On September 29, Hankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankankan Beijing News reporter learned that the science and technology war has consolidated and strengthened my country's leading position in international black soil research, and the theoretical research on black soil degradation and control of Chinese Academy of Sciences has entered the first echelon of the world.
Black soil degradation "thinner, thinner, harder", the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched a science and technology battle
According to Jiang Ming, director of the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, black soil is a precious soil resource on the earth. It refers to soil with black or dark black humus surfaces. It is a high-quality land with good traits, high fertility and suitable for farming. "There are four large areas of black soil in the world, including the Mississippi River basin in central North America, the Ukrainian-Russian plain, the Northeast China and the Pampas grassland in South America."
On September 18, in Kangping, Liaoning, the corn and vegetables that are about to be harvested on the black soil present a beautiful rural harvest. Photo/IC photo
Black soil is the "giant panda in arable land" in my country. The area of black soil in the northeast reaches 1.09 million square kilometers, including all Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces, northern Liaoning Province and eastern Inner Mongolia. The total area of black soil ranks third in the world. Black soil is also the "ballast stone" of my country's food security. The grain output of commercial grain bases accounts for 1/4 of the country, the commodity volume accounts for 1/4 of the country, and the grain output accounts for 1/3 of the country. In 2021, the total output of , the three northeastern provinces of and the Inner Mongolia region increased by 18.8 billion jin, and the contribution rate to the national grain output increase of reached 70.3%.
However, black soil faces degradation problems, which are mainly manifested as "thinning, thinning, and hardening".
Jiang Ming said that the organic matter of black soil attenuates and becomes thinner. The decline in soil organic matter in black soil in Northeast China reached as high as 21%. Monitoring from the Helen Agricultural Ecological Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that under the long-term application of chemical fertilizers, the soil organic matter has dropped significantly. Soil erosion causes the black soil layer to "thinnify". Under the influence of water erosion, wind erosion and freeze-thaw erosion, black soil can drop from 70 cm at the beginning to below 40 cm; more than 60% of dry fields will suffer from soil erosion. Mechanized operations lead to soil compaction and hardening, making it difficult for crops to break through the ground, resulting in agricultural production reduction.
"Use and maintain black soil well" is an important guarantee for national food security and ecological security. In March 2021, the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched the "Black Soil Granary" science and technology battle. The science and technology battle will target the key scientific and technological problems that need to be solved in the protection and utilization of black soil in Northeast China, and will carry out core technology research and demonstration, and are committed to designing a systematic solution to make good use of black soil.
Establish an integrated monitoring and perception system for space and earth
"Black Soil Granary" science and technology battle targets the problem of "thinning, thinning, and hardening" of black soil, analyzes the critical landform characteristics of the main erosion process in the black soil area, and clarifies the evolution characteristics and accumulation mechanism of black soil organic matter. Through actual measurement and high-resolution remote sensing survey, the study found that for the first time there were 496,000 erosion ditches in the black soil area, which was more than 1 times that of ordinary remote sensing monitoring data. The spatial distribution of black soil erosion ditches was found out and adopted by the Ministry of Water Resources.
On April 15, 2019, Xing'an League, Inner Mongolia, spring has come, and the Northeast region has begun to turn over, and fertile black soil is everywhere. Photo/IC photo
Jiang Ming said that from 2021 to the present, searches for the degradation of black soil such as thinning, thinning, and hardening have shown that Chinese research is in a leading position, accounting for 52% of all papers around the world. "The number of documents issued by institutions shows that the Chinese Academy of Sciences ranks first, accounting for 30% of the world, and is far ahead of other research institutions in the field of thinning, thinning and hardening research."
In view of the agricultural resource endowment and climate characteristics of different regions, the science and technology battle has built black soil protection and utilization technology models with regional suitability, such as " Pear Tree Mode 2.0", "Longjiang Mode", " Da'an Mode" and "Dahewan Mode".
"Black Soil Granary" science and technology battle has established an integrated monitoring and perception system for the space and the earth, and created a "Black Soil Granary" full-region customization model of " geography + big data + modern agriculture".
According to Jiang Ming, in the future, the "Black Soil Granary" science and technology battle will focus on improving black soil strength and building fertile farming layers, develop theories of coordinated improvement of soil health and production capacity, and strengthen the organic integration of multidisciplinary technologies such as biology, information, aerospace remote sensing and other remote sensing and agriculture.
Case 1:
High fat content, early maturity, and resistant to saline and alkali. The Northeast Geography Institute cultivated a new soybean variety "Dongsheng"
soybean is the most important grain and oil feed crop, providing about 1/3 of my country's fat and 3/5 of plant protein . However, my country's soybean imports exceed 85% of the total demand, and the stable supply of soybeans faces severe tests. In 2021, my country's soybean planting output was 16.4 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 3.2 million tons, a decrease of 16.4%; the import volume was 96.52 million tons, and the import volume increased by 35.4% year-on-year.
"Soybeans have the effect of fixing nitrogen and fertilizing soil fertilization, and the Northeast black soil is the main soybean production area of the country. Therefore, expanding soybean seeds, developing and applying high-quality soybean germplasm resources, is not only of great strategic significance to promote the revitalization of my country's soybeans and enhancing the international competitiveness of the seed industry, but also plays an important role in black soil degradation and preventing and healthy conservation." Li Yanhua, senior engineer at the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (referred to as "Northeast Geography").
On October 13, 2019, soybeans are about to ripen on the vast black soil of Heilongjiang. Photo/IC photo
Through long-term research, the Northeast Institute of Geography has successively cultivated 31 new soybean varieties of the "Dongsheng" series. She gave an example and said that the fat content of "Dongsheng 79" reached 24.16%, setting a new high in fat content in Heilongjiang Province in the past 50 years, and it also has the characteristics of premature maturity, high yield and multi-resistant. The new extremely precocious variety "Dongsheng 202" solves the problem of the shortage of extremely precocious varieties in high-latitude areas and meets the needs of further expanding the soybean cultivation area.
Based on conventional breeding, Northeast Geographical Institute is also the first in China to establish a soybean molecular design breeding technology system, realizing the "customized" production of soybean varieties. In 2018, Northeast Geography Institute established a salt-alkali-resistant soybean screening and demonstration base in western Jilin, and successfully selected and bred a new salt-alkali-resistant soybean variety "Dongsheng 118". In 2021, "Dongsheng 118" achieved a breakthrough of 149 kilograms of per mu of demonstration fields of 600 mu of medium and severe soda saline-alkali land, and was listed as the "National Soybean Technology Self-reliance Action" for Jilin Province. At present, "Dongsheng 118" has promoted the planting of 50,000 mu.
According to incomplete statistics, the current planting area of the "Dongsheng" series of soybean varieties is about 14 million mu per year, with a total of 50 million mu of promotion, an increase of 2 billion jin and an increase of 4 billion yuan in efficiency.
Case 2:
Intelligent agricultural machinery realizes unmanned "cultivation and harvesting" operations throughout the process
With the support of technology, agricultural machinery is becoming more and more intelligent.
"At present, the small horsepower agricultural machinery with small horsepower is narrow in operation and the soil is repeatedly crushed, causing the black soil to become hard." senior engineer Zhang Yucheng, an , an senior engineer at the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that the "Honghu" T300 intelligent agricultural machinery developed by the institute is a high horsepower electric intelligent agricultural machinery customized for black soil. It breaks through the high-horsepower electric drive technology, with the main drive motor power reaching 300 kilowatts (407.88 horsepower), driving wider equipment through high-horsepower, reducing the compaction effect on the soil.
Heihe, Heilongjiang, agricultural machinery is carrying out arable land operations on black soil. Photo/IC photo
At the same time, it uses intelligent technology to complete soil, crops, and agronomic data collection during the tillage process, so that people can better understand the situation of black soil becoming thinner, thinner and harder. "It integrates more than 50 kinds of sensing information, and can collect data from soil, crops and other operating environments and ontology for black soil, making it a data 'crawler' on black soil, providing accurate data for black soil protection." The frost-free period in the Northeast region is short and the operation time is tight. Through intelligent improvement, reducing or replacing manpower for unmanned operations can extend the operating time and improve daily operation efficiency.
"While protecting the black soil, we must also protect the ecological environment."He said that the "Honghu" T300 has broken through clean energy management technology and developed a "modular" battery pack that meets the requirements of the agricultural machinery operating environment, so that the battery pack can be exchanged and shared among agricultural machinery in different horsepower sections, improve development efficiency, and accurately dispatch energy distribution strategies through algorithm optimization of the power management system.
Zhang Yucheng said that since the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched the "Black Soil Granary" science and technology battle in 2021, Institute of Computing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences took the lead in organizing more than 10 scientific research units to form a youth assault team to explore the construction of an intelligent black soil protection "big river bay model". The core of "use and raise black soil well" is "no reduction in output, and more land rest". With the help of agricultural intelligent technology, the "big river bay model" has achieved the total output by increasing the per mu yield and increasing the amount of land for "rest and rest".
"Protecting arable land is essentially protecting production capacity. " Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and researcher of the Nanjing Institute of Soil, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhang Jiabao said that China has a large population and the resources for planting can be relatively scarce. "Due to the small amount of arable land per capita, the utilization intensity is high, resulting in the degradation of the quality of arable land. "
He said that the black soil in Northeast China only produces grain for one quarter every year, and the output in one quarter reaches 1/4 of the national annual grain output. Nowadays, due to climate reasons, its productivity is low, so the quality of the soil must be improved to increase the output. The Chinese Academy of Sciences launched the "Black Soil Granary" science and technology battle, focusing on solving key core issues and making forward-looking layouts. For the problem of "thin, thinning, and hardening" of black soil, it is necessary to reveal the rules from a mechanism.
Zhang Jiabao said that in the future, through the application of intelligent technology and smart equipment, fewer and fewer people will farm in the Northeast region, realizing "farming at home" and "agricultural machinery has no cab".
Beijing News reporter Zhang Lu
Editor Chen Jing Proofreader Li Lijun
