article excerpted from: National Humanities and History
In terms of inauguration, the level of the generals executed by the miscellaneous military generals is generally higher
After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the National Government promulgated the "Wartime Military Law of the Republic of China" and the Implementation Regulations, which stipulated the crime of being sentenced to the extreme, such as "not giving up the important places that should be defended without reason, resulting in the death penalty for serious military losses", "the death penalty for those who surrender to the enemy", "the death penalty for those who are in charge of threats or are not conducive to military rebellion", "the death penalty for those who resist in advance, those who do not obey commands", "the death penalty for those who are in charge of soldiers and harm the people to rob rape", etc.
Li Fuying
After that, he also promulgated the "National Army Anti-Japanese War Coordination Law" and its supplements, stipulating that "the squad leader and the whole squad retreated, kill the squad leader... The brigade commander and the whole brigade retreated, kill the brigade commander... The commander did not retreat, but the officers and soldiers of the army retreated together, so that the commander was killed, and the division commander belonged to the commander... The platoon leader did not retreat, but all the platoon officers and soldiers retreated together, so that the platoon leader was killed, and the squad leader belonged to the commander belonged to the commander was killed." At the same time, "if the company commander retreats without ordering, his battalion commander can report to the regiment commander for approval and immediately apply for the military law of the company commander." The same is true for officers at all levels above him.
The executive organ of the wartime military law is the "Military Commission Military Law Executive Directorate", and He Chengjun served as the law enforcement director for a long time. Statistics show that during the War of Resistance Against Japan, 36,204 people were dismissed according to military law, 34,361 people were dismissed, 5,221 people were denied, and 4,669 people were denied. Others were fined, dismissed and reprimanded. As for the number of people who were executed, since there is no specific archive record, we can only roughly count the senior generals among them.
Among the generals of Huangpu in , Long Muhan, Xue Weiying, Feng Ti, Chen Munong in the first phase; Duan Langru and Hu Qiru in the second phase; Liao Lingqi and Mei Chunhua in the fourth phase were all executed one after another. In May 1938, Long Muhan was appointed as the major general of the 88th Division and led his troops to participate in the Lanfeng Battle. While guarding Lanfeng, Long Muhan evacuated without authorization, causing the city to fall. After military trial, Long Muhan was sentenced to death and became the first Central Army general to be executed during the War of Resistance. Gui Yongqing, the commander of the 27th Army, was dismissed and investigated as Long's superior. Xue Weiying was appointed as the major general commander of the 167th Division and guarded the Madang fortress during the Battle of Wuhan. When rescuing friendly troops, they resolutely took a relatively safe path, which led to the delay of opportunities for war and caused the horse to fall. In August 1938, Xue Weiying was executed by firing.
longmuhan
Fengti was killed because of the famous Changsha fire. In November 1938, after the fall of Yueyang, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Hunan Provincial Chairman Zhang Zhizhong, Changsha Security Commander Feng Ti and others to formulate plans and set fire to the city when the Japanese army captured Changsha. On the night of the 12th of that month, due to an accidental fire in the South Gate Swords Hospital, the military and police in the city mistakenly thought it was a signal to burn the city and set fires everywhere. At that time, the highest person in charge of Hunan was Zhang Zhizhong, but because he was a confidant of Chiang Kai-shek , he was only "dismissed from office and remained in office." In order to quell the public's anger, Feng Ti, Xu Kun (the leader of the Second Regiment of the Security Force) and Wen Chongfu (the chief of the Changsha Police Department) were sentenced to death. Xu and Wen also graduated from the Whampoa Military Academy.
Duan Langru was appointed as the 79th Division's Lieutenant General Commander. In 1939, when he was ordered to counterattack Nanchang, he encountered setbacks and privately changed his plan and turned to attack a small town outside Nanchang City. After Chiang Kai-shek learned about it, he ordered "Duan Langru to report military information, miss the opportunity to fight, and to rectify the law before the army." In 1944, when the Japanese army attacked Guangxi, Chen Munong was ordered to station in Quanzhou. He was executed for abandoning the city and retreating.
Liao Lingqi's experience is the most special. He served as the commander of the 58th Division. In the Second Changsha Campaign, he did not obey the orders of the commander to retreat to Liuyang , but unauthorizedly pulled the team to Zhuzhou . During this period, Liao Lingqi also "stopped" to go back to his hometown to visit relatives and leave the battlefield. When Chiang Kai-shek heard about it, he was furious and executed Liao Lingqi without the military court on the charge of "escaping at the last minute". Later, Chiang Kai-shek learned that Liao Lingqi performed well on the battlefield, and regarded his murder as an unjust case, rehabilitated him, and issued a "Certificate of Mercy" and pension to his family. This case exposed Chiang Kai-shek's impatience in dealing with things.
Liao Lingqi
There are some other senior generals who were killed for corruption.In 1942, Hu Qiru, the commander of the Guixing Division, was killed for corruption in military pay and other charges; in 1943, Mei Chunhua, the chief of staff of the 18th Army, was executed for selling private salt; in 1945, Cheng Zerun, the director of the Military Service Department, was ordered to be executed by Chiang Kai-shek for "many fraud in handling military service" and "using his power to call engineers to build private houses."
To sum up, there were about 14 senior national generals executed during the Anti-Japanese War, most of whom were from the Huangpu clan. In terms of crimes, the most are the ones who escaped at the last minute and missed opportunities for combat; in terms of time, the majority of the generals executed before 1940 accounted for. These people were executed during wartime, which had a great effect on strictly enforcing military discipline and encouraging morale.
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Zhang Ruide: "National Military Personnel Affairs during the War of Resistance Against Japan", Institute of Modern History, Central Academy of Sciences, 1993, pages 83, 84;
Jia Xuanzong: "The Battle of Tianzhen and the Death of Li Fuying", "Selected and Compiled Literary and Historical Materials (Volume 54), China Literary and Historical Publishing House 2011, pages 32-36;
Gao Shuxun: "Shi Yousan's Brewing in the Enemy and Being Captured", "Selected and Compiled Literary and Historical Materials (Volume 40), Chinese Literary and Historical Publishing House 2011, pages 32-36;
Gao Shuxun: "The Process of Shi Yousan's Brewing in the Enemy and Being Captured", "Selected and Compiled Literary and Historical Materials (Volume 40), Chinese Literary and Historical Publishing 2011, pages 94-107;
Yang Yuwen: "The Lost of Lanfeng and the Death of Long Muhan", "Zongheng" 2002 No. 10;
Li Chunhua: "Xue Weiying, Major General Executioned by Military Law in the Battle of Wuhan", "Zongheng" 2008 No. 9;
Liu Dayu: "New Exploration of Feng Ti and Changsha Wenxi Fire", "Republic of the Republic of China Archives" 2013 No. 4;
Yang Fei and Liu Jing: "Why did the famous general Liao Lingqi execute the Huangpu general?", "Literature and History World" 2012 No. 1.
