First of all, Sun Ce died not the time. At this time, the Sun regime was only said to have just taken shape, and the maintenance of the regime relied heavily on Sun Ce's own power and the strength of the Sun army. However, Sun Ce suddenly passed away, and there was no master inside and outside, and the Sun family's regime suddenly appeared to be disintegrated.
This dangerous situation of death, the country is destroyed, and the government is destroyed, which easily reminds us of the crisis encountered by the regime of Shu Han when Liu Bei entrusted his orphan Zhuge Liang: all the elite troops of the Shu army were defeated by Yiling; diplomatically, they were isolated in an isolated situation of being enemies at the same time as Cao Wei and Sun Wu; the gentry in Yizhou either expressed doubts about the Liu Dynasty or simply launched an army to rebel. Fortunately, Liu Bei was still the emperor at this time, and he also had a trump card in his hand. So before he died, he simply entrusted the fate of the entire dynasty to Zhuge Liang.
"The king is ten times more Cao Pi , and he will be able to safeguard the country and make a big deal. If the son can be assisted, he will assist him; if he is not talented, he can take his own choice."
Sun Ce also made a similar statement to Zhang Zhao before his death, but perhaps Sun Ce was even more pessimistic about the situation in Jiangdong behind him, so he proposed three solutions to Zhang Zhao.
"If Zhongmou does not take responsibility, you will take it yourself. If you don't win, you will slowly return to the west without any worries."
In Sun Ce's idea, the ideal situation is "Zhongmou takes responsibility", that is, Sun Quan is reliable, and Zhang Zhao assisted Sun Quan in power at this time. Secondly, if Sun Quan does not have enough ability and prestige, then Zhang Zhao can replace Sun Quan and govern himself. Finally, if the situation is so bad that even Zhang Zhao can't control the situation, Sun Ce's countermeasures are to "go ahead" - "step back slowly". The specific meaning of this "slowly returning west" has always been controversial in the historical community. Some people think it refers to crossing the river and walking north and returning to the Huaisi area, the hometown of Sun's family, and some people think it is to surrender to the Eastern Han Dynasty court under the control of Cao Cao. No matter which of these two statements is more in line with Sun Ce’s original meaning, we can all be sure that at this time, the Sun family could no longer defend the Jiangdong base. They can only give up their power and territory and save their lives first. It is better for the descendants of the Sun family to return to their hometown to study and farming than for Bai to survive but lose his life. So what Sun Ce said to Zhang Zhao was actually: If the situation really cannot be controlled, then please bring my family back to your hometown safely. As long as you don’t cut off the incense of your ancestors, I won’t blame you.
Therefore, we think Sun Ce is very worried about the situation in Jiangdong behind him, and even made a prediction that " will retreat and get out of ". Liu Bei seemed to be more at ease with the situation in Shu Han behind him. He believed that as long as Zhuge Liang was there, Yizhou would not change its rule. The source of this subtle difference is not only because Zhuge Liang's personal ability is stronger than Zhang Zhao, but also because the situation Sun faces at this time is more dangerous than the crisis in Shu Han when Liu Bei died.
The reason for this dangerous situation:
1. There is no obligation to be absolutely loyal to the new master of the Sun within the Jiangdong base area
"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of the Master Wu" - At that time, there were only Kuaiji, Wujun, Danyang, Yuzhang , and Luling. However, the deep and dangerous land still has not been followed, and the heroes of the world are distributed in prefectures and counties. The people who live in the guest and travel are willing to leave for safety, and there is no solidity between the monarch and the ministers. Zhang Zhao, , Zhou Yu, and others said that power can achieve great achievements together, so they can serve them with their hearts.
"There is no solidarity between the king and the ministers" between Sun Quan and Sun Ce's old subordinates. Because Sun Quan did not have the appeal of Sun Ce as the eldest son of Sun Jian, and secondly, he did not have great military achievements and noble prestige in the process of pacifying Jiangdong, and thirdly, there was no clear superior-subordinate relationship with his subordinates. When Sun Quan first took over the throne, he only obtained the positions of miscellaneous generals and prefects, and some of his subordinates were also prefects, and he did not have the legal authority to order these people who match his status. Therefore, Zhou Yu, who was the Central Guardian Army, and Zhang Zhao, who was the Chief Secretary, surrendered to Sun Quan, was called ", serving in his heart and servitude."
Here we can see Cao Cao's advantage of "submitting the emperor to order his orders to be detained": he held the largest official seal of the Eastern Han Dynasty in his own hands, and wrote as much as he wanted.Not only did Sun Quan, the old Sun family, have a headache about his position being too low, but Sun Ce seemed to have had a headache back then. Sun Ce learned from the prefect of Kuaiji and found that his official position could not be separated from others. So I want to be a general. " Ce thought he was in command of the troops, but he was the less likely he was to lead the county, so he wanted to get the general's title." Fortunately, Cao Cao was in a good mood in that era, so he criticized a general who fought against rebellion and added Wu Hou. Otherwise, the biography of Sun Jian and Sun Ce would not be "The Biography of Sun Polu and Rebellion", but "The Biography of Sun Polu and Rebellion". It was precisely because of Sun Ce's sudden collapse that his heirs had insufficient military merits, prestige, and appeal, and his own people were not convinced, so almost all the five or six counties ruled by the Sun family broke out in rebellions. Even Sun Quan's cousin Sun Fu turned his elbow out, thinking that Sun Quan could not control the situation, and wanted to serve as a leader for Cao Cao:
Fu was afraid that Quan could not conserve Jiangdong, so he sent someone to call Cao Gong with a letter. The traveler told me that Quan returned, but if he didn't know, he met Fu with Zhang Zhao, and Quan said to Fu: "Brother is disgusted with joy, why do you call others?" Fu said to him without saying this. Quan submitted a letter to Zhao, and showed his support, but he was ashamed of his words. Then he killed Fu and got close to him, divided his troops, and appointed Fu as the East.
Second, the relationship between the indigenous tyrants of Jiangdong in the Sun Ce era was tense
Sun Ce himself was not a native of Jiangdong. He used the military power of the Eastern Han tyrants Yuan Shu to expel the legal officials in Yangzhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and rushed into Jiangdong to seize the cake of the indigenous tyrants of Jiangdong, which originally dominated Jiangdong, which was "high in the sky and far away in the emperor", which would inevitably arouse collective resistance from the indigenous tyrants of Jiangdong. Therefore, Sun Ce's established policy was to join forces with overseas Chinese landlords who entered Jiangdong to attack the local tyrants in Jiangdong. For the former, he tried his best to satisfy their "realistic aspirations" that demanded stability and cooperated with their "future aspirations" of trying to return to central politics. This can be reflected in a conversation between Sun Ce and Zhang Rong:
When Chu Ce was in Jiangdu , Zhang Hong had a mother's death. Ce visited Hong several times and consulted the world's affairs, saying, "Now the Han Dynasty is in a low state, the world is in turmoil, and heroes and heroes are all in their own business, and no one can support the danger and chaos. The ancestor and Yuan clan defeated the Dong Zhuo , and their achievements failed, and they were finally harmed by Huang Zu. Although Ce was secretly naive, he had a small ambition and wanted to seek the remaining troops of the ancestor from Yuan Yangzhou, so he went to Danyang to gather and disperse, and occupied Wuhui in the east to repay the evil and avenged the shame, and became a vassal of the court. What do you think?" Cheng replied, "Since he was empty and poor, he was in a weak and weak place, and he could not praise the great strategy." Ce said, "Your reputation is spreading and his far and near is back. Today's plan is decided by the lord, so why should you not be careless and tell the truth and look for the high mountain? If the lord is developed, your blood will be rewarded. This is the master's strength and the desire of Cai's heart." Because of the tears and tears, the color remains unchanged. Seeing Ce Zhongzhuang's words and generous words, Hong was moved by his aspirations, and then replied, "In the past, Zhou Daoling was late, Qi and Jin were promoted; the royal family was calm, and the princes were entrusted to the posts. Now, the lords were called "Shaoxianhou" and "Martial Arts". If you join Danyang and withdraw troops from Wuhui, then Jing and Yang can be one, and the enemy can be repaid. Based on the Yangtze River, you will be powerful and virtuous, kill all the filth, and assist the Han Dynasty. The achievements are from Huan and Wen. How can you just be just a vassal? In this life, there are many difficulties. If you succeed, you should be together with your friends in the south."
Let's look at their conversation in human words:
Sun Ce: "Old man Zhang, my uncle was beaten up. We can't bear this tone. Of course, what's more important is that I have taken a fancy to Jiangdong. Can you help me? "
Zhang Cheng: "You don't know history and your strength is not good. I'm too lazy to step on you. Please be smart."
If you change it to ordinary people, it may have collapsed directly, but Sun Ce's personal charm is famous. After all, he actually opened up the golden mouth of Zhang Cheng, an old fried dough stick, and offered Sun Ce a regime positioning: "Huan Wen's Career". is to quell the chaos of the Han Dynasty as the overlord. The view of "Huan Wen's career" was read by Rao Shengwen's book "The Great Han Empire in Bashu". It not only approaches the loyalty of a group of old scholars such as Zhang Rong and Zhang Zhao, but also whitewas the dark history of the Sun Party's traitor Yuan Shu. But in the end, Zhang Hong restored his old-fashioned nature and said that he could work for you. You have to make Jiangdong almost the same first, and I will go to Gaozu. Sun Ce also agreed to this point.
However, for the indigenous gentry in Jiangdong, Sun Ce almost focused on suppressing and even physically eliminating. According to statistics, the indigenous people of Jiangdong who were suppressed by Sun Ce include Lu Kang, Gao Dai, Zou Da, Zhou Xin, Wang Sheng, etc. Lu Kang ( Lu Xun from his grandfather) was a famous good official. Sun Ce was ordered by Yuan Shu to break through Lu Kang's capital and forced dozens of people from his clan to death. Gao Dai's case is even more disgusting. Gao Dai was originally a scholar with great prestige in Luling and was famous for his family for his neglect of wealth and righteousness. Sun Ce originally invited someone out with courtesy, but later because he believed in slander, he thought Gao Dai looked down on him, so he locked him up. Gao Dai's friends and old friends petitioned near Sun Ce's residence, filling the streets several miles. Sun Ce hated Gao Dai to have more prestige than himself, so he killed Gao Dai instead. Since then, the disgust and disgust of the top figures of the Jiangdong gentry in these miles of land towards Sun Ce can be imagined.
At that time, there was Gao Dai, who was hidden in Yuyao. Ce ordered the envoy to be sent to Kuaiji Chief Lu Zhao to rebel against him, and Ce Xuji was waiting for him. When I heard that he was good at Zuo Zhuan, I played and read it myself and wanted to talk to him. Some people say, "Gao Dai is just a general who is only a heroic and powerful, but has no literary talent. If he says he doesn't know about the teachings of the discussion, then he will be inconsistent with him." He also says, "General Sun is a man and hates others to defeat himself. If he asks every question, he should not know what he says, and he will be in line with his wishes. If he distinguishes the meaning, he will be in danger." Dai agreed, and when he talks with the teachings of the discussion, he may not know. Ceguo was angry and thought he was being rude to him, so he imprisoned him. When everyone is in a timely manner, everyone is exposed to sit down as an invitation. I climbed the tower and saw that it was filled with miles. He hated him to win the hearts of the people and then killed him. Dai's name is Kongwen, and he was from Wujun. Being smart and knowledgeable is light on wealth and righteousness. Their friends are extremely strange, and they are not revealed. The eight friends are all the great ones in the world.
Third, the political positioning of the Sun regime was unclear at this time, and he was in a political dilemma of internal and external affairs
As mentioned in the previous article, Sun Ce once relied on Yuan Yangzhou Yuan Shu, whom he mentioned, and Yuan Shu later proclaimed himself emperor and became an open rebellion. Sun Ce used Yuan Shu's troops to attack and kill Lu Kang, which was a rebellious behavior in the eyes of people at that time. He said that he wanted to pacify Jiangdong and become an outdoor vassal of the Han Dynasty. The problem was that the Han Dynasty already had legal foreign vassals in Jiangdong, that is, the official appointed governor of Yangzhou Liu Yao . Sun Ce used the troops of his rebel ministers to expel the legal foreign vassals, and the dark history became darker and darker. Zhang Hong advised him to change his banner and call him loyal and Han. Sun Ce listened for a few days and then stopped listening. Taking advantage of the stalemate of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, "I want to attack Xu and welcome the Emperor of Han". Cao Cao was the legal prime minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty at this time, and there was no inappropriate move.
Why did Sun Ce, a person with unclear history, break the capital and welcome the emperor? Judging from this point of view, Sun Ce's political level is not as good as Zhou Yu. When Zhou Yu decided to fight Cao Cao before the Battle of Red Cliff , in order to eliminate the concern that "beating Cao Cao is rebellion" in the minds, he said that Cao Cao "entiated his name as the prime minister of Han, but was actually a traitor of Han" and stripped Cao Cao from the Eastern Han court. Sun Ce directly took action against Cao Cao, who represented the Eastern Han court, without any legal explanation. Even if they succeed, they will be isolated by the princes of the world taking the opportunity to join forces to fight back. Sure enough, Cao Cao took advantage of Sun Ce's death and threatened to attack Jiangdong. Fortunately, Yuan Shao shared the firepower, and Zhang Hong found a step before Sun Quan escaped.
Cao Gong heard that Ce had passed away and wanted to attack Wu due to his demise. Hong advised him, thinking that since he took advantage of the loss of someone, it is not the ancient meaning, if he fails to defeat him, he will be better than to give up his favor.
So after Sun Ce's death, the Sun Quan government faced the danger of breaking with the Xuchang court on the one hand, and internal dissatisfaction and struggle on the other hand. Civil and foreign wars may come together, so a large number of scholars from the north even prepared to leave and return to the north, such as Lusu . Later, Zhou Yu used the "secret theory of the ancestors" to fool him, saying that some people predicted that those who succeeded in the Liu family would prosper in the southeast. Later, Lu Su also began to operate this new route. In the best strategy, he had already given up Zhang Hong's Kuang assisted the Han Dynasty, and his achievements were based on Huan and Wen . From the beginning, he took the basic argument that the Han Dynasty could not be revived and Cao Cao could not be eliminated, pointing out that Sun Quan could not be Huan Wen. After that, especially after the Battle of Chibi, Sun Quan's basic political strategy was to use Huan Wen's hegemony as a cover to carry out the realization of the kingly affairs of Jiangdong.However, when Sun Ce died, Huan Wen's banner made Sun Ce's poor political operations riddled with holes. The "real wishes" and "future wishes" of scholars from the north went bankrupt, making the Jiangdong crisis even deeper.
Sun Quan
Low we will return to the article issue and talk about Sun Ce’s heir problem:
Generally speaking, when the monarch dies, he naturally wants to leave status and power to his own son. This is due to blood relationship; if the biological son is not reliable, it is naturally a good choice to leave it to relatives of the same surname. In this way, at least the meat is rotten in his own pot, which is better than someone with other surnames who have taken the position. If there is no reliable one in your family, you can simply pass on a reliable foreign surname, so that the foreign surname can still be grateful for your kindness, and your family will be far away from politics, and at least be rich and prosperous for life. If no one in my group can support the overall situation, then instead of being bombarded, it is better to leave by yourself, at least you can "return slowly" and save your life.
Let’s first look at the ideal situation, which is to let Sun Ce’s own son Sun Shao take over. Sun Ce was assassinated at the age of 26. Sun Quan was eighteen at the time of ruling out the abnormal situation of Sun Ce giving birth to a son at the age of 8. Sun Shao should be younger than Sun Quan. Even Sun Quan cannot control the situation. How is Sun Shao possible? At that time, even if you were looking for ministers, such as Zhang Zhao, who was not in charge of the government, it would not be effective. Because Zhang Zhaoyi is not surnamed Sun, and has no military merits or military background, if others say it, Sun Fu will not accept him. Can you imagine Sun Shao taking Zhang Zhao to ask Sun Fu, "Uncle, you are so confused, why do you have to be a leader?" I guess Sun Fu slapped it with a shave, little brat, what do you know!
So there are two options in front of Sun Ce. One is to force the son to take over. At that time, all forces will take advantage of the situation and rush in like a shark smelling blood, seizing the power and life of the young master. At that time, not only would Sun Ce's son die like Sun Ce, but he was afraid that the Sun family would be left alone in the end. The second type is that he asks his son to give up his throne, so that his son will lose a lot of honor, wealth and status. However, as long as the former does not commit suicide and stays away from politics, he is likely to be rich and prosperous for life. As a normal monarch and as the leader of the Sun clan, Sun Ce would choose the latter. At the same time, as a normal father, Sun Ce would also choose the latter. He must have hoped that his son would not die and be assassinated like himself. Compared to success and fame, he might hope that Sun Shao would have a safe and sound death on his bed. Just like the poem "Bearing the Son" written by Su Shi in the elderly, written by his youngest son Su Dun, conveyed in:
All people adopt children and hope to be smart,
I was ruined by intelligence for the rest of my life.
I only wish that the child is stupid and rude,
will be free from disasters and difficulties to the ministers.
Finally, although Comrade Sun Shiwan is unreliable in military affairs and is not reliable in character most of the time, he is still politically reliable. Sun Ce did not misunderstand him. "Supreme the people of Jiangdong, and decide the opportunity between the two Chens, and compete with the world. You are not as good as me; you are the wise and capable, and each one should do their best to protect Jiangdong. I don't know you. "Sun Shiwan successfully survived the political crisis brought by Sun Ce's death, and developed and strengthened Jiangdong's cause and became one of the Three Kingdoms. It also lived up to Sun Ce's expectations. Sun Ce was later posthumously named King Huan of Changsha by Sun Quan. Sun Shao inherited his father's old title of Marquis of Wu at that time, which was also a tribute to Sun Ce's contributions back then. The same thing is true. Although Sun Shiwan has always been unreliable, this matter is still correct.
If Sun Ce posthumously named himself emperor, then who is higher or lower in his status or who is lower in Sun Quan? More importantly, can the Sun Ce faction have equal rights to inherit the throne like the Sun Quan faction? Can Sun Quan and his family also learn from Sun Ce to pass the throne to Sun Quan? Sun Quan lowered Sun Ce's posthumous seal and avoided many subsequent problems. It can also be said that you cannot seek fame and live in real trouble.
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