Urban rail transit is an important part of the urban public transportation system and refers to public transportation tools that operate along specific rails in the city.
Urban rail transit system is a naming method for describing the phenomenon of this system. "City" refers to a traffic pattern mainly in densely populated urban areas. "Rail transit" refers to a traffic pattern mainly in the form of rails, including commuter railways, subways, light rails, monorails, trams, guide buses, cable railways and cableways (maybe trolleys) and other types.
The definition of urban rail transit in mainland China is: "A urban public passenger transportation system operating with dedicated rail guidance, including subway systems, light rail systems, monorail systems, trams, maglev systems, automatic guided rail systems, and urban rapid rail systems."
In the Chinese national standard "Universal Terms for Urban Public Transit", urban rail transit is defined as "a total of fast large-scale public transportation that is usually powered by electricity and operates by wheels and rails." ”
Urban rail transit classification
●One-way transportation capacity according to peak hours:
Large-volume urban rail transit system, such as subway and suburban railway , medium-volume urban rail transit system, such as light rail, low-volume urban rail transit system, such as monorail and trams, etc.
●Urban rail transit system can be divided into various characteristics:
, such as line laying and spatial location of structures, one-way transportation capacity, guidance mode, wheel and rail materials, technical standards, etc. Different countries also have different classifications.
● According to the line laying and the spatial location of the structure, it is divided into:
underground urban rail transit system, elevated urban rail transit system and ground urban rail transit system.
● According to wheel and rail material:
has steel wheel and rail system, rubber wheel system, and reinforced concrete system.
● According to technical standards,
can be divided into magnetic levitation rail transit, intercity high-speed passenger dedicated, suburban railway, subway, light rail, monorail, rubber wheel rail cars, trams, etc.
●Divide according to the guidance method:
➢Wheel and rail guidance: General steel wheel and rail systems such as subways, light rails, trams, etc. all belong to the wheel and rail guidance method;
➢Guide wheel guidance: The rubber wheel vehicles of the monorail and new transportation systems belong to the guide wheel guidance system.
Classification of urban rail transit system
, subway
subway (Metro, Underground Railway, Subway) is a fast large-scale urban rail transit model traction with electricity gradually developed along the form of ground railway systems. The lines are usually located in underground tunnels, and some are also located outside the city center, turning from underground to ground or viaduct. Since the world's first subway line (steamer traction) was laid in London, England in 1863, the subway has developed rapidly. The subway has become one of the most important means of transportation in modern cities. At present, there are more than 120 cities in the world that have subways, with a line length of more than 7,000 kilometers.
, Tram
Tram is also an ancient urban rail transit model. In 1888, the world's first tram line was officially launched in Lituman, , Virginia, , USA. From the 1890s to the 1820s, trams were popular in Europe and the United States, and expanded to many major cities in Asia, Africa and South America.
, light rail
light rail transit (Light Rail Transit) was developed from trams, but after decades of continuous improvement and improvement, its technical standards have come close to that of subways. As a rail transit system with medium transportation volume, the light rail technology is mature, the operating speed is high, and it is mainly elevated and ground lines. Compared with the subway, it has the advantages of short construction period and low construction cost (about 1/4 to 1/2 of the subway).At the same time, due to the combination of the technical characteristics of trams and subways, the functions and scope of application of the light rail transit system are more practical and mobile and flexible, and are suitable for medium and short-distance transportation such as city, suburbs, airports, etc., with great advantages and broad development space.
. Suburban Railway
Suburban Railway was developed from the trunk railway. It is a large-volume rapid rail transit system operating between urban areas, suburbs and satellite cities, mainly based on ground dedicated lines. Compared with the urban rail transit system, its common feature is that it is all bus-based rail transit, but there are big differences in operation model and management system, regional and distance targets for passengers, ownership ownership and standards, and service levels of train operation density. Therefore, strictly speaking, suburban railways cannot be equated with urban rail transit systems, but can be considered as another level of complement to the urban rail transit system.
Suburban railways provide railway passenger services to urban areas and suburban areas or satellite cities with their advantages of large transportation volume, high speed and low pollution, to meet the needs of commuting and residents' exchanges between cities and suburban areas. The construction of suburban railways can utilize existing railway facilities. Compared with other urban rail transit methods, it can significantly reduce construction costs and effectively solve the investment and financing problems of urban rail transit construction.
, Monorail is a traffic mode that uses rubber wheels to cross seats or suspended on elevated track beams. According to its different travel mode and structure, it can be divided into two basic types: the vehicle running on the upper part of the track beam is called a straddle-mounted monorail; the vehicle running on the lower part of the track beam is called a suspended monorail. The difference in technology between monorail transportation and traditional subways is mainly reflected in the three aspects of vehicle bogies, track beams and switches.
, automatic guide rail transit
automatic guide rail transit (AGT) first appeared in the United States. At first, it was mainly used as a shuttle or ring-type short-distance transportation to transport passengers back and forth. Its vehicle uses rubber wheels and is guided by side or central rails, and is centrally controlled by computers to perform automatic control operation. After years of research and practice, many countries have improved on this basis, making it a medium-volume passenger transportation system in cities. The classification and name of this new passenger transportation system vary from country to country. For example, it is called a new transportation system in Japan and a VAL system in France.
, maglev traffic
magnetic levitation traffic system (Maglev) uses linear motor traction, magnetic suction or magnetic repulsion suspension, electromagnetic guidance. There are currently many standards, and their main technical characteristics are: conductor material, working temperature, linear motor type, suspension method, driving method, etc. It is the fastest mode of transportation in ground traffic. In December 2003, Japan's high-speed magnetic levitation trains set a record of 581 kilometers per hour on ground traffic speed. The Shanghai Maglev Line in China was completed and put into operation at the end of 2002. It adopts German TR system technology. It is currently the only maglev transportation route in the world that is currently operated by commercial operations.
, linear motor wheel and rail transit
linear motor wheel and rail transit (Linear Metro) uses linear induction motor to traction, and the wheel and rail system supports the guidance. In the early 1980s, Japan and Canada began researching this system almost simultaneously. At present, more than 10 lines have been built in five countries around the world. The linear motor wheel and rail transit system uses linear induction motor to drive, and the traction force is not limited by physical adhesion, which greatly improves its acceleration and deceleration performance and climbing capacity, with a maximum slope of 6%-8%. At the same time, since there is no rotating power source and mechanical variable speed transmission system, the axle box positioning structure can be greatly simplified. Therefore, linear motor vehicles generally use radial bogies to improve the vehicle's curve passing performance and running stability. Strong climbing ability and good curve-passing performance are its two main advantages. In addition, linear motor vehicles are smaller in size than traditional subway vehicles and require smaller cross-sections. If built underground, the project volume can be reduced to a greater extent and the project cost can be reduced.
also clearly states that urban rail transit includes: subway system, light rail system, monorail system, tram, maglev system, automatic guide rail system, and urban rapid rail system.
In addition, with the development of the transportation system, some other new transportation systems have emerged, such as the Autonomousrail Rapid Transit (referred to as "smart rail" and "ART") of the smart rail express train.
The subway is a form of railway transportation . currently has two understandings of Chinese word meaning , , but they are all related to the urban rail transit system .
refers to an urban rail transit system that operates mainly underground, namely "underground" or "underground" (Subway, Tube, Underground); in order to match the construction environment and consider construction and operation costs, many such systems may be converted into ground or elevated sections outside the city center in order to match the construction environment and consider construction and operation costs.
refers to a proprietary, high-density, high-volume urban rail transit system (Métro) covering various underground and above-ground road rights; in addition to the above definitions, it also includes elevated railways or railways paved on road surfaces. However, whether on the ground or underground, the subway must have exclusive right of road and have no level intersect with one and other transport routes. This is also the main feature of the subway that is different from the light rail transportation system.
Generally speaking, modern subways must have the following conditions:
1. Large passenger flow operating within the city, rail transit mainly driven by electricity. In other words, the system must mainly operate within the city and serve the city;
2. Have independent road rights and have no level intersect with other forms of traffic;
3. Flights are intensive, and the frequency during the day is generally within 10 minutes.
According to this definition, subways do not need to be completely built underground, but can be located on the ground or on the viaduct; nor do they need to use heavy rails (rails with weights of more than 30 kg per meter). If light rails (rails with weights of less than or equal to 30 kg per meter) can be used to achieve the above points, they should also be considered subways, such as Vancouver overhead trains (ICTS MarkI light rail trains in the early stage of the Expo Line); as for steel wheels or rubber wheels, they are traditional two tracks or cross-seater, suspended monorails, third rails or contact networks, autonomous driving or manned, and gauge geometry, they do not affect the application of this definition.
Changchun Light Rail:
Hong Kong Light Rail:
light rail trains are driven by electricity and have their own dedicated track system, but they are not necessarily completely isolated from other vehicles. They can drive on general roads or in layers and mixed driving. Light rail trains generally stop on low platforms or directly at ground stations. Light rail trains are more flexible than gravity trains and can walk on steeper slopes or some sharp bends located at intersections. These systems are generally located in urban areas and provide frequent shifts with single-carriage or smaller trains.
Current light rail road rights are mainly divided into three levels
▪A (special road rights): have independent road rights and are separated from general roads; usually use elevated roads.
▪ Example: Danhai Light Rail
▪B Class (isolated road rights): The rail is paved along the road, but there is a dedicated lane; and there is a priority right of passage at the intersection, and it usually passes first with a signal sign.
▪ Examples: Kaohsiung Light Rail, Hong Kong Light Rail, Tamhai Light Rail
▪C Class (shared right of road): The rails are paved along the road and travel in a mixed manner with general roads, also known as trams.
▪ Example: Hong Kong Tram
(Road Right Level Classification)
Since the definition of light rail itself is to have the ability to mix, many light rail systems are basically mixed with the above-mentioned road rights status, and there are very few simple A-level lines, because they can be completely changed to a simple subway construction, and the transportation capacity is even greater. However, since Class C and B have a great impact on traffic, their share tends to decrease. Some light rail systems operate fully automatically, without drivers.
light rail systems have basically been electrified, and most of them use overhead cables.
The light rail referred to in my country (note: many people will regard this light rail as a tram, and they can judge that this train is a light rail based on its track)
The "light rail" referred to in the People's Republic of China once had a completely different meaning from the "Light rail" in English. The "Urban Rail Transit Project Construction Standards" issued by the Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China and the National Development and Reform Commission in 1999 stipulates that according to the long-term one-way passenger capacity (sectional volume), urban rapid rail transit lines are divided into three types of line capacity levels. The line with a one-way transportation capacity of 30 to 70,000 to 70,000 passengers is a subway, and the line with a one-way transportation capacity of 10 to 30,000 to 30,000 passengers is a light rail.
The "Closing Standards for Urban Rail Transit Projects" (Construction Standards 104-2008) revised in 2008 canceled the distinction between "light rail" and "subway". The lines were divided into four levels: I, II, III and IV based on the capacity alone, and pointed out that: "Class I, II, III lines are fully enclosed and fast systems, using independent dedicated tracks and signals, and operate at high density. The IV line has a medium and low-volume system with dedicated tracks and some signals, but some sections are equipped with level crossings."
"Classification Standards for Urban Public Transportation" implemented from July 1, 2007 (CJJ/ T114-2007) and its provisions state: "The light rail system is a rail transit system with medium transportation volume, adopting a steel wheel rail system with a gauge of 1435mm. It mainly runs on urban ground or viaducts. The lines use ground-specific tracks or elevated tracks. When encountering bustling blocks, they can also enter the underground or connect to the subway." "The train of vehicles is usually composed of 1 to 3 vehicles. The length of the train generally does not exceed 90m, the maximum driving speed should not be less than 60Km/h, and the maximum length of the platform should not be greater than 100m." It should be noted that this definition still has essential differences in the core elements of the definition compared with the internationally accepted definition. In short, the core basis of the internationally accepted definition is that it has the ability to have mixed roads (rights of road sharing) as light rail, otherwise it is a heavy rail system - this is a natural way to correspond to system development. The definition of mainland China is to directly define the size and capacity, and emphasize exclusive access to road rights such as elevated road rights, without mentioning sharing and mixed travel.
Mainland China usually calls urban rail transit built in "light rail", such as Wuhan Metro Line 1 , Shanghai Metro Line 3 , Dalian Express Rail Line 3 , and Dalian Express Rail Line 3 . Urban rail transit built in "underground" is often called "subway", such as Shanghai Metro Line 6 . The Chinese tram is equivalent to the American English "Streetcar".
At present, most people still understand the subway as "a train running underground." Or think of trains traveling on elevated roads as light rail. In fact, the subway is a fast rail transit, underground, elevated railway, subway or urban railway system, an electrified passenger railway within the urban area. The subway is either located underground or on elevated tracks above the street (of course there are special ones, such as Xiamen Metro Line 1 , which is driven on the seawall), and is generally located in the city, with a high passenger capacity and frequency, with large trains and full or non-transportation net ratings separated from other traffic. Worldwide, subways are considered the cheapest and fastest way to transport.
In fact, whether it is light rail or subway, it can be built underground, on the ground or on overhead roads. As for the weight of rails, although the weight of subways is generally greater than that of light rails, in order to enhance the stability of the rails, reduce maintenance and maintenance workload, increase the return section of the traction power supply and reduce stray currents, both subways and light rails tend to use heavy-duty rails.
has talked about a lot of professional knowledge, and I believe many people have a headache! ! !
Then change your attention and take a look at the "Summary of the Difference between Subway and Light Rail" below! ! !
The difference between light rail and subway is:
transport capacity is different. The maximum passenger volume of the peak hour is expressed as the maximum passenger volume of the subway at peak hour is 30,000 to 70,000, and the maximum passenger volume of the peak hour of the light rail is 10,000 to 30,000.
different ways.According to the internationally accepted definition given by UIC: light rail trains have the ability to enter the standard mixed train range; subways are traditional steel wheel trains that do not have the ability to mix. What does it mean to have the ability to enter the standard mixed line range? This is the so-called shared right of road, that is, although the light rail has its own fixed track, other cars on the road can also pass through this track. The subway is much more domineering, and the entire section tunnel belongs to him, so other vehicles cannot be affected.
is reflected in the difference in the axle weight and size of the vehicle. The axle weight of subway vehicles is generally greater than 13 tons, while the light rail vehicle is generally less than 13 tons. The width of subway vehicles is generally 2.8-3 meters, and the width of light rail vehicles is generally 2.3-2.6 meters.
Subway and light rail vehicles also have different requirements for route turning radius. The minimum turning radius of the main subway line is generally required to be no less than 300 meters, and the difficult areas are not less than 250 meters. The light rail generally requires the minimum turning radius of the main line is not less than 100 meters, and the difficult areas are not less than 50 meters.
Subway and light rail are different in terms of train grouping, vehicle capacities, maximum operating speed, etc. On the premise of distinguishing light rail from subway, modern urban rail transit trains can be divided into three models: A, B, and C, corresponding to train widths of 3 meters, 2.8 meters and 2.6 meters respectively. Any rail transit route that uses A or B trains is called a subway, and uses 5 to 8 knots to form trains; the rail transit route that uses C trains is called light rail, and uses 2 to 4 knots to form trains. The model and grouping of the train determine the axle weight and platform length.
cost is different. The cost of light rail is lower than iron because the degree of infrastructure they require is different; in addition, the flexibility of light rail is higher, so the construction scale is also smaller. The cost of subways has now reached 500 million to 1 billion yuan per kilometer. The cost of light rail is only 1/3 of the cost of subways.
Today, subways are no longer limited to the form of operating lines in underground tunnels, but generally refer to the large-capacity urban rail transit system with high-standard electric passenger trains at the same time, with a one-way transportation capacity of 30,000 to 70,000 people at peak hours. The operation routes are diversified, and the underground, ground and overhead are organically combined. Many cities at home and abroad have used "rail transit" to replace the traditional name "metro". For example, Shanghai uniformly named the urban rail transit system "rail transit Line XX".
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