"Tan was in prison, calm and composed. He walked around the room all day long, picked up coal chips on the ground, and wrote a book on the pink wall. ...Lin Xu Beautiful and beautiful as a virgin, smiling in prison. Kang Guangren hit his head against the wall and cried bitterly and said, "Oh my god! Brothers should bear the responsibility for your brother." Lin heard that he was crying, and he couldn't bear to say (suppress). Then he called the prisoner out of prison, and Kang Zhi was about to be punished, and he cried even more.Liu Guangdi was in The Ministry of Justice , learns the story, comforts him and says: 'This is a trial, not a punishment, don't cry. '"
Author: Cai Hui
This dramatic description comes from Huang Jun's "Flower Su Ren Sheng'an Folding Memories". It is said that Wang Jingwei failed to assassinate the Regent Zaifeng and was imprisoned. He heard from the old prisoner Liu Yiming who once convicted the six gentlemen, and later told Huang Jun. This record vulnerability is very clear.
First of all, Tang Xuan, the head of the Ministry of Justice at that time, recorded: "Man and Han Dynasty were dispatched to the South and North Institute to monitor and bind the offenders. The three people in the South Institute were Tan and the Two Yangs; the North Institute were Liu, Lin and Kang Guangren." Tan Sitong and Kang Guangren were locked in different places (Southern Institute and North Institute). How could Liu Yiming see them all?
Secondly, according to the "Qing Dynasty Records", the original text of the edict to kill the Six Gentlemen was: "Kang Guangren, Yang Shenxiu , Yang Rui , Lin Xu, Tan Sitong, Liu Guangdi, etc., were very ruthless, and immediately executed him, sent a surveillance, and the infantry commander sent troops to suppress him." Kang Guangren ranked first, and he was the first to kill him. When he was executed, he had a tether to his throat, which made him unable to speak. It is clearly regarded as the culprit, how can it be the brother’s guilt?
1905, the records about Kang Guangren's righteousness were all passionate, but after 1905, the pen tip turned and Kang Guangren was written as a clown-like character. This may be related to the changes in people's evaluation of Kang Youwei , which ignores: Kang Guangren is not only Kang Youwei's younger brother, but also an outstanding enlightener.
cut off Kang Youwei's love tree
1867, Kang Guangren (real name Kang Youpu , with his name Xing) was born in Yintang Township, Nanhai, Guangdong (also known as Su Village), who is 10 years younger than Kang Youwei. The Kang family has been scholars from the ninth generation ancestors and thirteen generations. Grandfather Kang Zanxiu went to the 1st Lianzhou to train (about 7th rank), and his father Kang Dachu was appointed as the magistrate of Jiangxi. Kang Guangren was only 7 months old, but his father died of illness and his family was in decline. He was educated by his grandfather.
According to Liang Qichao , there was a banana tree in front of the building where Kang Youwei lived. When the autumn wind fell, he felt very pity. One day, he suddenly stopped seeing this tree and was hoeed by Kang Guangren, arguing: "What's the use of keeping this? It's just a mess." One day, Kang Youwei asked Kang Guangren to organize the old books in the house, mostly from the previous articles of 8-part . Kang Guangren actually burned it all. Kang Youwei was furious, but Kang Guangren said: "Keep this thing, when will this building be quiet?" He was only fourteen or five years old at that time.
1880, taught by Kang Youwei, Kang Guangren, Kang Youming and Kang Youpei received secondary education together. Among the younger brothers, Kang Youwei and Kang Guangren have the best relationship. When he was sixteen years old, Kang Guangren participated in the imperial examination and , but failed. He gave up since then and claimed to be a "boy teacher". My family thought he was joking, but he really recruited eight or nine disciples and had good management. "A stubborn boy, he followed the law." His family believed that Kang Guangren had the ability to manage affairs, and "all family affairs were handled and supervised." Kang Guangren "managing affairs was like the law of Shangjun, like Sun Wuling, who was strict and meticulous, and he would do his best... All slaves were afraid of it, and all stories were recorded."
According to Liang Qichao, "Jun (referring to Kang Guangren) studied medicine from an American Jia John , and after three years of understanding of Western medicine." This record is quite ambiguous. According to scholar Liu Fangwei's research, it may be that since 1890, the 24-year-old Kang Guangren entered Boji Medical School to study medicine for three years.
and Sun Yat-sen became alumni
Jia John is an American pastor. He came to China in 1853 and returned to the United States for a while. In 1859, he came to Guangzhou and founded the earliest church hospital in my country, Boji Hospital. In 1866, he founded the first Western medicine teaching institution in my country, Boji Medical School, where Mr. Sun Yat-sen graduated. In his lifetime, John Jia treated more than 700,000 patients, performed nearly 50,000 surgeries, trained 150 Western medicine doctors, and compiled 34 medical books.
1890, the Boji Medical School had a three-year academic system, which was exactly the same as Liang Qichao's statement.Boji Medical School is taught in all English and homework must be completed in English. According to Liang Xiaochu, who was teaching at Boji Medical School at that time, "There are five days a week to memorize; every student has to memorize two or three subjects every day. Saturdays are reserved for demonstration teaching, experiments, microscope use, etc.." If Kang Guangren did graduate from the school, his English level should be quite high.
In a letter to a friend, Kang Guangren once wrote: "Western medicine is carefully studied, but Chinese medicine is not tested." "Recently doctors are ignorant of the properties of prescriptions and medicines. If they can study Western medicine, it seems to be more convenient and quick."
Kang Guangren switched to study medicine. Scholar Liu Fangwei believed that there are two reasons:
. First, Kang Guangren was weak since childhood and became a doctor after a long time of illness.
Secondly, when Kang Youwei went to Beijing for the exam in his early years, he bought a large number of Western books, including the "All New Theory" compiled by the London Missionary Doctor Hexin in the UK. Later, Kang Youwei fell ill and Chinese medicine was reluctant to do so and could only "wait for death". Kang Youwei then reviewed Western medicine books, "If you do the prescription, you will gradually be effective." Kang Guangren has since felt deeply that "Chinese medicine does not talk about it and ignores human life."
In 1892, Kang Guangren graduated. Kang Youwei wrote letters repeatedly urging him to plan his future, saying, "I want to plan a small official for you in Zhejiang... If a small official is poor and does not want to do it, and wants to go to the Westernization Affairs of Hong Kong, you have another way, and you will also listen to you." In the end, Kang Youwei spent money and helped Kang Guangren donate a ninth-rank minor official in Zhejiang.
As a minor official, he should be reborn
In Zhejiang, Kang Guangren has successively done baojia (responsible for grassroots public security, etc.), literary examination (grassroots imperial examination organizations), and was extremely depressed. Liang Qichao introduced him to Zhejiang celebrity Wang Kangnian , saying: "Kang Jun Guangren is the younger brother of Mr. Changsu. He is a poor official in Zhejiang and lives in Guangdong and Guangxi. He can read Western books and practice current affairs. If you want to meet the elders of Zhejiang, you are now here to introduce yourself."
In his correspondence with Wang Kangnian, Kang Guangren criticized the current situation:
, one of them is not effective in water control. All departments shirking responsibility for each other and becoming the "helpers" of the flood.
Second, liters is too overwhelming. Lijin was originally a temporary tax for military supplies during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, but unexpectedly, it was more and more after the war.
only worked for more than a year, and Kang Guangren withdrew. Liang Qichao believed that this experience was quite helpful to him: "Ga Jun (referring to Kang Guangren) was too strong in his youth, and he was so arrogant and happy that he had to act and cross the scope. Mr. Nanhai wanted to slander him, so he sent him to the officialdom to understand the false feelings of the world... The emperor was an official for more than a year and had been appointed as a Baojia and a literary lady. He experienced the officialdom and was deeply ashamed of him and returned with a title. He was virtuous and brave, and his temperament changed drastically. He regarded this as two people."
In February 1897, Kang Youwei prepared for the Zhixin Daily in Macau, and appointed Kang Guangren as the Prime Minister. The newspaper became popular in one go and became a major public opinion center for reformist .
On the one hand, Macau had a special status at that time, and the Qing government could not directly manage it, and its speech was relatively casual. On the other hand, Kang Guangren attaches importance to translation, "30 yuan a month, 2,000 words a day, and the rewards of the service will always be enough to apply for the four or five periods, and it will be more than enough, so it will not be difficult to get tired at the moment." Therefore, it is highly readable.
has made some achievements in running newspapers. Kang Youwei hurriedly transferred Kang Guangren to Shanghai to prepare for the Foot Binding Association and the Chinese Women's School.
Abandoned Eight-Leggings is his greatest contribution
As early as the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), Kang Youwei held a foot-blocking meeting in his hometown because he refused to bind his daughter's feet. Due to local officials' opposition, he failed. In Shanghai, Kang Guangren was "resolute and decisive, fierce and stern, and sharply, and if he saw things different from black and white, he was brave enough to do things, had insight into opportunities, and was good at observing people." Without foot binding, he would soon win a huge response.
Soon, with the support of Liu Kunyi, who was the governor of Liangjiang at the time, Kang Guangren and Jing Yuanshan founded the earliest girls' school in my country - the Chinese Women's School (also known as Jingzheng Women's School).
Kang Guangren also served as the manager of Datong Translation Bookstore. The first batch of books is more than 30, including Kang Youwei's "Kangzi Reform Examination".
Kang Guangren's ability to do business has been recognized by all parties. At this moment, Liang Qichao was seriously ill and almost incurable. Kang Youwei asked his younger brother, who was well versed in medical skills, to send Liang to Beijing. After Liang recovered, Kang Guangren wanted to return to Shanghai. Seeing that Kang Youwei was too busy, he had to give lectures, visitors and discuss matters during the day, and wrote a memorial at night, so he took the initiative to stay and help.Kang Youwei's memorials were mostly taught by Kang Guangren's behind-the-scenes counselors. Because of the accurate predictions, people at that time called Kang Guangren "Little Zhuge".
Kang Guangren opposes radical reform and advocates focusing on education. According to Liang Qichao's record, "Kang Jun (referring to Kang Guangren) specializes in abolishing the eight-part articles as the first thing to save China. He plans this move day and night." Kang Guangren believes: "Today, in our country, reforms are the second of all political affairs. If the first one, the imperial examination should be changed, and the eight-part articles should be abolished and the eight-part articles should be abolished and the eight-part articles should be taken to take scholars."
1898, Emperor Guangxu issued an edict to abolish the eight-part articles, and Kang Guangren referred to this as the greatest glory of his life. Kang Youwei later said: "I am quite able to speak new words, and I am a little afraid of my implementation. You (referring to Kang Guangren) will act immediately, be brave and fearless."
He first predicted the failure of the reformist school
in the capital. Kang Guangren quickly realized the danger of the reformist school and advised Kang Youwei to resign from his post and return to his hometown to teach, and to re-propose reform in a few years. He said: "Since ancient times, there is no country with different powers from the emperor who can achieve great things. Although the emperor is wise and wise, he has no right to reward and punish. The country is in the hands of the Empress Dowager Cixi. Moreover, the people are suspicious of this and the conservative ministers are jealous of this. How can we achieve success? Brother, please leave the capital to maintain peace."
Kang Youwei was unwilling to retreat bravely, saying that "life and death have their own destiny."
In a letter to a friend, Kang Guangren sighed: "Brother Bo is too large, has too sharp ambition, has too many comrades, is too lonely, and holds too big. When this arrangement, the ban, the crowd, the slander, the whole street is full of alleys, and there is no power, how can he succeed? I personally worry deeply about it." "Brother Bo is very smart, but his work is too constrained and his ambition is too high, so he may have many obstacles to his implementation. Zhuo Ru (Qi Chao) is bustling and charming, and his behavior is like a child, and his nature is liquid. What will happen?"
Kang Guangren was the first to predict the failure of the Reformist school and pointed out Liang Qichao's changing negative personality.
Kang Guangren is one of the planners and executors of the "After the Enchanted Garden", and he also had contacts with Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary party, and insisted on the cooperation between the two factions. Under the promotion of Kang Guangren, Kang Youwei met Sun Yat-sen's representatives several times.
When the reform of 1898 failed, Kang Youwei was unwilling to leave Beijing. After Kang Guangren advised him, he decided to go south. According to the old neighbor Guan Shengxun of the Nanhai Guild Hall , "Kang Guangren, Liang Qichao and other four were playing cards in the house. The Qing army gang rushed towards the Nanhai Guild Hall... (Liang Qichao) hurriedly left, so he escaped... Kang Guangren's cook beat Kang Guangren for some reason two days ago, and was holding a grudge... So he took the opportunity to take revenge and reported him to the Qing army. Kang Guangren was arrested because of this."
This statement is not a fact, Liang Qichao had left Beijing at this time.
Good Flowers Are the One to See with People
After Kang Guangren was arrested, there were three statements: first, the righteousness was so righteous that all the relevant words were written by Kang Liang, and the credibility was not high; second, after being interrogated, he "falsely clinged" to hundreds of people; third, he cried and made a fuss.
In fact, the situation of the six gentlemen is different. Tan Sitong wanted to "swear to kill all the monarchs in the world, to make the earth bleed and vent the hatred of the people." When Liu Guangdi was confiscated, he found that there was a memorial to impeach Kang Youwei in his family, and he had not finished writing it. Yang Rui is a secret spy of Zhang Zhidong . He is dissatisfied with Tan Sitong and Lin Xu, and privately calls Tan a "Ghost Gou" and Lin a "Ghost Gou". Yang Shenxiu was not on the first batch of arrests, but he submitted a bizarre memorial with a film in advance, saying that according to his research, it was determined that there was a treasury in the Summer Palace, which was the legacy left by his ancestors. The reform is short of money, so you can recruit 300 people and open them. The film was drafted by Kang Youwei and is actually part of the "After the Enchanted Garden" plan. Yang often joked that "there is more than enough to get three thousand Mauser guns around the Summer Palace." He was reported by his colleagues and was arrested. Lin Xu, 24, was dissatisfied with Kang Youwei in his early years, and later claimed to be Kang's disciple.
Obviously, Kang Guangren is one of the core members of the reformist school, and there is no possibility of escaping even if he cries and makes a fuss. According to Zheng Guanying , "I heard that he (referring to Kang Guangren) was calm in prison and his spirit was as usual, and he had changed a lot. Those who were so calm when saving energy was achieved because of the roots of learning."
After Kang Guangren was executed, Kang Youwei could not bear to tell his exiled mother that he lied that Kang Guangren fled to Inner Mongolia, became a monk, and forged letters. After his mother passed away, Kang Youwei and his younger brother's remains returned south and buried beside his mother's grave. Kang Guangren had been dead for 15 years.
Kang Guangren was only 31 years old when he died. When he collected the works of the Six Gentlemen in the early years of the Republic of China, he only found one of his poems.
The distance between the fragrant sea and the small railings, I sing and laugh with a smile,
I have also had my thoughts in my life, and the beautiful flowers are kept to others to see.
Every generation will have their limitations. Only by looking at history with warmth can we live up to the struggle and sacrifice of our predecessors.
(Original title: Kang Guangren, he is not just Kang Youwei's younger brother)
Source: Beijing Evening News
Editor: TF077
