On the eve of Qingming Festival every year, we brothers always take our children to the Xi'an Martyrs Cemetery, stand in front of the tombstones of the martyrs, present a bouquet of flowers, bow deeply and silently to show the memories of future generations for their grandfather and their comrades. Whenever there is endless grief in our hearts, tears wet our eyes...
■ Tombstone of Martyr Li Yingliang
On April 28, 1927, Li Dazhao, the pioneer of the Chinese Communist movement, a great Marxist, an outstanding proletarian revolutionary, the main founder of the Communist Party of China, and his nineteen comrades-in-arms, were killed by the reactionary warlords of the Fengtian system in Minxiang, Beijing. They were: Li Dazhao, Tan Zuyao, Deng Wenhui, Xie Boyu, Mo Tongrong, Yao Yan, Zhang Bohua, Li Yinlian (Li Yingliang), Yang Jingshan, Fan Hongji, Xie Chengchang, Lu Youyu, Yinghua, Zhang Yilan, Yan Zhensan, Li Kun, Wu Pingdi, Tao Yongli, Zheng Peiming, and Fang Bowu.
where Li Yingliang is my grandfather.
It has been ninety-four years since we left the martyr to sacrifice. As descendants of martyr Li Yingliang, we know that we will never surpass the fearless spirit of sacrifice of pioneers. Therefore, for more than half a century, our family has been paying tribute to our relatives in a silent way. Now, our brothers have entered their 80s one after another. It is time to inform future generations and the world about some little-known activities during our lifetime. Otherwise, we will be ashamed of the pioneers who shed blood and sacrifice.
grandfather Li Yingliang, whose original name was Li Peiji, his courtesy name was Zishan, and his pseudonym was Li Yinlian when he was arrested (there is a false saying that he was "Li Yinlian"). He was born in 1900 in Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, a wealthy peasant family (now Lixiahao Village, Weiyanggong Street Office, Weiyang District, Xi'an City). He studied in a private school in the village when he was young. His intelligence and studious character, respecting the elderly and caring, is often praised by neighbors. In 1916, he was admitted to Shaanxi Provincial No. 3 Middle School. In his middle school period, he said, "Du Gongbu's poem says: "The rich family smells of wine and meat, and there are frozen bones on the road. I see you in this life, which is lamentable." "We should strive to study and make progress and strive to strengthen the country" and other records . The books he read in middle school contain a large number of esoteric comments, and many of the words express the desire and proposition of transforming society, strengthening the country and enriching the people.
■ The portrait of Martyr Li Yingliang
In 1919, the May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing, which shocked China and the world. The wave of anti-imperialism and anti-feudal movements quickly spread across the country, and young students in Shaanxi also actively participated in it. In the early days of the movement, Li Yingliang took the lead in delivering speeches on boycotting Japanese goods and striving to strive for Shandong's territorial autonomy, and organized classmates to go to the streets to distribute leaflets, publicize and mobilize the masses to support Beijing's student movement with practical actions.
Li Yingliang wrote in his speech on April 24: "Can you know that Qingdao is going to go? Do you know that Shandong is going to perish? Are China is going to perish? Do you know that the enemy poisons our people after the country is destroyed? Although I am not sensitive, I dare to just talk about it for my classmates and compatriots. Qingdao is still the throat of Shandong and is to others. If people suck their throats, they will definitely not be able to drink. I can't eat or breathe air. Since I can't eat or breathe air, can't I still hope to live? I must not. Shandong is also in China, just like Qingdao in Shandong. If Qingdao falls, Shandong will die, and if Shandong falls, China will die. This Qingdao issue has a huge relationship. If our people do not fight to the death, they will fall into a dark and unclear world... " (selected from "Li Yingliang's Diary" "The school held a boycott of Japanese goods meeting on April 24th" )
■ Original speech of martyr Li Yingliang
In the summer of 1922, Li Yingliang graduated from Provincial No. 3 Middle School and was admitted to the Xi'an Water Conservancy Road Engineering School founded by the famous water conservancy expert Li Yizhi .During this period, he had close contacts with classmates and friends Zhang Hanhui (Zhang Songlin), Zhang Bingren (Zhang Xingchu), Tang Zhenyuan (Tang Deyuan), etc., and often communicated with well-known Shaanxi people, student leaders, friends Lei Jinsheng, Zhang Fengbo, Fang Zhongru and others who studied in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and other places to exchange views and opinions on transforming society. At the same time, he also joined hands with classmates and friends who had progressive ideological ideas to jointly establish a Shaanxi student publication to expose the social ills at that time and promote new ideas and new concepts for transforming society.
Lei Jinsheng wrote in his reply to Li Yingliang on June 8: "! I was so happy today! What are you happy? I am happy in our dark Shaanxi, a weekly report that students posted by themselves appeared. How gratifying is this! ......"
■ The original reply letter written by Martyr Lei Jinsheng to Martyr Li Yingliang during his lifetime
In the spring of 1924, the Water Conservancy Road Engineering College was merged into Northwest University , and Li Yingliang then transferred to Northwestern University for engineering study. During the summer vacation of the same year, Northwestern University held a summer seminar and specially invited famous scholars such as Lu Xun and Sun Fuyuan to give lectures. Li Yingliang actively participated in the seminar study and learned from it. Especially the "History of Chinese Novels" by Mr. Lu Xun gave him great inspiration and encouragement, and then he wrote many very literary prose poems.
In the summer, Lei Jinsheng graduated from Zhendan University in Shanghai and was sent back to Shaanxi by the party organization, contacted Lu Youqian, Cui Mengbo and others to establish the China Socialist Youth League branch in Xi'an, and successively established the "Northwest Youth Club" and "Northwest Morning Bell Club" with the purpose of mobilizing teachers and students to participate in the revolution. Li Yingliang actively participated in the revolutionary activities of these progressive groups. In the autumn of the same year, he joined the China Socialist Youth League.
After the establishment of the Kuomintang’s temporary party committee, he served as the Standing Committee member of the Northwest University District Party Committee and worked hard to develop the united front of the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. In the same year, he joined the Communist Youth League's Shaanxi-Gansu Special Commissioner, Secretary of the Prefectural Committee, and Secretary of the Xi'an Special Branch of the Communist Youth League, Wu Huazhi, and Secretary of the Xi'an Special Branch of the Communist Youth League.
In January 1926, the direct warlord Liu Zhenhua led 8 divisions of Zhensong Army and besieged Xi'an by Tongguan . During the siege, Li Yingliang worked at the Xi'an Local Executive Committee of the Communist Youth League. From April to November, in the fight against the siege, he and comrades Zhang Hanhui, Zhang Bingren and other comrades traveling between the city and the countryside, organized students to carry out propaganda and agitation and military supplies relief work, exposed the crimes of warlord Liu Zhenhua as a victim of Shaanxi, mobilized the masses to participate in the struggle to expel Liu Zhenhua and defend Xi'an City, and organized peasant associations in Lantian and other places, calling on and mobilizing the masses to actively plan military pay and food for the military and civilians defending the city. After Xi'an siege to relieve the difficulties, Li Yingliang actively participated in the peasant movement, traveled around the city and suburbs of Xi'an, mobilized farmers to establish peasant associations, carried out rural movements, and promoted the revolutionary ideas of anti-imperialism, feudalism and warlords to the peasants.
At that time, a group of revolutionaries led by members of the Communist Party of China held a summer school at Provincial No. 1 Middle School. Under the leadership of Lei Jinsheng, Wei Yechou, Liu Hanchu, Wu Huazhi and others, he engaged in revolutionary propaganda activities with Communist Party of China and the Communist Youth League in the school, and developed the Communist Party of China and the Communist Youth League.
In January 1927, the General Command of the National Alliance Army in Shaanxi was established. Liu Hanchu, Li Zizhou and others, in accordance with the instructions of the Shaanxi-Gansu District Committee of the Communist Party of China, used the name of the Northwest Provisional Political Committee of the General Command of the National Alliance Army, and established Xi'an Zhongshan College on the basis of reorganizing Northwest University. A large number of Communist Party members participated in the organizational construction of the school. Liu Hanchu was appointed as the president, Li Zizhou was appointed as the vice president and general affairs director, and Li Yingliang was appointed as the member of the school affairs committee. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, they jointly determined the teaching purpose of "cultivating and guiding the peasant movement, handling party affairs, and cultivating political talents in the army." Zhongshan College has cultivated a group of backbone talents for the Chinese National Revolution.
In January 1927, the Kuomintang Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee was officially established. Li Zizhou, Liu Hanchu, Zhao Baohua, Wei Yechou and others were elected as Standing Committee members, Li Yingliang, Zhang Hanhui, Zhang Bingren and others were elected as members of the Executive Committee. Many Communists worked together to jointly preside over the party affairs.
In February 1927, the Shaanxi-Gansu District Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China was established in Xi'an. In early March, the first meeting of the Shaanxi-Gansu District Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China was held. Li Zizhou was elected as a member of the Executive Committee and was in charge of the organizational work. Li Yingliang was engaged in the organizational work of the party and youth league under the leadership of Li Zizhou. With the joint efforts of him and his comrades, the party and youth league organizations were established in many counties and cities in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, and the peasant movement was vigorously carried out.
In late March, 1927, Li Yingliang went to Beijing to report the situation of " First meeting of the Executive Committee of the Shaanxi-Gansu District of the Communist Party of China" to Li Dazhao, head of the Northern District Committee of the Communist Party of China. On April 6, with the consent of the leader of the foreign mission, the Dutch Minister Odenna and the acquisition of the missions of European and American countries, the "Capital Police Office" dispatched more than 300 military police, police and spies to surround and attack the Soviet embassy and nearby Far East Bank, the Central East Railway Office, the Boxer Reimbursement Committee and other institutions, and carried out major arrests. Li Yingliang was arrested with dozens of comrades including Li Dazhao and Fan Hongjie in the embassy. In order to protect the secrets of the Party and the lives of his comrades, Li Yingliang was given multiple tortures during his 22-day prison sentence. He faced the torture with a revolutionary heroic spirit of unyielding, righteousness and willingness to die, and insisted on fighting until the end.
On April 28, 1927, revolutionary patriots such as Li Yingliang and Li Dazhao were strangled by reactionary warlords in the Fengtian period at the age of 27.
When his grandfather Li Yingliang died, his identity as a Communist Party member was not revealed. Therefore, the Beijing Police Department and major newspapers and magazines reported under his pseudonym "Li Yinlian" that the only comrades who knew their true identities (Li Dazhao, Fan Hongjie, etc.) who were arrested were all killed together, and their family was far away in Xi'an and could not hear the bad news, so no one claimed his body. Later, with several other unclaimed martyrs in the death penalty area, he was buried in a charity tomb in the suburbs of Beijing, without even a tombstone. From 1927 to 1949, after more than twenty years of war, the cemetery was already in ruins. In the 1950s and 1980s, parents wrote to Beijing Civil Affairs Bureau and the Public Security Bureau to request the search for the remains of grandfather. However, due to the above reasons and in the past few decades, despite repeated efforts by relevant departments to find them, they only confirmed that the remains of grandfather and the other four unclaimed martyrs were buried in the "Yidi (tom of the Mute Garden)" in old Beijing, and no further clues were found. Nowadays, those places are already full of tall buildings and a prosperous scene.
" Fourth, 28th" martyrs died and the next day, newspapers and magazines in various places had detailed reports:
" At 6:00, the police station prepared twenty coffins and transported them to the detention center for burial. Those with relatives can claim them, and those who are unclaimed will be sent to the Yongding Gate for burial. Some people say that they are carried to Changchun (Chun) Temple at night... ". (Republic of China Daily, April 28, 1927)
" After Li Dazhao, Zhang Yilan and other twenty people were hung, they were sent to Changchun Temple in Xiaxie Street West Road for suspension. "At 4:00 yesterday afternoon, the reporter went to Changchun Temple in Xiaxie Street to investigate. The patrol police were not allowed to visit. It is said that except for the remains of You (Yao) Yan, they were taken away the day before yesterday, six of them were carried away yesterday, including Zhang Yilan, Fan Hongjie, Fang Baiwu, Xie Boyu, etc....", "In addition, each coffin tool was collected and only three of them were Mo Tongrong and others left last night" (Beijing Daily, April 29, 1927)
■ Xi'an Civil Affairs Bureau's reply letter to Li Shousun, son of Li Yingliang, on finding the remains of the martyrs
During the more than 20 years since his grandfather died, no one in the family knew his whereabouts.According to grandmother's recollection, in the first few years after his grandfather's death, his family also inquired about his whereabouts through certain relationships, but there was no news. Later, they thought his grandfather had disappeared for no reason. My great-grandmother (Marty Li Yingliang's widowed mother) was often crying because of her longing for her son, and later she cried and blinded her eyes (I lived with my great-grandmother for several years when she was a child, and the old man had been blind for many years).
When my grandfather died, my aunt was only six years old and my father (postangered son) had not been born yet. The 25-year-old grandmother, with her two children and her elderly mother-in-law, endured until the liberation of Xi'an with her relatives and friends.
In May 1949, the ancient city of Xi'an, which has experienced disasters, returned to the hands of the people. Not long after, more than ten leaders of the Xi'an Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government came to their homes. The first words of the municipal party secretary Fang Zhongru and the deputy mayor Zhang Fengbo when they saw their grandmother were: "Sister-in-law, we came too late, and you have suffered." In January 1952, Xi'an Municipal People's Government issued a "Glorious Memorial Certificate for the Family of Revolutionary Sacrifice Staff" to my grandmother.
In the 1950s, relevant departments of the province and city sent people to their homes several times to collect and organize items used by their grandfather during their lifetime, books they read, as well as their grandfather's diary and a large number of letters. Later, these items were stored as revolutionary historical relics in relevant memorial halls of the province and city respectively. Later, they heard that in 1977, the Wangjiaping Revolutionary Memorial Hall was flooded, and some of the cultural relics were lost or damaged. Some of the grandfather's relics may also be included (the second brother Li Yunbing went to the Wangjiaping Memorial Hall to inquire during his work in Yan'an, and the reply he received was that some of the cultural relics involving Li Yingliang could not be retrieved or restored).
In the early 1980s, the Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Shaanxi Provincial People's Government decided to build the "Shaanxi Revolutionary Heroes Memorial Hall". The relevant departments sent people to their homes several times to discuss with their mothers, and once again collected the relics of their grandfathers who were still alive at home. The mother believed that the grandfather devoted himself to the revolutionary cause, and everything belonged to the party, not our private property, so they provided it all. To this day, except for a few photos and a few remaining letters, my grandfather's relics can no longer be found at home.
■ Martyr Li Yingliang’s handwriting (Part 1: Reading books, paintings, reading inscriptions and calligraphy. The second couplet: cherishing time, cherishing clothes, cherishing inches of shade)
When I was a child, I often listened to my grandmother telling about my grandfather’s life. According to grandmother's recollection, during the days when the reactionary warlord Liu Zhenhua besieged Xi'an City, his grandfather often did not live at home, and even when he came back, he entered the door very late. He often had mud feet or covered in dust, and his trousers were covered in mud. One night, my grandfather dragged his tired body back home. My grandmother called hot water to help him wash his feet. He raised his foot and kicked the basin over. My grandmother asked him, "What are you angry about?" Grandfather replied, "I'm not getting angry at you." Grandmother asked, "Then why are you so angry?" Grandfather replied, "I feel angry when I see so many people starving to death in the city every day."
According to grandmother's recollection, in addition to the urban area of Xi'an, the area where the grandfather engaged in revolutionary activities also included Xingping, Xianyang , Chunhua, Weinan , Sanyuan , Fuping , Yaoxian , Tongchuan and other places around Xi'an, and went to Beijing and Tianjin for service many times. According to the two revolutionary seniors Chen Yugao and Tang Deyuan, who were engaged in underground work with their grandfather, during their lifetime, "Once we went to Beijing with your grandfather, and in order to avoid the inspection of the military and police, the three of them rode in a carriage for many days before they arrived in the suburbs of Beijing. As soon as they arrived in Beijing, he settled us in a hotel and immediately reported to their superiors. Because it was a single line contact, he never told us where he went and who he met."
Grandmother often recalled the situation when his grandfather left home in his later years. According to grandmother, one day in March 1927 (before martyr Li Yingliang went to Beijing to meet Comrade Li Dazhao), his grandfather suddenly told his family that there was a middle school in Henan that he wanted to hire him as a teacher. The salary was quite high, so he could support his family without worries, and asked his family for travel expenses.At that time, because the siege of Xi'an had just been relieved, most of the people were poor and could not collect all the travel expenses at the moment, so they borrowed 40 yuan from their uncle's relatives. The grandfather left the house with the borrowed ocean and several pieces of clothing, and there was no news since then (an article on the Internet said that in the spring of 1928, an underground party member quietly took the relics of his grandfather to his grandmother. The grandmother knew that his grandfather had sacrificed his life for the revolution, and he had never heard from his grandmother in his memory, so this matter might be fabricated).
According to the memories of Mr. Li Shengchun (a member of Li Yingliang's clan), the former old boxer in Lixiahao Village, during his lifetime, his grandfather Li Yingliang often practiced martial arts with him during his lifetime, and it is said that "promoting a country requires strengthening the body." After Xi'an's siege was lifted in November 1926, my grandfather accepted the task of the party organization and joined the peasant movement. He often went to rural suburban cities to organize peasant gatherings to promote revolutionary ideas, and also organized young peasant self-defense troops to practice. Li Shengchun recalled: At that time, your grandfather often went to Beixiang to organize young people to conduct military training. We wore white clothes and black pants and carried spears and swords to practice formation. Your grandfather stood on the high platform and shouted commands. Everyone was envious." "Your grandfather was tall and energetic. He stood in the middle of the earthen platform and spoke with a loud voice and loud voice, which was very inspiring. The audience was filled with village party members from neighboring villages, and there were often cheers. I was young at that time, standing on the side of the platform with a spear. On the way home at night, I was his bodyguard."
There are few researches or reports on the party relationship between grandfather and Comrade Li Dazhao. It is generally believed that my grandfather was sent to Beijing by the party organization in March 1927 to send a secret letter to Li Dazhao. Arrested together. " In early March, he was ordered to go to Beijing to send a secret letter to Li Dazhao, Secretary of the Northern District Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China, " (First seen in the "Biography of Martyrs Li Yingliang" written by Zhang Junxiao and Chen Jiesheng. This statement has been used since the 1980s and has been seen in various newspapers and networks.)
If the relevant reports and time and events are used as logical inferences, my grandfather went to Beijing in March 1927 to report to Li Dazhao, General Head of the Northern District Committee of the Communist Party of China, to Li Dazhao, Report the first meeting of the Shaanxi-Gansu District Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China, to Li Dazhao, General Head of the Northern District Committee of the Communist Party of China, to Li Dazhao, more accurately.
revolution in Shaanxi Under the situation of great development, in order to strengthen the leadership of the party organizations and revolutionary movements in Shaanxi and Gansu, the Northern District Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed the "Opinions on Shaanxi Issues" to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on December 15, 1926, suggesting: Geng Bingguang as the temporary commissioner of the party's work to command the work of the whole Shaanxi party; establish the district committee organization of the party in Shaanxi in the shortest time; the work of the party in Shaanxi is directly managed and guided by the central government. To this end, the Northern District Committee of the Communist Party of China sent Geng Bingguang to Shanghai to ask the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. On January 28, 1927, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to establish the Shaanxi-Gansu District Executive Committee and appointed Geng Bingguang as secretary, responsible for leading the party work of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. At the same time, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League appointed Cao Zhiren (Secretary of the Zhabei Ministry of the National People's Government of the Communist Youth League) as the secretary of the Shaanxi-Gansu District Party and League Committee. After Geng Bingguang and Cao Zhiren came to Xi'an, they met with Huang Ping, head of the Shaanxi-Gansu Joint Conference. Wan, Wu Huazhi and Li Zizhou got in touch and held the first district committee meeting in Taohu Lane, Xi'an on February 25. Geng Bingguang, Cao Zhiren, Huang Pingwan, Wu Huazhi, Li Zizhou, Zhao Baohua and others attended. The meeting decided to convene the first representative meeting of the Communist Party of China Shaanxi and Gansu District and officially established the Shaanxi and Gansu District Committee of the Communist Party of China. From March 14 to 18, the first representative meeting of the Communist Party of China Shaanxi and Gansu District was held at Zhongshan College in Xi'an... ("Shaanxi History of the Communist Party of China" Volume 1)
"On February 25, 1927, the Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China Shaanxi and Gansu District held the first district committee meeting in Taohu Lane, Xi'an, Geng Bingguang, Cao Zhiren, Huang Pingwan, Wu Huazhi, Li Zizhou, Zhao Baohua and others attended. The meeting decided to convene the first representative meeting of the Communist Party of China Shaanxi-Gansu District soon and formally establish the Shaanxi-Gansu District Committee of the Communist Party of China.” (Shaanxi Daily "Today in Party History" Second Edition, February 25, 2021)
also According to the "Police Bulletin" of the Warlord Government on April 27, 1927:
Requirements
Beijing Police Department submitted a document (Judicial)
reported to the Ministry of Internal Affairs to crack the party organization. The Military Law Department of the General Command of Anguo Army has been submitted to the report. The Department of the theft has solved the party organization and reported the case. Li Dazhao, who investigated the arrest, is a political commissar of the Beijing Branch of the Kuomintang Political Committee. Zhang Bohua is a detective military information hired by outsiders. Deng Wenhui, Tan Zuyao, Xie Bo Yu, Mo Tongrong, Yao Yan, Yang Jingshan, Fan Hongjie, Xie Chengchang, Li Yinlian, Tao Yongli, Xie Guangpei, Shu Qichang, Yinghua, Yan Zhenshan, Li Kun, Lu Yuru, Zhang Zhiwang, Li Yungui, Han Ziming, Lu Youyu, Zhang Yilan, Fang Bowu, Meng Xiang, Wu Pingdi, Guo Linyi, Zheng Peiming, Zhao Yufa, Zhang Quanyin, etc., are either the Party Ministers of the Beijing Special City, or participate in party affairs meetings, or are the Party representatives to raise military salaries, or serve as the president of the Party Union, the District Party Secretary and Officer, and are training workers with rehearsing new plays... .
April 27, 16th, Republic of China
(Police Gazette, April 30, 1927, second edition)
My grandfather was arrested and sentenced and died under the pseudonym of "Li Yinlian", which shows that the Fengtian warlord government (the Beijing Police Department) was only identified as a left-wing cadre of the Kuomintang until his execution (the identity of a Communist Party member is only a suspicion). According to the recollections of many seniors during their lifetime, my grandfather's true identity was a secret liaison between Li Dazhao and the Northwest Underground Party (some say it was Li Dazhao's "secret envoy"). From the text of Comrade Li Dazhao's confession in "Li Dazhao" collected in the Beijing Archives Collection, he tried his best to conceal the identity of "Li Yinlian" (Li Yingliang) of the Communists. This statement is certain.
Question: Is this Shaanxi native Li Yinlian your accomplice?
Answer: He lives in a house such as Fan Hongjili (Liu) and acts as a teacher in a middle school in Shaanxi. This time he came to Beijing, the representative of the department of Yu Youren . Because Yu Youren did not even wear shoes and socks in the army, he came to Beijing, and Yu Youren ordered him to discuss with me to ask the National Government to receive funds. (" Li Dazhao's Confession 2" was originally published in "Beijing Archives Historical Materials" March 1989) Source: People's Daily)
The above historical materials can illustrate three facts:
- Li Yingliang and Li Dazhao are not in a general contact, and their identity as "secret envoy" can basically be confirmed. ("He came to Beijing, and Yu Youren ordered him to discuss with me to ask the National Government to receive funds.")
- In order to protect his comrades in the party, Li Dazhao pointed out "the Shaanxi native Li Yinlian" during the interrogation process, which was considered to be the representative of Yu Youren of the Northwest Army, and intended to cover up Li Yinlian's identity as a Communist. Once again, he proved with facts that Li Dazhao, as the leader of the party, was calm and clever in dealing with the enemy's severe torture.
- grandfather Li Yingliang did not reveal his Communist Party membership until the time of execution. This move fully proved that his grandfather, as the secret envoy of the party, adhered to the party's secrets in order to protect the party organization and his comrades-in-arms, and was steadfast in the face of severe torture and questioning. Qu, the revolutionary heroism of righteousness and death is ready to go.
In recent years, many reports on the Internet have called Li Yingliang martyr " Li Yinlian ", which is actually a misrepresentation and is extremely unserious. The day after the tragedy of , the newspapers and magazines at that time corrected it. At that time, Shenbao reported on April 29 that "the party case was sentenced to death by 20 people at 2:00 this afternoon, and Li Dazhao... and the female Zhang Yilan and Li Yinlian were all hanged in the local detention center. "But Li Yinlian should be Li Yinlian, not a woman.According to a report from the district police station to the Judicial Department at that time, "At 8 o'clock on the eve of the 28th... I escorted Li Dazhao and other coffins to park in Changchun Temple, Xiaxi Street, 19 male and female coffins to be parked in the Changchun Temple on Xiaxi Street in the territorial street" (Files of the Beijing Police Department). The Morning Post on April 29 and the Shenbao on May 6 also clearly recorded: "Twenty gang members (one of them was a woman)"; "One body is Zhang Yilan." Therefore, it is said that Li Yinlian is a purely misrepresented woman. ("Party History Newsletter" Issue 10, 1985)
"Fourth.28" martyrs suffered torture (or torture) in prison, and the Fengtian Police Department also denied it.
The police department did not use punishment for the party case and investigated.
The department's authority is responsible for declaring:
Fudan Society Cloud, according to a person in charge of the police department, it was reported that the police department used to investigate the party case this time, and Li Dazhao's nails did not exist, which is a misinformation. Since the investigation hall solved the case, the detainees were treated with special preferential treatment and there was no intimidation or forced confession. This department will interrogate the thief, and there is no need to be torture, let alone the party members? Li Dazhao was very at ease since he arrived at the hall. When I encounter a secret document in the hall and don’t know the inside story, I ask him and explain it to him as much as possible. If he uses the word "slaughter", it is really not safe. Now the evidence in this case is over and over, and the industry will come to an end. However, because the rest of the people refused to name their true names, they were delayed. I dare not decide when it will be handed over to the court. The investigation evidence of the Supreme Procuratorate is the duty of the Department and has nothing to do with this Department. " (Police Bulletin, April 30, 1927, second edition)
Contemporary historical community also has different research conclusions.
" There is no conclusive material to prove that Li Dazhao was "harmed" in the detention center or trial, and there is no material to confirm that the Fengtian warlords adopted the approach of the Kuomintang government treating the arrested Communist leaders during the later period of confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party: Let Li Dazhao write a statement or a "confession" that is separated from the Communist Party or the Kuomintang as a condition to restore his freedom. But one thing is that Zhang Zuolin is the same as the later Chiang Kai-shek's , that is, whether to kill or release a person like Li Dazhao depends on what kind of social impact he wanted to have under the circumstances at that time. " (Zhu Zhimin: Biography of Li Dazhao, Shandong People's Publishing House, 1998 edition, pages 488 - 497)
Based on the relevant records collected and the comparison of photos before and after the arrest of martyrs such as Li Yingliang, we concluded that dozens of martyrs, including Li Dazhao, were tortured to harshly or varying degrees before their death.
" Before the death of the party, in addition to being tortured countless times, they were also questioned. The warlords and their major charges of "striving to overthrow the government and endangering China" seemed to have never confessed. Even the Communist master Li Dazhao only admitted that he was a left-wing official in the Kuomintang to study socialism. However, the smart and stupid Beijing government did not care about those things, but also sent them to the guillotine one by one, bleeding, and sacrificed the five-color flag that resisted the Northern Expedition. " ("Li Dazhao in the Russian Embassy" original publication "Modern Historical Materials", Volume 4, Haitian Publishing House, first edition of the 24th year of the Republic of China.)
" Alexander Ilyinicina Cantorovic was an eyewitness to attack the embassy. She saw the Fengtian army taking Li Dazhao and other members of the Communist Party of China. I only heard her story after I arrived in Moscow: "My husband went to work, and I was at home with my baby. Chinese servants ran in and shouted, "Madam, Zhang Zuolin's soldiers are here!" I rushed out of the house. Seeing Li Dazhao being brought over, there were five Chinese comrades with him. They were tied with their hands and were beaten to pieces, especially Li Dazhao, which was hard to recognize. I am familiar with him. We often meet in the embassy garden. I take my youngest son for a walk. He always has to caress him when he meets. Li Dazhao loves his children very much."
" The thugs even beat all arrested Russians and Chinese people with butts in front of foreign embassy staff on the street. These foreigners do not want to intervene at all, but on the contrary, they like to show off their faces. "The most painful consequence of the attack on the embassy was the sacrifice of twenty Chinese comrades led by Li Dazhao. ([Soviet] Vishnikova Akimova: "Experts from the Chinese Revolution [1925-1927] - Memories of the Translator of the Soviet Advisory Group in China", China Social Sciences Press 1985 Edition)
Regarding the image of Martyr Li Dazhao during his lifetime, some people described it as follows, " His appearance is like this: a rich and beautiful face, often with a red cloud-like smile, two Rendan-style beards, which highlights his heroic and solemnity, fluent Beijing accent, speaks calmly and vigorously, and has a gentle and honest attitude. , he looks friendly and respectable. He is not as strange as Chen Duxiu, nor is he as ordinary as Tan Pingshan. He is a northerner and southern prime minister, possesses the talent of Wang Jingwei, and has the indomitable spirit of Liao Zhongkai. He is particularly enthusiastic, brave, honest, and ethical. He is different from the ordinary Bourseviks at the same time. Since ancient times, Yan and Zhao have been many tragic and generous people. Putting aside their arms, Li Dazhao is the same person. " ("Li Dazhao in the Russian Embassy" original publication "Modern Historical Materials", Haitian Publishing House, first edition of the 24th year of the Republic of China.)
■ Photos of Martyr Li Dazhao before his death | Photos of Martyr Li Dazhao before his death
Look at the photos of Mr. Li Dazhao before his death, and then compare the last photo taken by Mr. before his execution. It is clear whether Li Dazhao was punished at a glance.
grandfather Li Yingliang was also heroic and radiant during his lifetime, but the photos before his execution were completely different from those before he was arrested, and there seemed to be scars on his face that had not healed. Isn’t this conclusive proof material?
■ Photos of Martyr Li Yingliang during his lifetime (from left: Tang Deyuan, Kang Shaojia, Li Yingliang)
■ Photos of Martyr Li Yingliang before his execution
According to reports from major newspapers and magazines at that time, the Beijing Police Department took photos of each person before committing cruel hanging on twenty revolutionary patriots and published them with their so-called "execution notice" that day. Judging from the photos published and reproduced at that time, to be honest, the last photo of the martyrs during their lifetime was not as "serene" as some people said, but was full of painful expressions after being tortured and abused. Some even had obvious facial distortions. This was not because of their fear of death, but because of the natural manifestation of not recovering from the injury after being tortured by severe torture.
This is a photo of the nineteen dead martyrs before the execution published by major newspapers at that time according to the notice from the Beijing Police Department. It is not difficult to find the torture traces left on each person's face after careful identification.
They are: Tan Zuyao, Deng Wenhui, Xie Boyu, Mo Tongrong, Yao Yan, Zhang Bohua, Li Yinlian (Li Yingliang), Yang Jingshan, Fan Hongji, Xie Chengchang, Lu Youyu, Yinghua, Zhang Yilan, Yan Zhensan, Li Kun, Wu Pingdi, Tao Yongli, Zheng Peiming, and Fang Bowu.
■ The fifth place from the left in the first row is Martyr Li Yingliang
" According to a guard, the execution was based on the order of judgment..., and one person can be completed every seven minutes. Among the twenty people, Fang Bowu was the youngest, and the time of the punishment was quite miserable. Therefore, it was concluded at 4:00 pm. The police officer took photos one by one, and it was determined that the photo would be posted on the account when the crimes were announced today. . " (Second edition of Beijing Daily, April 29, 1927)
The text records may be errors or false news, but the notices of the Beijing Police Department when the martyrs were killed and the photos reproduced in major newspapers and magazines cannot be changed. The crime of reactionary warlords using severe trials against revolutionary patriots cannot be concealed in the face of iron facts.
On May 1, 300,000 people from Hankou participated in the demonstration.On the vast racecourse, representatives of the Communist Party of China Lisan, Deng Yanda, Borotin, Tom Mann and representatives of the International Trade Union movement who came to the city to attend the Pacific Labor Conference delivered speeches. They all talked about this inhuman torture with righteous indignation, calling for the struggle for the cause of Li Dazhao and his comrades to sacrifice their lives for.
On the same day, the Soviet Union's Pravda published an editorial titled "The Standed Hero", saying: "We are celebrating May Day today, but today is not only the day we celebrate victory, but also the day we mourn and call for revenge. Today, the figures of our friends and comrades, scholars, warriors and Communists Li Dazhao, as well as the figures of the other nineteen comrades who were hanged at the same time as him are vividly present. This is not the puppets of Beijing, but their masters do it."
The photos of the grandfather's life in the family are mostly blurred due to their age, but we can still get a glimpse of the heroic postures of our ancestors. Some of the ancestors in the photo saw the founding of New China and continued to fight for it to the end of their lives, while others had long lost contact and could no longer be found, but their lofty ambitions to serve the country will always inspire future generations to move forward.
■ Martyr Li Yingliang
■ From left: Fei Liangxuan, Liu Bojun, Li Yingliang, Duan Xiangru, Li Qinghe, Chen Yugao
■ From left: Lu Zanbo, Li Yingliang, Zhang Fengbo
grandfather had become brothers of different surnames with Zhang Fengbo and Lu Zanbo during his lifetime. The grandfather was the oldest, the eldest was the older, the second was the second, and the third was the youngest.
1936 Zhang Fengbo joined the Communist Party of China. After the full outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in July 1937, he served as director of the Military Law Department, colonel instructor of the Battlefield Party and Government Steering Committee, and senator of the Fourth Army in the Third War Zone, where Feng Yuxiang was the commander-in-chief of , and successively served as director of the Military Law Department, colonel instructor of the Battlefield Party and Government Steering Committee, and senator of the Fourth Army. He went to the front line of the Anti-Japanese Japan many times, and at the same time used relations to actively carry out united front work. In the winter of 1937, he served as the supervisor of Chang'an, Zhouzhi and Huxian counties. Since the spring of 1938, he has served as the mayor of Lintong County and the Speaker of the Interim Senate of Chang'an County. He has been engaged in secret work of the Communist Party of China, actively mobilized the masses, established various anti-Japanese groups, and supported the frontline of the anti-Japanese war. He has successively mobilized and organized two groups of progressive young people to participate in the revolution in Yan'an, and also mobilized the masses to crack down on bullies and reactionary armed forces. Therefore, he was dismissed and arrested, and was later released from prison on bail by a friend.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Zhang Fengbo joined the China Democratic League according to the instructions of the Communist Party of China and served as chairman of the first committee of the Democratic League of China in 1947. In January 1948, Zhang went to Yan'an, and in December, he went to Xibaipo Village, Pingshan County, Hebei to report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In March 1949, he returned to Shaanxi to work.
After the liberation of Xi'an, he served as deputy mayor of Xi'an City and director of the Municipal Ethnic Affairs Committee, director of the Municipal Cultural and Educational Committee, president of the Municipal Sino-Soviet Friendship Association, and director of the Municipal Sports Committee. He is a member of the Xi'an Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and vice chairman of the Municipal CPPCC, a member of the Xi'an Municipal Committee of the Democratic League of Democratic League of China, a member of the Central Committee of the Third and Fourth Democratic League of China, and a representative of the Provincial People's Congress. He died of illness in Xi'an in January 1985.
According to grandmother's recollection, before the siege of Xi'an, Zhang Fengbo and Lu Zanbo often came to their homes, "Three people were locked in the house and whispered for a long time, and they stayed at home for the night if it was too late." One day, my grandmother suddenly felt that she hadn't seen Lu Zanbolai's house for a long time, so she asked her grandfather, "Why haven't seen Lu's third brother for a long time?" My grandfather replied, "Zanbo was pushed off the cliff for no reason and fell to his death."
Regarding the mysterious death of senior Lu Zanbo, he only heard his grandmother say: "Lu Zanbo is from Weibei (now Weinan City, Weinan City). He is kind and writes good words. He walks with a gust of wind. Why are you pushed off the cliff and dead? I think 80% of them are also a Communist Party, and I am afraid they will be harmed by others!" Other situations about Senior Lu Zanbo are no longer available, I hope that he will have descendants who are alive and live a happy life.
On July 1 this year, it will celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China. Over the past hundred years, countless Communists have sprinkled their blood on the land of the Republic in order to realize their great ideals. Today's people will always remember their great achievements and continue to move forward along the path they created.
Although the life of Martyr Li Yingliang is only twenty-seven years, he exudes dazzling brilliance in his short life, leaving an immortal memory for future generations.
The day when the martyrs of "Fourth and February 8" were arrested (April 6, 1927), it happened to be the Qingming Festival. On the eve of Qingming Festival 94 years later, we commemorate our grandfather, Martyr Li Yingliang, and the nineteen revolutionary patriots including Li Dazhao who died with him. May the heroic spirits of the martyrs rest in peace forever.
background supplement
Lei Jinsheng (1898-1931), also known as Fengyi and Fengyi, and the pseudonym Li Keping. Sanqiao, Chang'an, Shaanxi (now Weiyang District, Xi'an City) is from Leijiamen Village. In 1919, he was admitted to the public funded student in the law and political department of Shanghai Zhendan University. After graduation in 1924, he was sent back to Xi'an by the party organization. He was one of the revolutionary activists who spread communist ideas to Shaanxi in the early days and made important contributions to the party and league construction of Shaanxi. After the failure of the Great Revolution, he continued to adhere to the underground work of the Party. From 1927 to 1929, he served as Secretary-General of the Henan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and Secretary of the Shandong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China. He was arrested twice and was unyielding. On April 5, 1931, he was executed generously at the Wei Eighth Road in Jinan at the age of 33.
Zhang Fengbo (1900-1985) was originally named Lian Ying, his courtesy name was Yingchu, and he was once named Li Ran. From Chang'an, Shaanxi. He studied in a private school in his childhood, and later was admitted to Xi'an Provincial No. 1 Middle School. He studied at Tianjin Nankai Middle School and Nankai University, and then entered the Department of Political Science of Peking University. In the early days, under the influence of Li Yingliang and other Communists, he actively participated in revolutionary activities, and during the War of Resistance Against Japan and the national salvation work was actively involved.
Author | Li Yunda, Li Yunbing (the eldest grandson and second grandson of Martyr Li Yingliang)
graphic editing and text coordination | Li Xin (the eldest grandson of Martyr Li Yingliang)
