in his personality and official career, and he deserved to be a good son-in-law.
In terms of choosing a son-in-law, Hu Linyi completely defeated Zeng Guofan.
Zhou Kaiming, whose courtesy name is Jingdan and whose pseudonym is Guiwu, was born in the year of Jihai, Daoguang. Daoguang was the 19th year of Daoguang (1839). (The "Zhou Family Genealogy" says that he was born in the fifteenth year of Daoguang, and this is based on his test red scrolls and resumes.) from Yiyang county. The Zhou family and the Hu Linyi family are family friends. The Zhou family "lived in Fenhuzhou for 21 miles (Yiyang) and moved to Apan Village for 14 miles", and the Hu family "lived in 19 miles". Zhou Kaiming's grandfather Zhou Zeheng was a scholar. His father, Zhou Yang, was a juren from the Daoguang Yiyou Department and the Wuzi Department, Shuntian County Examination. He was appointed as the head of the Qing Lishu Department of the Ministry of Revenue. His uncle Zhou Zhenzhi was appointed as the juren from the Wuzi Department of the Daoguang Yiwei Department and the Jinshi, and he was appointed as the magistrate of Shangcheng County, Henan.
Zhou Kaiming Tongzhi Fourth Annual Examination Zhujuan
Zhou Kaiming has two older brothers: the eldest brother Kaijian and the second brother Kaixi, and Kaixi is adopted by his uncle as his heir. Zhou Kaixi was "famous for his ability to poetry and prose", but the imperial examinations were not successful. After Hu Linyi was appointed governor of Hubei, Zhou Kaixi went to surrender, "The emperor said that officials and military affairs complement each other, and the foundation of chaos should not be investigated first." Hu Linyi appreciated him very much and asked him to stay in Hubei to be an official, recommended him as a magistrate, and appointed him as a minister. Zhou Kaixi was "silent and resolute, wise and capable of breaking", so he became the core figure in Hu Linyi's shogunate and the secret of the counselor. Hu Linyi defeated the Taiping Army at Jixian Pass, and Zhou Kaixi was protected as the prefect for his merits and was praised for his flower feathers. Hu Linyi once submitted a memorial to recommend ten outstanding talents including Liu Rong, , Shen Baozhen, , and Zhou Kaixi was among them. After Hu Linyi died, Zhou Kaixi was renamed under Zuo Zongtang and served as Zhejiang Grain Road and Yanshao Jian Road in Fujian. He was appointed as the governor of Fujian and the governor of Fujian. Later, he went to Gansu from Zuo Zongtang, "President of the army in the southern Gansu route, pacified Jinji Fort, and recovered Weiyuan and Didao, all of which were made contributions." In the tenth year of Tongzhi (1871), he died of illness in the army at the age of 46.
Zhou Kaiming was only 15 years old when he married Hu Duanyi. How Hu Linyi picked him is unknown, so it is inconvenient to speculate.
Zhou Kaiming's journey to the imperial examination was very smooth, which was highly similar to his father-in-law.
Hu Linyi passed the exam at the age of 24, passed the Jinshi at the age of 25, passed the second grade in the palace examination, was selected for the Hanlin Academy Shujishi , and was later awarded the editor. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Zhou Kaiming ranked 70th in the Hunan Provincial Examination, and was also 24 years old. He ranked 14th in the Chinese Examination for the fourth year, 13th in the second class of the palace examination, and 16th in the first class of the court examination. He selected the Hanlin Academy Shujishi, and was appointed as an editor of the Hanlin Academy in the seventh year. Unfortunately, Hu Linyi had already passed away the year before Zhou Kaiming passed the exam.
Hu Linyi's father Hu Dayuan is a Hanlin, his father-in-law Tao Shu is a Hanlin, he is a Hanlin, and his son-in-law is also a Hanlin. This situation is rare and can be said to be a grand event.
After Zhou Kaiming was appointed editor of the Hanlin Academy, he was promoted to the National History Museum and compiled the National History Museum. In September of the 12th year of Tongzhi, he was registered as a censor. In August of the second year of Guangxu (1876), he was promoted to the Wuying Palace for joint cultivation. In the first month of the third year, he was appointed as the chief editor of the National History Museum and the compilation of the Meritorious Officials Museum. In February, he was appointed as the co-education of the Records Museum. In March, he was appointed as the examiner of the Ding Chou examination. In February of the fourth year, the main school of the museum was enriched.
Since he was a Hanlin Academy, Zhou Kaiming has been in the Hanlin Academy for nearly 13 years.
Yao Jianmin said in the "Epitaph of Zhou Kaiming": "The Duke was full of his body and was thirsty for studying, and he was still old. When he was an official in the Hanlin area, he was obsessed with studying the classics and history, forgot to eat and sleep, and fleased to stay up all night. He was a member of the Qing Dynasty and served as the Minister of the Branch, Minister of Agriculture, and was the Minister of Agriculture and Industry. "Kongti Xueshi Envoy Shaowang", namely Kong Xianglin (1852-1917), whose courtesy name was Shaowang, was from Qufu, Shandong Province. He was a grandson of Confucius for 75 years. He was appointed as the envoy of Taixue in Henan.
In May of the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), Zhou Kaiming was ordered to be appointed as the Censor of the Jiangnan Road Supervision Censor. In August, he served as the Censor of the Shandong Road Supervision Censor. In the leap month of the fifth year, he was appointed as the Censor of Sichuan Dao Supervision and Inspection, and was appointed as the deputy examiner of the Gansu provincial examination in Jimao. In April of the sixth year, the acting official department was in charge of the seal of the clerk. In June, the acting official department was in charge of the clerk. In August, he inspected the affairs of the Nancheng City under the order.
The censor is a censor. Zhou Kaiming "spoken and honest, and did not care about personal opinions. He should keep a general idea of what he said. He never used to criticize and straightforwardness as his ability, but the court was solemn." In September of the fourth year of the Guangxu period, Zhou Kaiming wrote a 10-fold discount on "Several Southeastern provinces are flooded by water, please order Yu to prepare for rescue" and reported to the court that "there is too much rainfall in Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, and there are many flooded places." He requested the court to order the governors of all provinces to check the disaster situation in prefectures and counties, and to prepare for rescue measures in order to prepare for any accidents. He also investigated Baojia and secretly took part in the association to prevent the bandits from taking the opportunity to cause trouble and calm the hearts of the people. In November of the same year, Zhou Kaiming wrote a 10% discount on the "Hunan bandits are getting stronger and more hidden dangers are getting deeper, so please order the order to handle the matters in secret", saying that the bandits in Yiyang and other places are rampant, and the court ordered the governor of Huguang Li Hanzhang and Hunan Governor Shao Hengyu to strictly order local officials to investigate Baojia, rectify arrests, and punish the famous associations strictly.
In the first month of the sixth year of the Guangxu period, Zhou Kaiming submitted a memorial, pointing directly at the tax customs of Chongwenmen. Chongwenmen (commonly known as "Hadmen") is one of the nine gates of the capital. It is a hub for boats and chariots to enter and exit the capital. The Qing government set up a customs clearance to collect taxes here. This year is the year of the imperial examination. Scholars from all over the country went to Beijing to take the examination and passed by Chongwenmen. The officials were so vigilant that they detained the men's luggage and blackmailed them. Zhou Kaiming, who was also a scholar, was infuriated and submitted an impeachment.
For this reason, the court issued an order to declare ban:
"Censor Zhou Kaiming reported that the Chongwenmen must be ordered to be banned. If the village examination scholars come to Beijing, if they carry luggage without any banned goods, they should be tested as soon as possible and immediately release them. How can they allow the letters to be blackmailed? According to the censor, the Chongwenmen arrived in Beijing this year and reported that the Chongwenmen had already withheld luggage and required tax rules, which was a failure. The Chongwenmen declared the old rules and strictly enforced the ban. The clerks and other scholars investigated difficult matters that needed to be kept, and they should be punished more severely, and do not be lenient."
In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), Zhou Kaiming was 43 years old. He ended his career as an official in Beijing and was released as the prefect of Sinan Prefecture, Guizhou. He arrived in Guizhou in February of the following year and was transferred to the prefect of Liping Prefecture in April. He took over the matter of Yin on the first day of June. In the following years, Zhou Kaiming had been transferred between the original position of Sinan Prefecture and the prefect of Liping Prefecture.
Interestingly, Hu Linyi's first stop as a local official was also Guizhou. In June, Hu Linyi, the 26th year of Daoguang (1846), he reported to the prefect for donation and distributed to Guizhou. In the 27th year of Daoguang, Hu Linyi arrived in Guizhou and served as the prefect of Anshun Prefecture, Zhenyuan Prefecture and Sinan Prefecture. In December of the 30th year, he was appointed as the governor of Liping Prefecture. He arrived in Liping Prefecture in July of the first year of Xianfeng (1851) and was appointed as the chief of seal. He was handed over to the position of prefect of Liping in October of the following year. He served as the prefect of Liping for more than a year.
Hu Linyi said in a letter to Zuo Zongtang: "In the second year of Liping, he tried his best and hard. The local scholars and people are honest, not tricky, not deceitful, or obscene. They are actually the best of all counties in Guizhou, but they are a little weak. Over the past year, they have trained martial arts and changed their old habits." They are quite proud of their actions in Liping.
Hu Linyi's words are not boastful words. He practiced bravely catching thieves and building forts and storing grain in Liping, which was indeed outstanding political achievements. Li Yuandu "The First Principle of the State of the Kingdom of China·Hu Linyi" says:
" In the first year of Xianfeng, Liping Prefecture was restored. The prefecture was adjacent to Hunan and western Guangdong, with deep mountains and dense mountains. The robbery was robbed and robbed. He was arrested and crossed the border. On the day of the reign, the gentry and people and the left laid canals were sent, and they were given wine and food, and inquired about the people's conditions and terrain, and they ordered them to be the fortress, and they chose the township chief, the group leader, and the plaque chief, and the verdict were inspected by each other. Capture and punish all illegal people. At that time, the thieves in Guangxi rose up, Yongning, Huaiyuan, Rongxian, and the southwest borders around Liping were all thieves. The public recruits were brave and brave, and they set up more than 1,500 camps, built more than 450 blockades, and surrounded each other. They said that the governors and governors would ask for the border to be surrounded by the border and build forts to defend, thinking that it was better to defend than to speak war than to use the people, and to use the people to defend themselves, and to use the land first to protect the people. Therefore, there was no reserve in the county town, so they encouraged the people to donate grain to build a house to build a house to protect the people. The warehouse is to prepare for the city to defend. Since then, Liping was attacked and the soldiers in the city were unable to be pulled out. They all practiced bravely and stored grain. "
" said that they guarded Zhenyuan and Liping counties, governed and captured thieves, and promoted profit and eliminated harm. They all silently conducted their own lessons, only for fear that the officials would hear about it and would have some obstacles. They were particularly eager to reward and draw talents. The good deeds of the subordinate officials followed the recommendation letter and wrote praises to favor them. "
Hu Linyi
More than ten years later, the gentry of Liping Hu Changxin and others asked Guizhou Academy Government to worship Hu Linyi to worship the famous official temple of Liping Prefecture, and wrote "Detailed Drafts of the College of Requesting Famous Officials", which detailed the achievements of Hu Linyi in Liping's supervision of the training, building bunkers, attaching importance to education, setting up charity warehouses, promoting silkworm raising, maintaining weathering, and paying attention to talents. It is precisely because Hu Linyi promoted profit and eliminated harm for the people, rewarded talents, and implemented many long-term plans that can be followed for a long time, and "still still follow the methods", that the people and gentry of Liping were grateful to him and never forgotten them for more than ten years.
When Zhou Kaiming was appointed as the prefect of Liping, it was exactly thirty years after the resignation of Hu Linyi. My father-in-law has done a good job. What should I do? Others are watching it. Zhou Kaiming's pressure is self-evident.
There are many thieves in Liping and backward education, which is a key issue that local officials need to solve. Like his father-in-law, Zhou Kaiming arrested and safeguarded the people and rewarded talents. According to records, he "is especially good at capturing thieves and calming the people." "The public often introduces many scholars at his spare time, and encourages them with literature and art. The scholars are grateful for this and strive to wash themselves. Their writing style is prosperous in other cities." There was Yintai Academy in Liping. Zhou Kaiming wrote a plaque "Yintai Academy" and wrote a couplet: "The Yintianxing Dou articles are written by Taigu, and there are many famous mountains and lakes." This encourages the students of the academy.
"Guizhou Tongzhi·Emperor Trace" wrote a biography for him, praising him as a "good official": "Zhou Kaiming, whose courtesy name is Guiwu, was a Jinshi in Yiyang, Hunan. Since the ninth year of Guangxu (1883 AD), he has guarded Liping three times and cultivated scholars. He loves talent as his destiny. Every time he makes progress, he does not pray for words or praises, but writes praises by hand. For a while, scholars are happy to be influenced and received books of virtuous people, and they are not only satisfied with the people. They have a simple and clear political and punishment, and they are content with the people. They have really had the style of good officials."
The people love it, and their superiors also value it. All the previous governors of Guizhou praised Zhou Kaiming very much. Lin Zhaoyuan said that he was "secure and had a good example", "being cautious, honest and capable, and diligent in seeking the people's worries". Pan Shi said that he was "peaceful and open, and was at ease with the truth", "fine and steady, and had a good example". In the 12th year of Guangxu, Zhou Kaiming was recommended by the governor as a major plan. The major plan is the system of assessing foreign officials in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which is held every three years. Those who have outstanding political achievements and excellent talents are called outstanding.
Later, Zhou Kaimingli served as the prefect of Duyun Prefecture and Tongren Prefecture.In October of the 15th year of the Guangxu period, Ding's mother Ren's family was worried and she was denied and returned to her hometown. In the 18th year, he was in the sanction of the sanction and submitted a reply in the capital. On May 15, 19th year, he was ordered to be appointed as the vacancies of Chaozhou, Guangdong. He arrived in Guangzhou in October and was appointed as the magistrate of Qiongzhou in December. During Zhou Kaiming's tenure as the prefect of Qiongzhou, he "paid attention to the school, and he would win the scholars and treat his scholars like his children. He was humble and gentle in nature, and he was as cute as winter" (Volume 1 of the "Qiongshan Country Chronicle" of Guangxu).
In the 20th year of Guangxu, Li Hanzhang, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and the Governor of Guangdong, submitted a memorial to revise Zhou Kaiming as the governor of Chaozhou Prefecture. The following year, he also held a meeting with Guangdong Governor Ma Piyao, and transferred Zhou to Guangzhou Prefecture magistrate: "Guangzhou Prefecture is the first county in the provincial capital, with 14 counties under its jurisdiction. It has vast areas and extensive government affairs. There are important cases in the process of prosecution and handling. Moreover, the provincial capital is a trading port, and everything must be managed appropriately. It is not a familiar person with the situation and outstanding talent, and it is not enough to manage it." "The officer is honest and wise, knowledgeable, and can be transferred to the governor of Guangzhou Prefecture with it. It is indeed competent."
Yao Jianmin said: "Guangzhou is mixed with Chinese and foreigners, and there are many different areas. The officials receive guests and staff during the day and manage officials at night. They are calm and elegant, and they show a lot of hurried expressions."
In October of the 24th year of the Guangxu period, the court simply released Zhou Kaiming as the governor of the grain road in Guangdong. The following year, he was appointed as the salt transport envoy of Guangdong and Guangxi. In the 27th year, Guangdong Governor Deshou sponsored eight officials with outstanding plans, and Zhou Kaiming ranked first. In the 29th year, he was appointed as the salt transport envoy of Guangdong and Guangxi.
Major plan and extraordinary officials usually go to Beijing to meet the emperor, and the emperor will be promoted. In the same year, Deshou, acting governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Li Xingrui, acting governor of Guangdong, requested Zhou Kaiming to send him to the department for introduction, saying that "Zhou Kaiming, appointed the salt transport envoy of Guangdong and Guangxi, and the governor of Guangdong's grain, was experienced in learning and practicing, had a good sense of cleanliness, had a detailed management of affairs, and had a correct ambitions. He was actually a rare member of the supervisory authority." "I will follow the rules to introduce him to the department, and how to obtain the best recruitment, which comes from Shengci."
From a remote prefect (from the fourth rank) to a prefect of the capital of Guangdong, to a real Taoist (the fourth rank) and a deputy salt transport envoy (from the third rank), Zhou Kaiming's promotion was due to the fact that others regarded his father-in-law Hu Linyi's "face", but it was mainly because he was smart and capable, and was honest.
In April of the 30th year of Guangxu, Zhou Kaiming went to Beijing to introduce him and was appointed as the governor of the grain road in Shandong. On April 11 and 18, Emperor Guangxu summoned Zhou Kaiming twice.
When Zhou Kaiming was appointed as the governor of the grain road in Shandong, he not only did his job well, but also was determined to promote his studies, which had a far-reaching impact. "It was a big deal for grain to be changed, and it was extremely slumped. The public was in a hundred ways to support it, but it was always up to the point. At that time, the imperial court was strictly enforcing the new policy, and the public made other efforts to raise funds and set up several normal schools and schools. The trend of Shandong began with Gong." Whether in Liping, Qiongzhou, or Shandong, Zhou Kaiming always attached importance to cultural education and spared no effort.
He was also very concerned about the family's cultural education, "I donated some of my studies to teach the children of the tribe; I helped the poor and to sympathize with the lonely and cold in the tribe." Promoting academics to help the poor has changed the fate of many poor children.
Mr. Zhou Gucheng (1898-1996), a famous historian and educator, and former vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, was a member of Zhou Kaiming's tribe. Zhou Gucheng is a family member, but he was able to study in a new school established by Zhou Kaiming, laying a good foundation. Mo Zhibin's "Biography of Zhou Gucheng" records:
" In 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled to Xi'an in a panic. The following year, the humiliating " Xinchou Treaty " was signed with imperialism. The Qing court was stimulated by this and issued an edict in 1905 to abolish the imperial examination, build schools, and implement new policies. At that time, Zhou clan Hanlin Zhou Kaiming (1835-1907), a member of the Zhou clan, was appointed as the governor of the food road in Shandong. He raised funds and set up several schools such as normal schools and imperial schools, and advocated that new learning should be spared and made a mountain. The first of all styles in the east. Zhou Kaiming was very concerned about the education of the children of the old family. In order to cultivate talents, he donated money to establish a new school for his clan members. He chose Fengzi Village to establish the Zhou Jiguang Study Room and founded the Zhou Jiguang Second-class Primary School. The school system was 8 years, and he selected young people with a prospective training in the clan to enroll for free. Zhou Gucheng was selected to be admitted to the school with the best grades and studied for 8 years. This laid the initial foundation for his further study. "
On November 27, the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), Zhou Kaiming died of illness on the post of the governor of the Grain Road in Shandong.Yao Jianmin's "Epitaph" says that others generally recognize that "his virtue, government affairs, and literature are all enough to compete with the ancients."
