► Li Hongliang, picture source: Wuhan University
Written by | Ye Wuyan
Editor | Li Xiaoming
Intellectuals For a better intellectual life ID: The-Intellectual
In 2017, Professor Li Hongliang of Wuhan University published 4 articles in "Nature Medicine" with an impact factor of 30. However, in the opinion of whistleblower H, not only should this not be congratulated, but it is "Too good" to be true". In fact, he reported to this journal that two of Li Hongliang’s papers were suspected of being fraudulent for some time.
One day a few months ago, H and his assistant came to Beijing to interview with "Intellectuals" and reported that two papers by Li Hongliang he had discovered were suspected of fraud. The relevant monkey experiment periods were far from the 30 weeks and 32 weeks claimed in the papers. There was not enough time, and the number of monkeys injected into the portal vein of the liver, which was very critical in the experiment, was not enough; H provided relevant experimental records believed to be from Li Hongliang's laboratory as support.
"Intellectuals" spent several months verifying the authenticity of relevant materials by verifying the monkey purchase agreement for Li Hongliang's laboratory, government approval records, and with members of Li Hongliang's research team and the staff of the Animal Experiment Center of Wuhan University.
As of press time, the whistleblower chose not to disclose his real name, but "Intellectuals" confirmed his identity as a specially appointed expert of Wuhan University "Thousand Talents Plan".
According to the official website of Wuhan University, Li Hongliang is currently the dean of the School of Basic Medical Sciences, director of the Animal Experiment Center/ABSL-III of Wuhan University, concurrently director of the Model Animal Institute of Wuhan University, deputy director of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Wuhan University, and director of Zhongnan Hospital of Medicine. Director of the Scientific Research Center. He is also a recipient of the National Outstanding Youth Fund, a distinguished professor of the "Changjiang Scholars" of the Ministry of Education, a leading young and middle-aged scientific and technological innovation leader of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and a leading talent of the national "Ten Thousand Talents Plan". In the past five years, more than 120 SCI papers have been published. In 2017, he was selected into the list of China's Highly Cited Researchers published by Elsevier for the third consecutive year. He is also the only professor from Wuhan University selected into the list in the medical field.
(1) The two reported papers belong to the same period of research
The two reported articles by Li Hongliang were published in "Nature Medicine", titled "Targeting CFLAR to improve non-alcoholic properties in mice and non-human primates" Steatohepatitis" (published online on February 20, 2017, hereinafter referred to as article C) [1] and "The multivesicular body regulatory protein Tmbim1 improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice and monkeys by targeting the lysosomal degradation of Tlr4" (published online on May 8, 2017, hereinafter referred to as T article) [2]. After the
C article was published, the official website of Wuhan University School of Basic Medicine reported, “This study reveals for the first time the key negative regulatory role of CFLAR, an important molecule of natural immunity, in the disease process of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and deeply This article further clarifies its molecular mechanism, which has important clinical guiding significance for the prevention and treatment of NASH. "This paper is the first time that Wuhan University has an independent first author unit and corresponding author unit."
C article and T article. It should be two papers studied at the same time. Previous news reports stated that “the Tmbim1 paper published this time is a concurrent work of CFLAR research” [3]. Both articles are very similar in terms of research content and structure. For example: the CFLAR gene in the C article and the Tmbim1 gene in the T article are both down-regulated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (hereinafter referred to as NASH); by constructing these gene knockout mice, it is proven that the two proteins are related to liver steatosis and inflammation; both proteins are It has the function of inhibiting the progression of NASH. Judging from the magazine receipt dates, the C article was on September 9, 2016, and the T article was on October 2, 2016, less than one month apart. Moreover, Article T quoted Article C in many places.
More direct evidence that the two articles were studied at the same time is that the monkey experiments in the two articles shared the same group of experimental control monkeys. The author also clearly wrote in the T article: "The AAV8 control-injected monkeys are the same as the monkeys in our parallel study." AAV8 is an adenovirus with serotype number 8.
(2) Key monkey experiment
In the C and T articles, in order to verify the therapeutic effects of CFLAR (S1) and Tmbim1 in monkey NASH disease, Li Hongliang et al. designed a very similar experiment (see the figure below), and as above A shared control group was mentioned.
► Screenshot from Figure 6 (a) in C: Experimental flow chart for testing the role of CFLAR(S1) in monkeys with steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome.
► Screenshot from Figure 6 (a) in T: Temporal strategy plot measuring the role of AAV8-mediated human TMBIM1 overexpression in monkey steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome.
Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were purchased from Guangxi Fangchenggang Changchun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. as described in the C text. The research team selected 18 monkeys from a large number according to certain parameters. These monkeys already had moderate fatty liver degeneration, inflammation and fibrosis. They were 8-9 years old and weighed 8-9 kg.
The monkeys were then transported to the Model Animal Research Institute of Wuhan University. Before officially starting the experiment, the monkeys were fed normal food and adapted for 2 weeks.
According to the description in the paper, at the beginning of the experiment (week 0 shown in the schematic diagram), the monkeys were randomly divided into two groups, one was the AAV8-CFLAR (S1) group with 8 monkeys, and the other was the AAV8 control group with 10 monkeys. During the experiment, the monkeys were fasted for 12 hours and water-deprived for 4 hours. Then the surgery officially started with AAV injection. The key part is that the operation requires opening the monkey's abdominal cavity, finding the liver portal vein and injecting it. Within 30 weeks after the injection, they were fed high-fat food twice a day to allow them to develop more severe NASH and MetS (metabolic syndrome) to test whether the introduction of AAV8-CFLAR (S1) can block the progression and improvement of NASH. severe NASH condition." After 30 weeks, monkey liver biopsy and other indicator tests were performed.
Comparing the two papers, the difference between the two experiments is that the T paper claims to observe 32 weeks after AAV injection; while the C paper claims 30 weeks. Of course, the AAV injected in the two experiments was also different, but the same control group of 10 monkeys was used.
(3) One of the suspicions about fraud: the monkey experiment period is insufficient.
Reporter H believes that the key suspicion of fraud occurs in experiments involving monkeys - the actual experimental period is different from the experimental period described in C or T (30 weeks or 32 weeks) is a far cry from that.
whistleblower H stated that 50 monkeys were purchased for this experiment, and the date they arrived at the Model Animal Research Institute of Wuhan University was March 2, 2016; after a 2-week adaptation period, the monkeys were tested on March 16, 2016. Physiological indicators; 50 monkeys were injected with peripheral intravenous AAV on May 6, 2016, and the article submission dates were September 9 for C article and October 2 for T article. If is calculated based on May 6, the periods of the two monkey experiments are at most 18 weeks and less than 22 weeks respectively, which is far less than the 30 weeks and 32 weeks described in the paper.
H provided the "Experimental Monkey Individual Files" of 50 monkeys believed to be from Li Hongliang's laboratory. The sales date indicated in it is March 2, 2016, and the sales approval number is "Guilin Shenhu Zi [2016] No. 14". The destination is "Wuhan". In the "Adaptation Period" section of these documents, the acceptance date marked is "2016.03.02" and the source is "Guangxi Fangchengang Changchun Biotechnology Co., Ltd."
"Intellectuals" further verified the materials provided by H. The purchase of experimental monkeys generally requires approval from the forestry department. In order to find the purchase records of the monkeys mentioned in the paper, Intellectuals reviewed the "Experimental Monkey Purchase and Sales Contract (Agreement)" from the Wuhan Municipal Garden and Forestry Bureau, as well as the Guangxi Forestry Department's online records from January 2015 to the present. Records of administrative approval matters corroborate H’s above statement.
combines the records of the forestry departments of the two places. From the beginning when the seller and the buyer sign a purchase and sale contract and register it with the Wuhan (or) Hubei Forestry Department, to the time when the seller applies to the Guangxi Forestry Department, obtains sales approval, and obtains a transportation certificate, each The records of batches of experimental monkeys sold from Guangxi to Wuhan all match in time; although occasionally the records of one forestry department are missing, most batches of forestry departments in both places have matching records (see the figure below).
► Sales records of experimental monkeys purchased from Guangxi to Wuhan from 2015 to mid-2017, compiled based on the records of the forestry departments in Wuhan and Guangxi. "Intellectuals" drawing
The experimental cynomolgus monkey mentioned in the C and T articles was purchased from Guangxi Fangchenggang Changchun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the destination was the Model Animal Institute of Wuhan University (Editor's note: The Animal Experimental Center of Wuhan University is also Wuhan University Model Animal Research Institute). Judging from the above records, there are two batches that meet this condition: 50 were purchased at one time; 10 were purchased at one time. Moreover, the "Experimental Animal (Cynomolgus) Purchase and Sale Agreement" from the Wuhan Municipal Garden and Forestry Bureau shows that the only signatory of Party A for these two purchases was Li Hongliang.
Take the purchase process of 50 monkeys as an example. Party A, Wuhan University Animal Experiment Center, and Party B, Guangxi Fangchenggang Changchun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., signed the "Experimental Animals (Cynomolgus) Purchase and Sales Agreement" on January 14, 2016 (A Fang’s signature is Li Hongliang). Party B applied to the Guangxi Forestry Department for "approval for the sale, acquisition, and use of terrestrial wild animals or their products" on February 1, specifically "the sale of 50 cynomolgus monkeys to the Animal Experiment Center of Wuhan University", which was completed on February 15 [4] After that, on February 29th, Party B further applied for "issuance of a transportation permit for terrestrial wild animals or their products", specifically "processing a transportation permit for the sale of 50 cynomolgus monkeys to the Animal Experiment Center of Wuhan University", which was completed on February 29th [5 ].
► The Guangxi Forestry Department’s public administrative approval records from February 1st to 15th show that the “sale of 50 cynomolgus monkeys to the Animal Experimental Center of Wuhan University” was completed on February 15th.
► The Guangxi Forestry Department’s administrative approval public records from February 16 to 29 show that the “transportation permit for the sale of 50 cynomolgus monkeys to the Animal Experiment Center of Wuhan University” was completed on February 29.
The above-mentioned Li Hongliang signed to confirm that the purchase of two batches of experimental monkeys registered by the forestry department was further confirmed by "Intellectuals" from a person A from the Wuhan University Animal Experiment Center who did not want to be named. A told "Intellectuals" that monkey resources are very limited. Li Hongliang had done some experiments on mice before, but had not done experiments on monkeys. The monkeys were bought "after the New Year in 2016, which should be when the fund was paid in March." , the first time we started experiments with monkeys." He also mentioned that monkeys were shipped twice, "at the beginning there were 50 monkeys; then there were 10 monkeys."
Records from the Guangxi Forestry Department show that because the last 10 monkeys obtained their transportation certificates on September 29, 2016, it exceeded the submission time of article C to the magazine on September 9, and was too close to the submission time of article T in October. On the 2nd, it can basically be ruled out that this batch is the experimental monkeys used in these two articles.
Moreover, according to the verification of "Intellectuals", it was impossible for the Wuhan University Animal Experiment Center to have other monkeys available for Li Hongliang's above experiments.
Another person from the Animal Experiment Center of Wuhan University, B, as well as A and H, who did not want to be named, told Intellectuals that Li Hongliang became the director of the Animal Experiment Center/A3 Laboratory of Wuhan University in May 2015; Later, it turned out that "almost all the monkeys in the animal experiment center, those who were undergoing experiments and those who were not undergoing experiments, were put to death." After that, 50 more monkeys were purchased for experiments. Wang Yong (one of the authors of the paper), a member of
Li Hongliang’s laboratory and responsible for receiving animals at the Wuhan Animal Experiment Center, told Intellectuals that after going through preliminary procedures with the forestry department, 50 crab-eating monkeys “arrived in early March”; He also said, "They have a dedicated person in charge of the specific experiments (for doing), and they are doing liver metabolism."
However, according to the experimental timetable that has been mastered, when the relevant monkey experiments started is a bit confusing and inconsistent with Li Hongliang's paper.
According to another "Experimental Timetable for the Establishment and Application of Liver Metabolism Monkey Model" (hereinafter referred to as the "Experimental Timetable") provided by H and said to be from Li Hongliang's laboratory, the date of receipt of this batch of monkeys is March 2016. On the 3rd, blood collection of 50 monkeys was conducted on March 15; B-ultrasound, weight, body temperature, body length, and respiratory rate were measured on March 15 and 16.The "Experimental Monkey Individual File" indicates "physiological indicators", the "body surface" examination date is March 16, and the "blood biochemistry" testing unit is Wuhan Dean Medical Laboratory, and the time is also March 16. According to the monkey experimental procedure of the paper, after the monkeys arrive at the Model Animal Research Institute of Wuhan University, they need to be fed ordinary food, adapt to it for two weeks, undergo AAV injection at 0 weeks, and start feeding high-fat food. This seems to be understood as the experiment officially started after two weeks of adaptation.
However, according to the "Experimental Timetable", until March 24, 2016, 8 monkeys were "switched to ordinary monkey feed"; on May 6, 2016, AAV peripheral intravenous (I.V.) was performed on 50 monkeys. Injection; on July 13, 2016, 16 monkeys were "switched to special monkey feed" (it is unclear whether the special feed was the high-fat feed in the paper); but as late as August 3, four injections were carried out one after another. Liver portal vein AAV injection in monkeys. From this experimental record, we cannot accurately know which time point 0 weeks in the paper should correspond to - because according to the paper description, monkey liver portal vein AAV injection should be carried out at 0 weeks, and high-fat food should be started at the same time.
According to the aforementioned records of the Guangxi Forestry Department, even if 50 monkeys obtained transportation permits on February 29 and arrived in Wuhan on the same day, the earliest start time of week 0 would be March 14, two weeks later. Based on this calculation, the time period of the monkey experiment is far less than 30 weeks (text C) or 32 weeks (text T).
whistleblower H believes that "the monkeys only arrived in March and have to go through a 2-week adaptation and quarantine period. No matter how you calculate it, it is not enough for 30 weeks or 32 weeks." He also added, "Specimen testing, data analysis, summarizing experimental results and Writing a paper also takes a lot of time. Anyone who has done scientific research knows that no one can submit a paper on the same day that the specimen is collected."
(4) Fraudulent Suspicion 2: Insufficient number of monkeys used in key experiments.
H believes that the second suspicious point in Li Hongliang’s paper is that the number of monkeys injected with AAV into the liver portal vein is insufficient.
According to the experimental description in Li Hongliang's paper, the total number of monkeys required for liver portal vein injection of AAV in his monkey experiment is 26 , including 8 monkeys in the C article, 8 monkeys in the T article, and 10 control monkeys shared by the two articles related experiments. . However, according to the "AAV Injection Record Form for Monkey (Male) Metabolic Disorder Model" (hereinafter referred to as the "AAV Injection Record Form") from Li Hongliang's laboratory in his possession, H said that "The actual situation is that his experimenters only submitted the article One month ago (August 2016), four monkeys were symbolically injected with hepatoperitoneal adenovirus (AAV). In addition, a peripheral intravenous injection of AAV was done in May, and the injection site was in the limbs. Not liver.
The "Experimental Timetable" mentioned earlier shows that 50 monkeys were injected with AAV peripherally intravenously on May 6, 2016. The situation shown in the above-mentioned "AAV Injection Record Form" is also consistent with this.
This "AAV Injection Record Form" has the handwritten signatures of the operators Huang Zhixiang, Rao Yan, Guo Ming, Liu Jinbiao and Shen Lijun; 50 monkeys were divided into 5 groups (12 in the AAV-GFP group, 9 in the AAV-CAR group, AAV -9 monkeys in the CYL group, 10 monkeys in the AAV-REC group, and 10 monkeys in the AAV-Segment group) were injected with AAV; the AAV injection dose of each monkey was 1 ml. The aforementioned person A confirmed the authenticity of these people's signatures to "Intelligentsia" and believed that this record sheet and the multiple "Monkey (Male) Metabolic Disorder Model Physiological Indicator Record Forms" provided by whistleblower H were authentic. "Intellectuals" carefully checked all the materials provided by the whistleblowers and found no contradictions with each other.
The aforementioned person A said that last year, almost 2 months after the monkey arrived, the monkey was given an intravenous injection in May because it took some time to adapt. The injection site was the intravenous injection of the limbs, not the portal vein of the liver.
"(Intravenous injection of limbs) is the same as injection in humans. If the monkey only gets 1 ml of injection, it can be completed in more than ten seconds because the injection is small." He told "Intellectuals". In addition, H also said that if AAV is injected into the liver's portal vein, the monkey's abdominal cavity needs to be opened. The operation is complicated and cannot be completed in one day.
However, it is worth noting that the peripheral intravenous AAV injection of 50 monkeys on May 6 did not appear in the descriptions of Li Hongliang's two papers.
As H said, the "Experimental Timetable" also shows that one monkey (monkey No. 40 in the AAV-REC group, monkey No. 8 in the AAV-GFP group) was tested on August 3, 4, 10, and 11. Monkey No. 23, monkey No. 23 in the AAV-GFP group, monkey No. 50 in the AAV-Segment group) "intraperitoneal injection, liver sampling".
In addition, H also provided detailed "Monkey Experimental Surgery Records" for each of these four days (there are also pre-experimental records on Days 1 and 2. Although they were also injected into the liver portal vein, the injection was normal saline). These records are basically similar. The name of the subject is "Monkey (Male) Metabolic Disorder Model"; the location of the operation is Room 104 on the first floor of the Laboratory Building of the Animal Experiment Center of Wuhan University; the surgeon is Fang Jing, and there are two assistants (Tian Song and Zhu Xiangyu) and Other participants (including Wang Yong); the "maintenance anesthesia time" of the operation is 3 hours.
Judging from the description of the "operative process", after "cutting the skin and opening the abdominal cavity", "taking out a small piece of liver through wedge biopsy", and then "finding the portal vein", injecting AAV ranging in microliters (note: four The experimental monkey only has monkey A on the 8th, which was done on the 4th. The AV injection site was the left gastric vein; in addition, the injected AAV ml was 0.5 ml for No. 40 in the AAV-REC group, 1 ml for No. 8 and No. 23 in the AAV-GFP group, and 1.5 for No. 50 in the AAV-Segment group. ml).
Person A mentioned above said that as far as he knows, there are "two or three people" who specialize in surgery, and it is impossible for such a small number of people to complete the liver portal vein injection of 50 monkeys in one day. "They can only do one monkey in one day." ". The informant H also said, "No surgeon in the world can complete the liver portal vein injection of 26 monkeys in one day."
Wang Yong recalled to "Intellectuals" that there were two monkey injection experiments. The first impression was "in May" and it was "injected through peripheral blood vessels." But he said that he was only performing the experiment and did not know the design of the experiment; the second time was to open the abdomen and perform portal vein injection into the liver, but he "just did the preparation work such as animal anesthesia, and the surgical operation was completed by others." He It was also mentioned that the operators of the surgery were Fang Jing and Tian Song.
According to the "Author Contribution" of the C article, Fang Jing, Tian Song and Wang Yong did the monkey experiment; and according to the "Author Contribution" of the T article, Fang Jing and Wang Yong did the monkey experiment.
According to the information of whistleblower H, Huang Zhixiang was responsible for receiving the monkeys and participated in the anesthesia during the intravenous injection of the limbs on May 6 and the AAV injection of the monkey's liver portal vein in early August. However, he told the Intellectuals, "You don't have to They called me, but I don’t want to talk about it, it’s that simple, there’s no reason.” Fang Jing, the surgeon who was suspected of performing an AAV injection operation on the portal vein of the monkey's liver, hung up the phone several times when she learned that the call came from "Intellectuals"; "Intellectuals" asked about the details of the monkey's surgery through text messages, but did not receive any information. respond.
Tian Song, who is suspected of being Fang Jing’s assistant, told Intellectuals that it was probably “early last year” that “I injected most of the monkeys, dozens of them”; the injection sites were “mostly portal vein injections, with a few For very obese monkeys, the surgery is very troublesome." "It's a mesenteric injection." "It takes about 1-2 hours for a monkey. The experiment takes a long time. From 8 a.m. to 7 p.m., it's okay to do 5 or 6. ." But he didn't know what the purpose of the experiment was. In the first phone conversation, Tian Song could not remember the specific time of the surgical experiment, but he agreed to send relevant experimental records to Intellectuals via email; however, in the subsequent email Tian Song received, he did not provide any experimental information. turn to "Regarding this incident, our team will respond to you in an appropriate way. We are also helpless when someone repeatedly and maliciously slanders us with very naive 'evidence' that cannot withstand scrutiny. We are a team that does scientific research seriously. There is no So much time spent struggling with this kind of people.”
(5) The school’s investigation conclusion may be announced soon
In order to further verify the facts, Intellectuals asked members of Li Hongliang’s research team. Zhang Xiaojing, who is the first author in both
C and T articles, said that she was not responsible for the monkey experiment, "I don't know much about it, I don't remember it very well"; instead, she was responsible for writing, experimental operations and data analysis.She said that the report "has been investigated clearly before" and "someone deliberately defamed it and is suspected of violating the law", "I can't be more specific." Gong Jun, the first author of the T article, said, "We have so many detailed experimental records out there that everyone can understand at a glance," and then hung up the phone. Zhao Guangnian, who is also the first author of the T article, suggested that Intellectuals inquire with the Academic Committee of Wuhan University.
"Intellectuals" contacted Li Hongliang, the corresponding author of the paper, by email, hoping that he would respond to relevant questions. He initially agreed to meet and talk, and promised that "it will be okay if you want to know or view relevant information after coming to (Wuhan)", but after On the eve of "Intellectual"'s arrival at Wuhan University, his attitude became extremely cautious and he canceled the meeting at short notice.
►Exterior view of Wuhan University Animal Experiment Center. On December 22, 2017, the security guard of the center refused a visit from the Intellectuals and claimed that they had been notified the day before that Li Hongliang had instructed outsiders not to visit without permission.
According to the email provided by whistleblower H, on July 24, 2017, someone reported to the Wuhan University about the monkey experiment in the paper and listed the main doubts. President of Wuhan University Dou Xiankang , Vice President of Wuhan University Zhou Yezhong , , Li Fei, , etc. are all among the recipients of this email.
On December 8, Intellectuals also asked several members of the Academic Committee of Wuhan University whether Wuhan University was aware of the matter and whether there was any investigation. Committee members Deng Zixin and Zhu Yuxian both responded that they had no knowledge; Li Deren, director of the Academic Committee of Wuhan University, said that "the school is organizing an investigation and will handle it seriously." Committee member Shu Hongbing suggested "directly asking the academic committee." A Wuhan University Academic Committee staff member surnamed Zeng told Intellectuals on the phone that "a report was just received not long ago" and "an investigation process has been launched." The Academic Ethics Construction Committee organized an investigation including domestic and foreign experts. "The investigation report should be out before the end of this semester," but "the progress cannot be disclosed" at the moment.
On December 21, "Intellectuals" went to the administrative building of Wuhan University to inquire about the progress again. A staff member of the academic committee said that the investigation by the expert group has concluded and has reached a conclusion. It has been reported to the school's academic ethics construction committee and may end this semester. disclosed before.
On the day Intellectuals arrived at Wuhan University, H came to the office of Huang Taiyan, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission of Wuhan University, to report face to face that Li Hongliang was suspected of academic fraud, and that it might involve more serious economic problems. However, H said that after Huang Taiyan listened to his story, he did not further ask him to provide evidence and verify the investigation. Instead, he emphasized that "the school is currently in a good development situation, and the ESI ranking has gone up." "Li Hongliang is still young and may not have enough experience in management." He also reassured him that if he had any requests, the school would try its best to accommodate them.
"His attitude was very perfunctory. Then he said he had something to do and left first. I took a bag of materials and he didn't even look at it." H told "Intelligentsia".
Acknowledgments: Chen Xiaoxue and Lu Haoran also contributed to this article.
References
[1]Targeting CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and nonhuman primates doi:10.1038/nm.4290
[2]Tmbim1 is a multivesicular body regulator that protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice and monkeys by targeting the lysosomal degradation of Tlr4 doi:10.1038/nm.43341
[3]http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2017-05-09/doc-ifyeycte92 35098.shtml
[4] "Guangxi Forestry Department 2016 Administrative Approval Matters Completion Announcement (February 1st to 15th)" published online by the Guangxi Forestry Department http://www.gxly.cn/ News/Info/08D435C185BFB485648E958D81200000
[5] "Guangxi Forestry Department's 2016 Administrative Approval Matters Completion Announcement" published by the department (February 16th to 29th)》http://www.gxly.cn/News/Info/08D435C178694A2004622D0BB319B800
plate making editor: Drinking water and food |
The content published on this page is prohibited from being reproduced or used without written permission
Public accounts, newspapers and periodicals, etc. For reprinting, please contact for authorization
Intellectuals for a better intellectual life ID: The-Intellectual