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In 1427 AD, Ming Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji announced the withdrawal of troops from Annan on the grounds that "for several years, one side has been unstable and has repeatedly served the king's army", ending the 20-year rule of the Ming Dynasty over Vietnam.
Then, the victorious Annan Uprising leader Lili established and Li Dynasty , and Vietnam was able to restore the country. In 1428, the Ming Dynasty officially abolished the Jiaozhicheng Announcement of the Political Envoy Department, which marked the failure of the Central Plains' last attempt to annex the Red River Plain.
. The hometown of the Han and Tang dynasties
Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, northern Vietnam has been directly ruled by China. However, this place is remote, inconvenient transportation, and numerous natives. It is difficult for the Central Plains dynasty to control assimilation, so the foundation of the rule has always been unstable.
htmlIn 1939, local forces in Annan took advantage of the civil strife in the Central Plains to defeat the Southern Han and gain independence, and were called Annan Kingdom. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, although there were conflicts from time to time, China and Vietnam generally maintained a relatively stable vassal relationship.
. The chaos in the south
368, Zhu Yuanzhang swept the heroes to establish the Ming Dynasty. The geographical situation of the new dynasty was quite serious: in the northern border, there were still a large number of remnant Yuan forces in Yunnan, and Japanese pirates along the southeast coast also began to harass them.
So, Zhu Yuanzhang gave up the national policy of the former dynasty's expeditions and westward struggles. In addition to attacking the remaining Mongolian forces, his attitude towards the surrounding areas turned to softening. In the " Emperor Ming's Ancestors' Teachings " edited by Zhu Yuanzhang, he listed 15 " Unsuccessful Country " to warn his descendants not to launch wars, and Annan is one of them.
▲Zhu Yuanzhang set up a "non-suffering country" in his hope to improve Sino-foreign relations that had seriously deteriorated during the Yuan Dynasty and reshape the "principal system"
However, on the one hand, these neighboring countries , is closely related to the geographical interests of the Central Plains dynasty, and on the other hand, it is closely related to the authoritative dignity of the "Celestial Kingdom". It is impossible not to have disputes with these places. Sure enough, , the civil strife in Annan attracted the attention of the Ming Dynasty.
0 At the end of the 14th century, Annan's Chen Dynasty declined. In 1400, the powerful minister Hu Ji-yu usurped the throne and established Hu Chao . was extremely afraid of possible intervention from the Ming Dynasty, so Hu concealed this matter from the Ming Dynasty for a long time.
1403, after Zhu Di seized the throne, Hu seemed to have smelled an opportunity. Hu Hancang (son of Hu Jiqing) submitted a letter to Zhu Di, who had just succeeded to the throne with the title of power and rule of Annan, lied that the descendants of the Chen Dynasty were extinct, and that he was the nephew of the Chen Dynasty and was recommended. requested the Ming Dynasty to be crowned King of Annan .
▲Hu Ji-chan
, who was suspicious of this matter, sent someone to Annan to investigate, but Hu had already grasped the overall situation, so it was naturally impossible for Ming Envoy to find anything. Zhu Di, who could not find the evidence, appointed Hu Hancang as king. After
, the Ming Dynasty began to find that things were getting worse and wrong. First, remnants went to China to accuse the Hu family of tyranny. Secondly, Annan frequently harassed the Sino-Vietnam border and neighboring countries champa , causing the border to be turbulent.
1406, the Chen Dynasty royal family came to China to accuse the Hu family of all kinds of evil deeds to the court. Zhu Di sent troops to escort them back to Vietnam, but unexpectedly they were ambushed by the Hu army on the way, and the Chen royal family was executed by Lingchi. This incident finally completely angered Zhu Di.
. The king's army went south
Now it seems that whether it is the Hu Dynasty or the Chen Dynasty, are all Vietnam's internal affairs . What does it have to do with the Ming Dynasty?
As for the war between Annan and Chameng, it has nothing to do with the Ming Dynasty. At most, there are some border disputes. These small matters can be resolved through other methods. Why did the Ming Dynasty make a big move?
But at that time, East Asia was centered on the "Chinese concept" and "sectarian system", and all vassal states needed to pay tribute to China to show respect.
But the boss's position cannot be in vain. is " sect leader ", ensuring the security of the "subject" regime is China's obligation and it also concerns the majesty of the "Celestial Kingdom".
▲The vassal system collapsed in the late Qing Dynasty
For the Ming Dynasty, which overthrew the alien rule, maintaining the "vassal system" can mark itself as the orthodox Chinese, especially Zhu Di, who was injustice in the country, was more sensitive.
Hu Chao seemed to not take Ming Dynasty seriously. On the one hand, they threatened the security of southern Xinjiang, invaded the city, and hindered the Ming Dynasty's exercise of sect sovereignty. On the other hand, they ambushed the Ming army and stormed the former royal family, triggering Zhu Di's sensitive nerves and offending the majesty of the "sected kingdom".
If you don’t take action, this boss will not be able to be the boss, so it is imperative to do so in the south!
At this time, the Ming Dynasty occupied the best of the times, places and people. The ministers in the court were already angry by Annan's mischief, and almost all supported the Nanzheng.
Annan can be said to be in trouble with internal and external affairs. He was furious at home by the tyranny of the Hu family and was resentful at the world, and he fought with Chameng abroad. Therefore, the Ming army's southern expedition was extremely smooth. The Ming Dynasty denounced the tyranny of the Hu family and claimed that the dispatch of troops was "to relieve the hardships of the people and restore the priest sacrifices of the Chen family."
In July 1406, the Ming army entered Annan in two groups. Many Vietnamese people were "disgusted with the harsh policies of the Hu family and were unwilling to fight". The Ming army was unstoppable, conquering multiple fortresses and annihilated the main force of the Hu army. captured the Hu family's father and son alive in May 1407.
The battle ended in less than a year, which was clean and neat.
▲Hu Chao (1400-1407), a short-lived dynasty that only existed for 7 years,
. Get lost
The Ming Dynasty had achieved its goal of destroying the Hu Chao, but the way of dealing with Annan was very surprising - direct annexation!
The Ming Dynasty originally hoped to find a ruler who could be accepted by all classes in Annan and in line with the interests of the Ming Dynasty. The ideal candidate was naturally the descendant of the former king Chen family.
In fact, the Ming Dynasty also made such attempts, such as looking for suitable candidates in Annan who could be kings, but these efforts were not successful.
Finally, the Ming Dynasty decided to come to power in person, claiming that the descendants of the Chen Dynasty were extinct and no one inherited them. He was requested by the Annan official "Original Rejuvenated County" to rename the local name "Jiao Site" and prepare to rule directly.
1407 In June of the lunar calendar, the Ming Dynasty established the Chengxuan General Office in Annan, which commanded the General Office and the Supervisory Censorate Office, and established the central government-level direct-government method of prefectures, prefectures and counties. officially included Annan in the territory of the central dynasty .
But at this time, the Ming army was no longer popular, and there were constant rebellions in the Jiaozhi area. Although the turmoil was completely suppressed under the strong Ming army's sweep, the Ming Dynasty was becoming increasingly unable to do so in Annan, and the situation became increasingly volatile.
1418 On February 7, Lanshan Township, Qinghua Province, launched an uprising in his hometown, opening the prelude to the "Blue Mountain Uprising". He quickly integrated the anti-Ming forces in Annan, became bigger in the central region of Vietnam, and became a major concern of the Ming army.
1426, Li Li defeated the Ming general Wang Tong in the Battle of Jundong. The following year, he defeated the Ming Dynasty reinforcements in the Battle of Zhiling and killed the general Liu Sheng .
▲Picture of the Blue Mountain Uprising, Li Li's military and political strategy was extremely appropriate, which caused the Ming Dynasty's power to be gradually eroded
At this time, the Ming Dynasty's rule in Annan had collapsed, and Annan became a bottomless pit for empty finances. Seeing that the situation was hopeless, Wang Tong reported to the court and negotiated peace with Li Li.
Finally, Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty decided to withdraw his troops . Li Li released " Plenary of Wu Dahao ", officially proclaiming himself emperor and establishing the Later Li Dynasty.
▲Vietnam's annual "Blue Beijing Cultural Festival" commemorates the national hero Levi
. Success and failure are counted
1406, hundreds of thousands of troops of the Ming Dynasty fought south, sweeping across the southern border in just one year, restoring the hometown of the Han and Tang dynasties. It is not unreasonable.
1427, after losing troops one after another, the Ming Dynasty was forced to withdraw its troops from a small country in southern Xinjiang, and its business was destroyed for 20 years, which was a mess.
has a clear success or failure. Where did the Ming Dynasty fail in this action?
The Hu family was in chaos and the Ming army was indisputable to attack. This was not only in line with traditional morality, but also a legitimate move to safeguard national interests. Therefore, due to the unity of the court, the appropriate military strategy, and the support of the Annan people, the Ming army's southern expedition was quite smooth and he won a complete victory in just one year.
can choose to merge directly in the Ming Dynasty, and this trick is not clever. At the beginning, the Ming army was only to destroy the restless Hu Dynasty and support the pro-Ming forces as "agents", but the early military operations were too smooth, which made the Ming Dynasty feel arrogant, so it decided to directly govern Annan.
▲ Since 939, only 1407-1427 There will still be Jiaozhi
annexation on China map in the past 20 years. It cannot be said that there is no reason, such as "This place is the hometown of the Han and Tang Dynasties", "The descendants of the Chen family are extinct", "After requested by the Annan officials", etc.
However, Annan has been established for nearly 500 years, and locals have long been accustomed to becoming a country of their own. Direct mergers will face great resistance and increase governance costs.
Of course, it cannot be said that annexation is a great success. Ming Dynasty had its own strategic considerations.
By annexing Vietnam, the Ming Dynasty hoped to enhance its dominance in the entire southwest region and create a deterrence against Siam, Myanmar and other places, and cooperate with Zheng He 's fleet to consolidate its traditional status in Southeast Asia's back garden.
Moreover, the 5th century was not a nationalist century. Annan is similar to Chinese culture. If the country is in good governance, it is not impossible to "digest" this land.
▲Zheng He's voyage to the West, and his ambition to advance to the outside world during the Ming Dynasty was very ambitious. Unfortunately, the Ming Dynasty made a series of tricks.
To be fair, the Ming Dynasty did a lot of work on how to place this place, such as recruiting various talents to China for further study, leaving quotas for locals when arranging officials.
But overall, the administration of the Ming Dynasty in Annan was quite failed. The remote geographical location made most officials unwilling to go there to serve. Therefore, officials at all levels in Annan were exiled or demoted, and their overall quality was extremely poor. Letting these corrupt officials govern Annan would only bring great trouble to the local people.
▲Ma Qi, Zhu Di's confidant eunuch, Jiaozhi superviser, did evil in Annan, causing a large number of rebellions.
The military strategy of the Ming Dynasty was even more inappropriate. Xintuodi should have found a veteran who is well-known and familiar with the people to lead the overall situation. British Duke Zhang Jiao is naturally the only candidate.
In fact, when the Ming Dynasty had already realized the problems that occurred in governing Annan, Zhang Fu was also sent to govern Annan. There, Zhang Fu changed to the policy of Huairou, to live in the people's livelihood, to quell the rebellion, and to stabilize the situation.
However, at that time, the northern Mongolian invaded, and Zhu Di was afraid that Zhang Fu would be respectful, so he frequently transferred Zhang Fu away, which made the Ming Dynasty's rule in Annan unstable. Once chaos occurs, Annan will completely lose control.
During the Yongle period, the voyage to the West, the conquest of Mongolia, and the capital to Beijing, they greatly consumed the national strength of the Ming Dynasty, which made the national policy after Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty become conservative. Li Li took the opportunity to grow bigger. The strength comparison between the two sides fell into the dilemma of "one rises and the other falls". The Ming Dynasty was deeply trapped in the quagmire and was forced to withdraw its troops.
▲Ming Xuanzong adopted a strategy of shrinking the whole line: abandoning Jiaozhi, abolishing the voyage to the West, abolition of slaves and the Gandusi, etc., trying to restore the national strength of the Ming Dynasty and create the "Ren Xuan Governance", but also laying hidden dangers for the future
"Abandoning Jiaozhi" was a normal measure to stop bleeding, but it greatly damaged the Ming Dynasty's prestige in Southeast Asia and triggered a series of geopolitical earthquakes. Most foreign vassals did not come to pay tribute, and other Xuan Wei departments in the southwest were also successively eroded by Myanmar and other countries.
Although the last "voyage to the West" after Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty was still in an attempt to save the situation, the disappearance of the Ming Dynasty's military existence in the South China Sea region and the looseness and disintegration of the Southeast Asian tribute system have become a foregone conclusion.
Author: Yunfan Editor: Thomas (Tang)
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