Orchids - The Orchids
Orchids umbrella (scientific name: Psathyrellaceae), also known as the family of the Orchids umbrella, is a family of the Basidiomycetes. Its characteristics are relatively soft and brittle texture, and the spores are darker in color (black, dark brown, but there are also rare red or even pink spores). The head of the bacteria is generally black or dark brown, and the bacteria are white when young and can be edible; when the bacteria turn darker after maturity, it cannot be eaten. After nearly half of the spores of undergraduate species mature, they will undergo self-digestion (autodigestion): these species will release black liquids, which were once used as a substitute for ink.
1. Ghost Umbrella
Ghost Umbrella (scientific name: Coprinus), is a genus under the Ghost Umbrella family. There are 32 reports in China. According to the new classification system, there are 12 species of the genus Coprinus.
2. Haitou Gui Umbrella (Chicken Leg Mushroom)
Haitou Gui Umbrella (scientific name: Coprinus comatos), also known as Haitou Gui Umbrella, Chicken Leg Mushroom, Cow dung fungus, Ghost Toadstool, and Ghost Ghost Cover, is a fungus of the family Ghost Umbrella family and Ghost Umbrella. The fruiting body is large; the cap is not completely unfolded, with a diameter of 3-6 cm and a height of 6-11 cm. It can reach a maximum of 25 cm during artificial cultivation, cylindrical to bell-shaped, with a light yellow epidermis and yellow flakes easily cracked into feather-like scales; the fungus and the fungus are white, and after the umbrella is opened, the fungus and the fungus are self-soluble into ink-like liquid; the stalk is 7-25 cm long and 1-4 cm in diameter, white, smooth, gradually thickening downward, and is like a chicken leg; the fungus ring is white, membranous, easy to disappear; spores (12-19) micron × (7.5-11) micron, black, smooth, and oval.
年后后后后 is a globally distributed edible fungus, distributed in Asia, Europe, Oceania and North America. From spring to autumn, it grows in grasslands, fields, forest edges, roadsides, parks, etc. in broad-leaved forests, and even on thatched roofs in rainy seasons, living alone or in groups.
Hongtou Gui Umbrella is edible, with tender flesh and rich nutrition; it can be used medicinally, has a mild nature and a sweet taste, which is beneficial to the spleen and stomach, clear the spirit and wisdom, and treats hemorrhoids.
(1) Cultivation research
As early as the 1960s, Europe had begun to cultivate and research on the umbrella of the hair, and gradually attracted attention after the 1970s. Manachere (1971, 1974), Manachere and Robeff (1972) have played an important role in promoting the development of umbrellas in Europe; Vanndrager (1975) in the Netherlands used Agaricus bisporus to cultivate in Horst, and found that the two had similarities in environmental and technological conditions; Steineck (1975) was also successful in the shade of the orchard with cow dung and wood chips; Germany Lelley (1983) has the following evaluation of the fermentation material cultivation method adopted in Europe: "The mushroom farm (referring to the Agaricus bisporus plantation) can cultivate the fermented umbrella without changing any technology and mushroom house structure. From an economic point of view, this can overcome the singleness and instability of the umbrella cultivation of the Agaricus bisporus and improve economic benefits." Because of this, the commercial cultivation of the umbrella has been developed to varying degrees in North America, Europe and Japan, especially Germany, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands, which have a considerable production scale. Disskau and Lss Miz in Germany are two large mushroom farms. All the umbrellas produced are used for fresh sales and canning, and the market potential is great.
According to books such as "Maoting Kehua", around the 11th century AD, people in Shandong and Zhunbei regions of China used primitive methods to cultivate "mushroom mushrooms". This mushroom mushroom is a umbrella. Chen Shiyu (1999) "Ancient and Modern Fungus Events" talked about the cultivation methods at that time. Research on artificial domestication and cultivation in China began in the 1980s. Wu Shuzhen (1985), Luo Xingye et al. (1991) successively used isolated wild strains for artificial cultivation. After the 1990s, it entered the practical production stage and developed to a certain extent in Shanxi, Hebei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places.
Orchids - The Orchids
Orchids umbrella (scientific name: Psathyrellaceae), also known as the family of the Orchids umbrella, is a family of the Basidiomycetes. Its characteristics are relatively soft and brittle texture, and the spores are darker in color (black, dark brown, but there are also rare red or even pink spores). The head of the bacteria is generally black or dark brown, and the bacteria are white when young and can be edible; when the bacteria turn darker after maturity, it cannot be eaten. After nearly half of the spores of undergraduate species mature, they will undergo self-digestion (autodigestion): these species will release black liquids, which were once used as a substitute for ink.
1. Ghost Umbrella
Ghost Umbrella (scientific name: Coprinus), is a genus under the Ghost Umbrella family. There are 32 reports in China. According to the new classification system, there are 12 species of the genus Coprinus.
2. Haitou Gui Umbrella (Chicken Leg Mushroom)
Haitou Gui Umbrella (scientific name: Coprinus comatos), also known as Haitou Gui Umbrella, Chicken Leg Mushroom, Cow dung fungus, Ghost Toadstool, and Ghost Ghost Cover, is a fungus of the family Ghost Umbrella family and Ghost Umbrella. The fruiting body is large; the cap is not completely unfolded, with a diameter of 3-6 cm and a height of 6-11 cm. It can reach a maximum of 25 cm during artificial cultivation, cylindrical to bell-shaped, with a light yellow epidermis and yellow flakes easily cracked into feather-like scales; the fungus and the fungus are white, and after the umbrella is opened, the fungus and the fungus are self-soluble into ink-like liquid; the stalk is 7-25 cm long and 1-4 cm in diameter, white, smooth, gradually thickening downward, and is like a chicken leg; the fungus ring is white, membranous, easy to disappear; spores (12-19) micron × (7.5-11) micron, black, smooth, and oval.
年后后后后 is a globally distributed edible fungus, distributed in Asia, Europe, Oceania and North America. From spring to autumn, it grows in grasslands, fields, forest edges, roadsides, parks, etc. in broad-leaved forests, and even on thatched roofs in rainy seasons, living alone or in groups.
Hongtou Gui Umbrella is edible, with tender flesh and rich nutrition; it can be used medicinally, has a mild nature and a sweet taste, which is beneficial to the spleen and stomach, clear the spirit and wisdom, and treats hemorrhoids.
(1) Cultivation research
As early as the 1960s, Europe had begun to cultivate and research on the umbrella of the hair, and gradually attracted attention after the 1970s. Manachere (1971, 1974), Manachere and Robeff (1972) have played an important role in promoting the development of umbrellas in Europe; Vanndrager (1975) in the Netherlands used Agaricus bisporus to cultivate in Horst, and found that the two had similarities in environmental and technological conditions; Steineck (1975) was also successful in the shade of the orchard with cow dung and wood chips; Germany Lelley (1983) has the following evaluation of the fermentation material cultivation method adopted in Europe: "The mushroom farm (referring to the Agaricus bisporus plantation) can cultivate the fermented umbrella without changing any technology and mushroom house structure. From an economic point of view, this can overcome the singleness and instability of the umbrella cultivation of the Agaricus bisporus and improve economic benefits." Because of this, the commercial cultivation of the umbrella has been developed to varying degrees in North America, Europe and Japan, especially Germany, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands, which have a considerable production scale. Disskau and Lss Miz in Germany are two large mushroom farms. All the umbrellas produced are used for fresh sales and canning, and the market potential is great.
According to books such as "Maoting Kehua", around the 11th century AD, people in Shandong and Zhunbei regions of China used primitive methods to cultivate "mushroom mushrooms". This mushroom mushroom is a umbrella. Chen Shiyu (1999) "Ancient and Modern Fungus Events" talked about the cultivation methods at that time. Research on artificial domestication and cultivation in China began in the 1980s. Wu Shuzhen (1985), Luo Xingye et al. (1991) successively used isolated wild strains for artificial cultivation. After the 1990s, it entered the practical production stage and developed to a certain extent in Shanxi, Hebei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places.
(2) Morphological characteristics
fruit body: the pod fruit has a mesocarpal stem, usually multiple groups, meaty when fresh, without odor and taste, and minced after drying; the cap is cylindrical, long ovate, mature clock-shaped, diameter up to 6 cm, and thickness up to 15 mm in the middle; the surface of the cap is fresh to gray to light brown, and is covered with gray-white scales; the scales are flat or rolled up; the surface of the cap becomes gray to light after drying after drying; the surface of the cap becomes gray to light when it is gray to light when it is fresh; the surface of the cap is gray to light when it is gray to white when it is gray to white scales; the scales are flat or rolled up; the surface of the cap becomes flat to gray to light after drying; Yellow-brown, gravure, rough; edges are wavy and often cracked; when the surface of the pleat is fresh, it is gray and gray-black, after the fruiting body is opened, the pleats melt into ink-like liquid, and turn black after the pleats are thick; the pleats are dense, not equally long, brittle or powdery; when the pleats are fresh, white, fleshy, without rings, cork lumpy after drying, thick up to 4 mm; the stalk is cylindrical, fibrous, with an off-white pleat ring at the bottom, which can be as long as 20 cm long and 20 mm in diameter.
Mycelium: Structural mycelium septum is unlocked; mycelium IKI-, CB-; mycelium tissue has no change in potassium hydroxide reagent.
Fungi: Fungi mycelium is colorless, thin to slightly thick, moderately branched, curved, some myceliums expand, tightly intertwined, with diameters usually 4-9 microns, and the diameter of the expanded mycelium can reach 25 microns.
Bacteria folds: Myeloid mycelium is colorless, thin-walled, less branched, frequently separated, slightly bent, regular to loose intertwined, with a diameter of 3.5-8 microns; some myceliums expand, with a diameter of 20 microns; there is no capsule in the fruiting layer; the pod is wide and stick-shaped, with 4 small stems and a simple separation at the base, with a size of (18-23) microns × (10-15) microns.
spores: baspores are elliptical or oblong, dark brown, thick-walled, with germination holes on the top, smooth, IKI-, CB-, size is (11-)12-16 (-17) microns × 7-8.8 (-9) microns, average length L=14.36 microns, average width W=7.93 microns, aspect ratio Q=1.81 (n=30/1).
(3) Growth environment
From spring to autumn, it grows in grasslands, fields, forest edges, roadsides, parks, etc. in broad-leaved forests, and even on thatched roofs in rainy season, living alone or in groups.
The umbrella of the umbrella is distributed in Asia, Europe, Oceania and North America. It is a globally distributed edible fungus. In China, it is mainly distributed in Northeast China, North China, Northwest China, Southwest China and other places.
(4) Growth habits
Temperature: The hairy ghost umbrella is a bacteria with high medium temperature. The mycelium growth temperature range is 3-35℃, and the appropriate temperature range is 15-30℃, and 22-28℃ is the most suitable. Mycelium has strong resistance to low temperatures, and the mycelium can still safely overwinter in the soil at -30℃; within the appropriate temperature range, the growth rate of mycelium accelerates with the increase of temperature. When the temperature reaches 30℃, the villous mycelium grows vigorously and the mycelium becomes thinner; at 35℃, the mycelium will undergo autolysis. The temperature range of fruiting entities is 8-26℃, and the optimal temperature range is 15-25℃; the formation of fruiting entities requires low temperature stimulation, and the suitable temperature is 9-20℃, lower than 8℃, and higher than 22℃, so the fruiting entities are not easily formed. Within the appropriate temperature range of fruiting body growth, the growth of fruiting body accelerates with the increase of temperature; the fruiting body grown at low temperatures is hypertrophic and strong, and is not easy to open the umbrella; when it exceeds 20℃, the stem is easy to stretch, the umbrella is opened quickly, the umbrella cover is thin and small, and the quality is poor.
Humidity: The moisture content of the culture medium suitable for mycelium growth is 60-70%, and the relative humidity of the air during the bacterial period should be maintained at around 70%. During the mushroom production period, the relative humidity of the air should reach 85-95%, and below 60%, the surface scales of the cap should be rolled out more than 95%, and the cap is prone to spot diseases.
Air: The umbrella is an aerobic bacteria, and mycelium growth and fruiting body development require sufficient fresh air. During poor ventilation, mycelium grows slowly. During the mushroom production period, ventilation should be carried out frequently to keep the air fresh. If the carbon dioxide concentration is too high, the stalk will be elongated and the development of the vein cap will be inhibited, and it is easy to form deformed mushrooms.
Light: Mycelium does not require light to grow. The differentiation and fruiting body of mushroom buds require a certain amount of scattered light, and the light intensity is 500-1000 le.
pH: The mycelium growth pH is between 6.5-7.5. Since the organic acid secreted by the growth of mycelium will reduce the acidity of the culture medium, a small amount of lime needs to be added to adjust the pH to 7.8-8.0 when preparing the culture medium.
biological factor: The formation of a umbrella entity requires the stimulation of the secretion of metabolic products by soil microorganisms. The mushroom bed cannot form fruiting entities without covering the soil.
(5) Main value
Edible: The umbrella is edible, the meat is tender and nutritious.It is determined that every 100 grams of dried chicken leg mushrooms contains 25.4 grams of protein, 3.3 grams of fat, 58.8 grams of total sugar (including 51.5 grams of nitrogen-free leaching, rich in chicken leg mushrooms and oligosaccharides, and 7.3 grams of food fiber), 12.5 grams of ash substance, and a thermal energy value of 346 kcal. Its protein contains 20 amino acids, which are higher in content than other mushrooms and have fresh and strong taste. Among them, all 8 essential amino acids are available, especially lysine and leucine, which are very rich in content, which is very beneficial to people who recover after sub-healthy, weak or sickness. In addition, it is rich in mineral elements such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, trace elements such as zinc, iron, selenium, and manganese, and contains a variety of vitamins needed by the human body. It is a typical healthy food with high protein, low fat, and low heat energy. It has been designated as one of 16 rare edible fungi that meets the requirements of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to integrate the three functions of "natural, nutrition and health care". (Note: When the umbrella is mature, the umbrella is completely opened, the umbrella becomes black, and the umbrella becomes soft and liquefied, becoming an ink-like liquid and cannot be eaten)
Economy: The umbrella is one of the rare edible fungi with commercial potential artificially developed. According to a report by China Industry Information Network, in 2014, China's annual output of 425,000 tons, ranking tenth in the annual output of edible fungi.
Medicinal use: The hair-headed ghost umbrella has high medicinal health value. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that its taste is sweet and mild in nature, and has the effects of benefiting the spleen and stomach, aiding digestion, clearing the heart and calming the mind, calming the lungs, lowering blood sugar and blood pressure, and anti-tumors. Eating regularly can increase appetite, dissolve stagnation and laxative, treating hemorrhoids and enhancing the body's immune function. The celestial bodies and fruiting bodies of the womb mycelia contain anti-cancer active substances and effective ingredients for the treatment of diabetes. Long-term consumption can regulate sugar metabolism in the body, reduce blood sugar concentration, and regulate blood lipids. It has a good auxiliary therapeutic effect on diabetes and hyperlipidemia. It is an ideal food for diabetic patients. According to the "Chinese Medicine Fungus Picture Book", the inhibition rates of hot water extract from the Madou Gui Umbrella on S-180 and Ayr's cancer of sarcoma were 100% and 90% respectively, which could significantly prolong the survival of S-180 ascites mice.
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It is determined that every 100 grams of dried chicken leg mushrooms contains 25.4 grams of protein, 3.3 grams of fat, 58.8 grams of total sugar (including 51.5 grams of nitrogen-free leaching, rich in chicken leg mushrooms and oligosaccharides, and 7.3 grams of food fiber), 12.5 grams of ash substance, and a thermal energy value of 346 kcal. Its protein contains 20 amino acids, which are higher in content than other mushrooms and have fresh and strong taste. Among them, all 8 essential amino acids are available, especially lysine and leucine, which are very rich in content, which is very beneficial to people who recover after sub-healthy, weak or sickness. In addition, it is rich in mineral elements such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, trace elements such as zinc, iron, selenium, and manganese, and contains a variety of vitamins needed by the human body. It is a typical healthy food with high protein, low fat, and low heat energy. It has been designated as one of 16 rare edible fungi that meets the requirements of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to integrate the three functions of "natural, nutrition and health care". (Note: When the umbrella is mature, the umbrella is completely opened, the umbrella becomes black, and the umbrella becomes soft and liquefied, becoming an ink-like liquid and cannot be eaten)Economy: The umbrella is one of the rare edible fungi with commercial potential artificially developed. According to a report by China Industry Information Network, in 2014, China's annual output of 425,000 tons, ranking tenth in the annual output of edible fungi.
Medicinal use: The hair-headed ghost umbrella has high medicinal health value. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that its taste is sweet and mild in nature, and has the effects of benefiting the spleen and stomach, aiding digestion, clearing the heart and calming the mind, calming the lungs, lowering blood sugar and blood pressure, and anti-tumors. Eating regularly can increase appetite, dissolve stagnation and laxative, treating hemorrhoids and enhancing the body's immune function. The celestial bodies and fruiting bodies of the womb mycelia contain anti-cancer active substances and effective ingredients for the treatment of diabetes. Long-term consumption can regulate sugar metabolism in the body, reduce blood sugar concentration, and regulate blood lipids. It has a good auxiliary therapeutic effect on diabetes and hyperlipidemia. It is an ideal food for diabetic patients. According to the "Chinese Medicine Fungus Picture Book", the inhibition rates of hot water extract from the Madou Gui Umbrella on S-180 and Ayr's cancer of sarcoma were 100% and 90% respectively, which could significantly prolong the survival of S-180 ascites mice.
[For more exciting articles, please follow the WeChat public account "World Ethnicity and Civilization History"]
