Ningde dialect has a strong antique color and is a living fossil that studies ancient Chinese. The book "Common Dictionary of Ningde Dictionary" written by Zhong Fengbang was officially published and published.
Recently, we launched "Light of Fujian East丨Zhong Fengbang: Common Dictionary of Ningde Dictionary·Overview" and received widespread praise from readers. Today, the editor of the Xin Ningde Client continues to excerpt some of the contents of the overview chapter of the book "Ningde Dictionary Commonly Used Dictionary" for readers' enjoyment.
Click the title to read the previous content▶: The Light of Eastern Fujian 丨Zhong Fengbang: Common Dictionary of Ningde Dictionary·Overview (Excerpt 1)
Dimensional vocabulary reflects historical changes
Ningde City is a hilly area surrounded by mountains and one side facing the sea, bordering Taiwan Strait in the east, Wenzhou and Chuqu areas in the north, bordering North Fujian in the north, bordering North Fujian in the north, and bordering North Fujian in the south, and bordering North Fujian in the south. The northwest of the Donggongshan , Taimu Mountain and the south of Feiluanling have formed geographical barriers. Historically, the region is relatively closed. The development of the Han Chinese in eastern Fujian is much later than that of the Wu-speaking districts in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the Cantonese-speaking districts in Lingnan and Fuzhou. In different historical periods, the Han people in the Central Plains migrated to the south on a large scale to the south, communicating and integrating the Central Plains Chinese with the languages of the local indigenous peoples, and finally formed the Ningde dialect with Chinese as the main body, both Minyue language and Wu Chu language at the bottom.
The underlying layer of a few ancient Minyue languages is preserved
According to archaeological excavations and ancient books, there were human activities in Ningde as early as the Neolithic period. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, it belonged to ancient Yangzhou, and the Western Zhou dynasties were seven Fujian areas, and in the Spring and Autumn Period, it belonged to Yue and the Warring States Period, and in the Qin Dynasty, it belonged to Minzhong County. Before the Han Dynasty, Han people rarely entered this area. The indigenous people here were a branch of the ancient Baiyue tribe in southern my country - the Minyue tribe. They use snakes as their totem, have broken tattoos, are aggressive, and are good at boat racing. They mostly live in the river valley area. In the first year of Yuanfeng in the Han Dynasty (110 BC), the separatist situation of the Minyue people ended. The ancestors were forced to move to the Jianghuai area and gradually became sinicized and integrated into the Han people. However, a small number of them still fled to the valley, which was called the later Shanyue. Since then, the distribution of the Minyue people gradually retreated to the southeast and southwest directions. Due to the long history and the lack of evidence of archaeological excavation, there is no same understanding of the extinction of the ancient Minyue people. Many scholars have turned their attention to studying languages in the southeast region for support. It is proved from dialect vocabulary corpus that this method is very effective.
It is one of the , the existing place name in Ningde is dialyzed in the relics of the ancient Minyue people. In the history of our country, collective migration of ethnic minorities has occurred frequently. Although people have moved one after another, the place names named by indigenous people may be kept for new immigrants to continue to use. When you open the map album in Ningde, you can easily see that many place names contain the words "Na, Luo, Gu, Guo, Hou, Ban, Wu, Liao, Long, Wan, Dun, Tan, Dou, Man, Bu (Bu, Pu), Qiu, Jia, Yan (Ji), and Wu (Zhen)". These place names were obviously named before the Han people went south and were used later. Taking "Se" as an example, the place name "Se" in historical documents is only distributed in the south. "The Book of Han·The Chronicles of Emperor Wu" by Chen Zan of the Western Jin Dynasty said, "Jia is the General of Xiase": "Se is turbulent, Wu Yue is called Se, and China is called Ji. "The Book of Wu Zixu" has a ship of Xiase." According to the "Book of Yue Jue", there is a water of Seshui in Liyang, Jiangsu, and it is a place where Wu Zixu begs for food and throws gold. To this day, the word "Se" is still active in the spoken language of Ningde dialect, indicating the turbulent water flow, which is consistent with the usage of Ancient Yue people. The same place names include "Wushise (Rao)" in Yunqi Village, Jiudu Town, Jiaocheng District, Fuse Village in Xiancun Town, Zhouning County, and Seyang Village in Xitan Town, Fu'an City. Place names contain extremely rich cultural connotations. If you lack the necessary understanding of place name culture, place names will change. For example: In the upper reaches of Qidu Stream in Jiaocheng District, the water is turbulent, and there are many rapids and dangerous rocks in the valley. It is said that in the early 1870s, when the hydropower station surveyors were surveying here, they thought the place name was too earthy and changed "Se" to "Ze".In fact, this is a misunderstanding of China's multicultural culture.
The second is . The commonly used words in some spoken languages are highly consistent with the pronunciations of the modern Zhuang-Dong language family, Miao-Yao language family, and Austronesian language family. Most linguists believe that the ancient Baiyue people is the ancestor of the modern Zhuang-Dong language family, Miao-Yao language family, and the Austronesian language family. From this we infer that the modern Zhuang-Dong languages, Miao-Yao languages, and Austronesian languages will more or less retain the underlying layer of the ancient Baiyue language. For example, the word "小" refers to thatched hut. We suddenly found that place names with the word "liao" are often distributed in southeastern coastal areas such as Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Hainan, which are almost highly consistent with the ancient Baiyue region. At the same time, modern Yao language calls houses [pjau], Xiangxi Miao language calls houses [plw], and the pronunciation is very similar to the ancient pronunciation of "liaw" and belongs to the same source. There are also some vocabulary used in spoken language in Ningde dialects very similar to the main phonemes of the modern Zhuang and Dong language family, which proves to varying degrees that the Ningde dialect vocabulary contains the language components of the ancient Baiyue people.
At the same time, there are more than 200 words with "pronunciation but no words" in Ningde spoken vocabulary. The source cannot be found in ancient Chinese books, and there are no such words in adjacent dialect areas. (Gourmet) (kill) (pecker) ( Banyan Tree ) (sturdy) (smoking) and so on. Among these words, except for a small number of them belong to Chinese vocabulary that have not yet been verified, most of them should belong to the language components left over from the ancient Baiyue people, and they will be subject to future generations to continue to study and verify.
The third is confirmed as a spoken language used by the ancient Baiyue people from ancient poetry and notes. People in all modern Min dialects call their feet "黄" or "六", which is also a characteristic word that distinguishes them from other dialects across the country. This word is verified in the poem "colored scarves are wrapped in half-slant" by the Tang Dynasty poet Li He's poem " Huangjiadong " describing the ancient Yue people. In the notes of Qing people, there is " Yueren refers to the waterfall as a waterfall". Nowadays, there are many places in Ningde, such as " Jiulong " in Zhou Ning , "油南" in Jiaocheng , "油南" in Pingnan , etc.
retains some ancient Chu and Wu language vocabulary
For a long time, linguists have paid more attention to Fujian language with the ancient Baiyue people, but they ignore the "Ancient Jiangdong layer" of Fujian language, that is, the ancient Wu and Chu language components. From a macro historical perspective, Ningde is located at the "Finding Head and Zhejiang Head". It was anciently part of the intersection of Minyue, Ouyue , and Dongchu. For a long time, it was under the jurisdiction of ancient Yangzhou, Kuaiji and Dongwu . Before the Han people entered one after another and eventually became the owner of this barbaric land in Fujian, Fujian was mainly influenced by Wu in the north and Chu in the west. Due to the common administrative jurisdiction and the existence of immigration activities between Wu and Min, a group of ancient Wu and Chu dialect words that are consistent with the literature records are still retained in the spoken words of Ningde dialect. They can be used as one of the supporting evidences of the profound relationship between Fujian and ancient Wu and Chu.
It is one of the , the ancient Wu dialect word. When I read and refer to the "Wuxia Dialect Study" by Hu Wenying of the Qing Dynasty, I was surprised to find that many commonly used words in Ningde oral language can find similar or even exactly the same pronunciations and usages from this book. For example:
non, generally refers to people. This is the transliteration of the ancient Chinese name for "people" in the Wu and Yue areas. Southern Song · Dai Dong "Six Books" records that " Wu people means people lingering, that is, the turn of people's voices. Ou people calls them if they can." Now Fujian people are generally called "nong" and call them "王子" should be derived from Wu language, which is highly consistent with the same administrative region as Wu and Min in the early days.
circle, pointing to climb up along (trees, ropes, etc.). Hu Wenying's "A Study of Wuxia Dialect": "Wuzhong called "地地地". "
地地地地" is called wild strawberries in Ningde dialect. "Guangyun" is cut in the robe, cool berry, edible. Guo Pu Note: "The vegetarian is a berry. Today, Jiangdong calls it a vegetarian berry. The seeds are big like raspberry, red, and sweet to eat."
㱽 refers to preventing someone from doing something. Hu Wenying's "Wuxia Dialect Study": "Guangya: '㱽, prohibited.' Case: 㱽, stop. Wu Zhong said that stopping does not make people say '㱽文'."
Bobu refers to popcorn.Fan Chengda of the Southern Song Dynasty "Thirty-Two Rhymes of Wuzhong Festival": "Wrinkle the flour balls and the sound of boiling the diaphragm." His own notes said: "Fried glutinous rice grains for divination, commonly known as Bolou, and the northerners are called glutinous rice flowers." Hu Wenying's "Wuxia Dialect Study": "The Five Elements of the Tian Family": "The Rainwater Festival, boil dried wok and burst each rice, which is called Bolou Flower.' Case: Only glutinous rice in Wu now can be broken."
There are also vocabulary (ashes), slack (sleeves), slack (melt), slack (stepping), slack (washing), slack (snatching things in boiling water immediately), slack (little hen without eggs), salmon (salt fish marinated), slack (bamboo cage), slack (broken), slack (broken), slack (under crotch), slack (slowing the essence), slack (slowing slightly), etc., so we will not explain them in detail.
The second is , the ancient Chu dialect word. From the perspective of tribe origin, the Fujian people and the Chu people have a certain relationship. "Mandarin·Zheng Yu" says: "Min and Mi are the Manchus." Both the ancient Fujian people and the Chu people belong to the ancient Baiyue people. At the same time, the relationship between Wu and Chu was very close in history, and the ancient Wu and Chu languages influenced and penetrated each other, so it was called Wu and Chu "the same pronunciation and common rules, the same spirit and common common people." In this case, can we still find some clues about the ancient Chu dialect words in Ningde dialect? The answer is: There must be some.
Shu is a common numeral used by Fujian people to refer to "one". In the first book in my country, Yang Xiong, the Eastern Han Dynasty, recorded the oral language of various local dialects, ", the envoy of the Peerless Words of Other Countries, " (hereinafter referred to as "Dialects"), it is recorded that "one is Shu. Southern Chu is called "single." Now the ancient Chu areas in Hunan and Hubei no longer use this meaning, but they are still active in the Fujian-Eastern dialect area (including Fuzhou and Ningde dialects) thousands of miles away.
means "more" and "really more". "Records of the Grand Historian: The Family of Chen She" says: "Yi, She is the king of the king." It means, it is amazing, Chen She is in awesome and has awesome atmosphere. Yang Xiong of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "Dialects": "Now, Wuyin says that many are called "大", and 大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大大� The word "口" in Ningde dialect vocabulary mainly has two main meanings: one is an adjective, which is equivalent to "more", such as "if "口", which refers to how much; the other is an adverb, which is equivalent to "then", which refers to how little.
ash, different characters, circle. Ningde dialect generally refers to viscous soil, which means that a large piece of soil is "Shu Bamboo". " Shuwen " says: "The slab is a block, a slab is a slab. "The slab of Chu" King Ling of Chu came out and fell, and he stumbled into a slab." Hu Wenying's "A Study on Wuxia Dialect" says: "Wuzhong said that a piece of earth is called 'a slab'."
Eight parties are commonly used in spoken words in Ningde dialect, referring to knowing and understanding, and calling it "(do not meet) party". This word has a lot of origin. Eight, the original meaning is not a numerical word. "Shuowen": "It's a difference." Later, it is extended to know. Dang, Yang Xiong of the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "Diandrama, wise, wise, knowledge. Chu called the party, or wise, and Qi and Song dysfunction were called 英语." Guo Pu's note: "The party is bright, understands the appearance." Zhang Binglin's "New Dialects·Explanation" said: "Now it means understanding the party, and the pronunciation is like Dong. It is not the common understanding."
In addition to the above words, there are also 英语 ( duckweed ), pond (deep water puddle), persimmon (wood chip), basket (fine-eyed bamboo sieve), bamboo (leaf), 英英语 (cool), 英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英英
reflects the main component of ancient Chinese
The Han people in the Central Plains entered Fujian in the Han and Jin Dynasties and lasted for more than two thousand years. In this process, the northern dialects brought by the Han people in the Central Plains at different periods, different starting places, and different migration routes were also different. During the Three Kingdoms period, the Sun Wu regime established the " Wenma " Chuan Tun" in the area of today's Xiapu area, and served as a place to resettle. While this earliest immigrant brought the Jiangdong dialect from the sea, it also brought ancient rhymes and ancient vocabulary since the pre-Qin period. Due to geographical isolation, the Han people in the Central Plains entered Ningde on a large scale mainly from Sui and Tang , and their in-depth development time also began with the Sui and Tang dynasties.According to incomplete statistics, among the 43 surnames with more than 10,000 people in the city (with clear written records and the time of residence), the four surnames that moved before the Sui Dynasty were Xue, Huang, Yang, and Hu; the surnames that moved in the early Tang Dynasty were Chen, Lin, Liu, Yu, Zhou, Ruan, Miao, and Su; the surnames that moved in the middle of the Tang Dynasty were Zhang, Li, Wu, Jiang, and Gao; the surnames that moved in the fifth dynasty of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty were the most popular, including Wang, Zheng, Lei, Ye, Zhong, Lan, Xie, Wei, Lu, Sun, Zhu, and Xu, and the rest were moved in the Song Dynasty. These groups of Han people from Central Plains who entered Fujian brought mostly medieval pronunciations and medieval vocabulary, and even modern Chinese. Since Fuzhou was already the political, economic and cultural center of Fujian at that time, and most of the clans who settled in Ningde moved here, this is why the Ningde dialect now belongs to a Chinese dialect and is very close to the Fuzhou dialect.
It is one of , retaining ancient Chinese vocabulary. For example, the following is:
博. The pre-Qin period called tying people or objects with ropes from top to bottom called "博". "Zuo Zhuan·The Thirty Years of Duke Xi": "The silk comes out at night." "Note": "The silk is hanging down the city." "Shuowen": "The rope is hanging."
blessing, the ancients called the wine and meat sacrificed to the gods "blessing". "Book of Rites: Shaoyi": "Sacrifice for others is called blessing." " Kangxi Dictionary ": "Sacrifice for meat is called blessing." In contemporary Ningde, engaging in blessing and sacrificial activities is called "making blessing", but the ancient meaning is still used.
号, the ancients dived as "小". "Han Jia Yi's " Fu of Qu Yuan 5": "Dive deep diving to cherish yourself." Ningde dialect still retains the ancient meaning, calling diving "现" and swimming "现".
, the same as "后" in ancient times, and its original meaning refers to harvesting crops. "The Book of Songs·Wei Feng·Fa Tan" says: "If you don't have crops or fry, you can take three hundred grains?" Ningde dialect oral vocabulary calls work "jue", called farmland affairs "jue", and called "jue" "jue" without work, and still retains the ancient meaning.
shaved slabs. In Ningde dialect, bamboo rafts are generally called "floating rows", which is actually a miswriting. "Shuowen": "Work to cross the wood is called "正". Or make a 正, and it is called "正". "Hong Han Shu: Biography of Cen Peng": "Hongsun Shu 正, sends his generals Ren Man, 正, Cheng 正, and tens of thousands of people to Fangzhang to Jiangguan, defeat Feng Jun, Tian Hong, Li Xuan and others." "Note": "正, 正, , wood and bamboo 正, and floats on the water." "Er Ya" says: "The 正, 正, 正," "正, 正," "正, 正," "正, 正," "正, 正," "正, 正," "正, 正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," "正," These words can be found in Tang poetry and Song lyrics, and are explained in modern Chinese , which is very puzzling, but it is easy for people with the Ningde dialect as their native speakers. For example, the following is:
bottom, Yan Shigu "Reconciliation of the False and Correcting the Common" (Volume 6) says, "What is commonly called "the bottom"". The original meaning is "wha, what", a question pronoun. Tang Han Yu "When the Ministry of Water Affairs Zhang Yuan sent a Chinese New Year outing to Bai Twenty Sheren" poem: "The Qujiang River is full of flowers and trees, and I refuse to come when I am busy." Today, the old Ningde people call "what place" and "who" say "deon", and call "just just now" "denun".
explanation, in ancient times, it meant "know, know". Tang Du Fu "html April night " "Tonight, I only watch the moon in Fuzhou. I feel sorry for my children from afar, but I don't understand the memory of Chang'an ." The older generation of Ningde asked, "I understand the meaning but I don't know the meaning." A literary saying is "I understand the meaning but I don't know the meaning?" Ask if you are sure to complete a job, it is called "Explanation (do not)" in spoken language? The common use of this "Explanation" in Ningde dialect even affects people with a certain level of writing.
crawls itchy, that is, scratches itchy. Han Yu of Tang Dynasty: "Hikong Wang Jun, the epitaph of Dali's judge, ": "You followed the test of Dali's judge, the censor, the judge, the comb was crawling and itchy, and the people were awakened."
Cangwu, originally refers to the legendary auspicious bird. "Song Book: Fu Ruizhizhong": "Cangwu is a wise king who practices filial piety and kindness to all surnames, and if he is not good at killing, he will come." However, the Ningde area calls crows "Cangwu" to refer to greedy people; the local verbal phrase "Cangwu (do not) leave a secluded egg", which means that greedy people do not consider their future life, which is obviously a derogatory meaning.
float, that is, fish float , floating objects exposed on the water surface when fishing to observe whether any fish are caught. "Chicken Li Bian" by Zhuang Jiyu of the Song Dynasty: "Half of the fishing rod is tied with a reed stem, which is called a float. If you see it disappear, you will know that the fish is hooked."
subtitles. In Ningde's spoken language, throwing coins for divination. The coin landing is called "character" and the opposite is called "curve". "Donggao Miscellaneous Records" by Sun Zongjian of the Song Dynasty: "Now people throw money into plays, and they use money to distinguish the winner and lose, and they are called 'word' and 'paper'."
Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the frequent foreign exchanges and interactions and the emergence of new things, a number of borrowed words and new words such as "sweet", "movie", "fan money", "bian", "single", "ya", "jibei", "fake teacher", "soft letter", "songyuan", and other loan words and new words have gradually invaded the spoken language of modern Ningde dialects.
pants refer to sleeveless tops, commonly known as vests. "New Qixie·Lei Zhen Toad Demon" by Yuan Mei of the Qing Dynasty: "Qiban looked at it and saw a dead toad, about three feet long, wearing a tasseled hat on his head, black satin boots on his feet, and a Yuanshi tex-shaped tasseled bag, like a human figure."
光光, namely sweet potato, was the main grain crop of the people at the bottom of the old society. Chen Shiyuan of the Qing Dynasty quoted the "Shengs of Jinshu" as "Self-recorded Minhou Hezhi": "Self-recorded sweet potato seeds are overseas. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Zhenlong , traded the land, and obtained vine seedlings and planting methods to enter China. It was a dry and hungry middle in Fujian. Zhenlong Zi Jing Lunbai was a great harvest when the governor Jin Xuezeng ordered the trial to be planted, and he could fill half of the grain. Since then, the planting of the land was planted everywhere." Guo Baicang of the Qing Dynasty also recorded the derivative products of sweet potatoes, "Slices are called potato money, and silk is called potato rice, and the first cut potato money and potato rice are taken, and it is called potato flour, and brewed wine is called potato roast."
jibei, that is, kapok. Guo Baicang of the Qing Dynasty recorded in "Minsheng Luyi": "Minsheng called Kapok Jibei." Xie Fangde's poem: "When planting kapok in a good tree, the sky is so thick that the eight Fujianes are. The land is not suitable for mulberry trees, and silkworms are very difficult. If kapok collects thousands of trees, the eight-guyen are not worried about poverty."
Fake teacher, it is said that some people with poor skills in Fuzhou went to Chengguan, Ningde to make a living by operating, pretending to be an expert, pretending to understand if they don't know. People in Ningde call people who pretend to be experts and pretend to understand "fake teachers". "Teacher" means good at being an expert and an expert.
fake three codes, Ningde spoken language says using fraudulent means to make profits or win as a "fake three codes". It is said that in ancient times, one foot was equal to three codes, but there was no standard measure for three codes. There are many measuring instruments on the market in Fuzhou. The wider the merchants enter and exit the market, and the transactions of cloth in the market are controversial. In order to solve the problem of tight and tight size disputes, the county magistrate at that time carved a standard ruler in bluestone according to the standard three codes and placed it on the street to correct the measurement ruler made by the merchants themselves. The notice required the merchants to use the standard three codes as the basis and no longer use the "fake three codes". From then on, "Fake Three Codes" became a special word in Fuzhou dialect that metaphor for adulteration and adulteration in doing things.
