1. Background of the article
The great leader Chairman Mao used his troops like a god and led the Chinese people to achieve great victories in the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation.
Chairman Mao was not only a great military strategist, but also a great poet. His poems such as " Qinyuanchun·Snow", "Qinyuanchun·Changsha" and "Langtaosha·Beidaihe" are powerful. Domineering, unbridled, and popular. However, what is little known is that Chairman Mao was also a sports enthusiast who valued physical exercise throughout his life and attached great importance to the development of sports when he was young. What is even less well-known is that most of Chairman Mao's articles we have seen are written in vernacular. However, his classical Chinese writing skills are also very profound. Whether it is rhyming sentences or quoting scriptures, he is very familiar with them.
In the second issue of the third volume of "New Youth" on April 1, 1917, Mao Zedong, who was only 24 years old, published a more than 6,000-word paper in the field of sports - "Research on Sports" in classical Chinese. . Mao Zedong's pen name at that time was "Twenty-Eight Painters". The young Mao Zedong was deeply worried about the situation of "the weakening of national power, the sluggish martial spirit, and the weakening of the nation's constitution." In exploring the road of saving the country and the people, Mao Zedong saw the important role of sports in strengthening the national constitution, promoting martial arts, and saving the nation from danger. In the article "Sports", Mao Zedong elaborated on the four major functions of physical education in "strengthening muscles and bones, increasing knowledge, regulating emotions, and strengthening will". At the same time, he proposed the idea that school education should "pay equal attention to the three educations" and "physical education should occupy the first position". It laid the foundation of Mao Zedong’s sports thought and educational thought. It plays an important leading role in the "new sports" spirit that he proposes in the future, focusing on "developing sports and enhancing people's physical fitness".
Portrait of Mao Zedong in his youth
2. Original text of the paper
Research on Physical Education [1] (April 1, 1917)
The national power is weak, the martial arts is sluggish, and the nation’s constitution is becoming increasingly weak. This is very serious This is a worrying phenomenon. Those who advocate it fail to follow its roots, and it will become ineffective over time. If it remains unchanged for a long time, it will become even weaker. If the husband is destined to reach a far-reaching goal, the external things are the results; if the physical strength is sufficient, the internal things are the causes. If the body is not solid, you will be afraid of soldiers when you see them. What is the benefit of hitting the target and achieving great distance? Solidity lies in training, and training lies in self-consciousness. Today's advocates are not without using various methods, but if they are ineffective, external forces are not enough to move their hearts, and they do not know the true meaning of sports. What is the value of the sports fruit, what is the effect, and where to start are all as unclear as in the fog, and it is appropriate to be ineffective. If you want sports to be effective, you must move people's subjectivity and promote their awareness of sports. If you are self-aware, you can know the terms of sports without saying anything, and the long-term effects of your political policy should come naturally without asking for them. If you are not a sycophant, you deeply feel the importance of sports, and the misdeeds of those who advocate it. Knowing that there are many comrades in the country who are suffering from this disease, there must be many people who feel pity for it. Do not be ashamed of yourself, and offer your foolish opinions for discussion. Not everything he said has been implemented, and there are still many empty words about ideals, so I dare not be deceived. If you don't leave the humiliation behind and give you teachings, you will be humble enough to worship me.
First Interpretation Sports
Since the beginning of the world, there has been ignorance and darkness in the wisdom of the people, and they all know how to protect themselves. Therefore, the weeping weeds in the Western Mountains must be eaten when hungry, and the plums in the wells cannot be swallowed. They are nests and trees for shelter, and skins and beasts are for clothing. When a saint comes out, he will be polite and have moderation in his food and daily life. Therefore, "The son's Yanju is like Shen Shen, and Yaoyao is like it" [4]; "The food is eaten, and the fish is exhausted and the meat is rotten, so he does not eat" [5]; "Shoot in the garden of the hale and hearty phase, and cover the view. It’s like a wall blocking it” [6]. The composition of the human body is no different from the movement of a group, but the movement of a group cannot last a person's life, so there is no restraint in controlling its life. People use moderation to control their lives. The more they fall behind, the brighter they become, so there is physical activity. Sports are the way to maintain health. The East and the West have different understandings: Zhuangzi followed the example of Bo Ding [7], and Zhongni borrowed money from Sheyu [8]; among the civilized countries today, virtue is the most prosperous, and the style of sword fighting spreads throughout the country; Japan There is Bushido, and due to the recent changes in our country, Jiu Jitsu has been created, and it is quite impressive. When considering its content, we must first study the physiology carefully, detailing the structure of the organs and the operation of the veins. Which parts are developed early and which parts are more deficient. This is the program for sports, suppressing the faults and saving the ones who are unable to do so. .Therefore, the conclusion is to make the body develop evenly. From this point of view, sports are the way for human beings to support themselves, to make the body develop evenly and in a regular and orderly manner.
Second, physical education is in our place
Physical education, together with moral education and intellectual education, and morality and wisdom are all based on the body. Without body, there is no morality and wisdom. Those who care about knowledge may be few, or they may think that the most important thing is knowledge, or morality. Knowledge is truly valuable, and this is what makes humans different from animals. What is the value of a disciple's knowledge? Morality is also very valuable, so it is for those who set up a group of people to be fair to others and themselves. What does Gutu's morality contain? The body is the carrier of knowledge and the abode of morality. It carries knowledge like a car, and it contains morality like a horse. The body is a vehicle that carries knowledge and contains the spirit of morality. For children and adults in primary school, primary school should focus on physical development, followed by the improvement of knowledge and the cultivation of morals; maintenance should be the main focus, and teaching and training as a supplement. Many people today don't know this, so there are cases where children get sick or die young because of reading. It is advisable to pay equal attention to the three aspects of education in middle school and above. People nowadays tend to focus on intelligence. In the middle school years, the body's development has not yet been completed, but today there are fewer people who train it and more people who lean on it. Isn't the development likely to be stopped? Our country's school system has a dense curriculum. Even if an adult has a strong body, If you can't do it, how about the minors? How about the weak? It depends on the intention. If the teacher specially sets up such heavy lessons to trap the students, trample their bodies and destroy their lives, those who do not accept them will be punished. Those who have extraordinary intelligence will be asked to read a certain kind of book, they will be encouraged by sweet words, and they will be lured with generous rewards. Alas, this is the so-called son of a thief wife! If a scholar hates the eternity of this life, he will definitely want to destroy it and sacrifice his life without regrets. How can dreams be like this! If a person only has troubles without body and ears, what troubles will he have? If you seek to take good care of your body, other things will follow. There is nothing better than physical education. Physical education actually occupies the first position for us. If we are strong physically, then we can study knowledge and morals bravely and achieve far-reaching results. In our research, it should be regarded as an important part. "Learning has a beginning and an end, and things have an end and a beginning. If you know the sequence, you will get the shortcut." This is what is said.
Third: In the past, the disadvantages of sports and the way we should live our lives
paid equal attention to the three aspects of education. However, in the past, scholars focused on morality and wisdom but neglected body. Its disadvantages are that the body is bent and the head is bowed, and the hands are slender. When climbing mountains, you will feel short of breath, and when you step into water, you will have cramps in your feet. Therefore, there were Yanzi [9] who had a short life, some Jia Sheng [10] who died young, Wang Bo and Lu Zhaolin [11], who were either injured or disabled when they were young. All of these have very high virtue and wisdom. Once the body no longer exists, virtue and wisdom will disappear from there. But the north is strong, and Jin Ge is not tired of dying [12]; Yan and Zhao have many tragic and generous people [13]; there are many martyrs and military ministers Liangzhou [14]. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, Yan Xizhai and Li Gang were masters of both literature and martial arts. Xi Zhai traveled thousands of miles away, learned the art of fencing in the north of the Great Wall, and won a duel with warriors. Therefore, he said: "Is it true that both civil and military affairs are lacking?" Gu Yanwu [16] I am a southerner who likes to live in the north. I don't like to ride on boats but like to ride on horses. These ancient people can all be learned from. Since the
school has started, it has adopted the methods of various countries, and the customs have slightly changed. However, the people who run the school have not broken away from the old and first-rate. They are limited to what they have learned and cannot make sudden changes or pay little attention to it. They are also just outwardly extravagant and do not understand the roots but try to catch up with the weaknesses. Therefore, a foolish view of today's sports is that they are mostly formal but without substance. It is necessary that there are no gymnastics courses and there are no gymnastics teachers. However, few people benefit from gymnastics. It is not only useless but also harmful. The teacher gives an order, and the scholar insists on obeying it. The body obeys but the heart disobeys, and the spirit suffers immeasurable pain. The spirit suffers and the body suffers. At the end of the exercise, there is no one who is ugly, exhausted and mentally injured. If the diet is not clean, inorganic substances and microbial bacteria will enter the body and turn into diseases; if there is insufficient light in the room, the eyesight will suffer a lot; if the length of the desk and chair is not suitable, if the toes are cut to fit, the trunk will suffer; and other similar There are so many of them that it is impossible to exhaust them all.
But what is the plan for our scholars? The facilities of the school and the teachings of the teachers are objective on the outside, but we also have the subjective on the inside. The inner heart of the husband is broken, and the whole body obeys the orders. He seeks all the blessings and misfortunes by himself. I want to be benevolent and benevolent, even more so in sports. If you remain sluggish, even if you make the external world objectively perfect, you will still be unable to benefit from it. Therefore, sports must start from the initiative.
The fourth effect of sports
is for humans as well as for animals, so it is still active. Human beings are rational animals, so they must act in a proper way.But what is the value of this movement? What is the value of this movement with a way? Movement is to make a living, this is a simple word; movement is to defend the country, this is a big statement, all of which are not the original meaning. The thing that moves is to nourish my life and bring joy to my heart. Zhu Zi [17] focuses on respect, and Lu Zi [18] focuses on tranquility. Jing means stillness; Jing means not moving, but stillness. Laozi [19] said, "No movement is the greatest." Shi Shi [20] strives for silence and the method of sitting quietly, which is respected by those who are followers of Zhu Lu. Recently, there is a person like this [21] who talks about the method of sitting quietly and calls himself the god of his method, but despises those who exercise and damages his body. It may be the same thing, but I don't dare to follow it. In a foolish view, the heaven and earth can only move.
Those activities that belong to human beings and have rules to speak of are called sports. As mentioned before, the effect of physical exercise is to strengthen the muscles and bones. I once heard that a person's organs, muscles, and meridians are fixed in time and can no longer be changed. They remain unchanged after the age of twenty-five, but now I know that this is not the case. The human body changes day by day: the function of metabolism is constantly running between various parts and tissues. The eyes can be clear, and the ears can be clear. Even if a person is sixty or seventy, there is still the effect of changing the body, and things will eventually happen. who. I also heard that it is difficult for a weak person to become strong, but now I also know that this is not true. A person who is born strong abuses his strength and does not give up on all kinds of desires, so as to gradually rob his body. He claims that he is born with good skills. This is enough, and he still needs to be trained. Therefore, the strongest person may eventually become the weakest person. . As for the weak, they should always be aware of their own imperfections, fear that their lives will not last forever, and be conscientious and self-sustaining: on the negative side, they should avoid cravings and do not dare to suffer losses; on the positive side, they should train themselves diligently and gain what they cannot. Over time, it changed and became stronger. Therefore, those who are born strong do not need to be happy, and those who are born weak do not need to be sad. Whether I was born weak, or God tempted me to become strong, I don’t know. Famous sportsmen from the East and West, such as Roosevelt for beauty, Sun Tang for virtue, and Kano from Japan, all used their weak bodies to achieve the most powerful effects. I have also heard that the mind and body cannot be complete. People who use their thoughts often lack their bodies, while those who are physically strong often lack their thoughts. This is also absurd. This cover refers to a person with weak ambition and weak conduct, not necessarily a gentleman. Confucius died at the age of seventy-two, and there was no news that he was in poor health; Sakyamuni [23] preached frequently and died at a high age; Xiesu [24] unfortunately died unjustly; as for Mahamo [25], he held the classics on the left and the right Holding a sharp sword and conquering a lifetime, these are the so-called saints in ancient times, and they are also the greatest thinkers. Today, Mr. Wu Zhiyong (26) is more than seventy years old, and he claims to be more than a hundred years old. He is also a thinking person; . Why do you think this is how to eliminate evil? In short, if you exercise diligently, you can strengthen your muscles and bones, and if you strengthen your muscles and bones, your physique can change, your weak body can become strong, and your body and mind can be harmonized. This is not destiny but all human power.
is not only a strong muscle, but also enough to increase knowledge. There is a saying in recent times: Civilization depends on the spirit, barbarism depends on the body. This is true. If you want to civilize your spirit, you must first savage your body; if you savage your body, the spirit of civilization will follow. The matter of knowledge is to understand the things in the world and judge their principles. This must be based on the body. Intuition relies on the ears and eyes, and thinking relies on the brain. The ears, eyes, and brain are called the body. The body is complete and knowledge is complete, so it can be said that knowledge can be obtained indirectly from sports. The study of encyclopedia in this world, no matter whether it is studied independently in school, must be capable of doing it. Those who are capable of the task are physically strong; those who are not capable of the task are considered weak. There are strong and weak points, and the areas assigned to them are different.
is not only for increasing knowledge, but also enough to improve emotions. Emotions are extremely powerful for people. The ancients used reason to control it, so it was said that "the master is always worried", and it was also said that "reason controls the heart". However, reason comes from the heart, and the heart resides in the body. It is often observed that weak people are often enslaved by emotions and unable to extricate themselves; people with incomplete facial features and missing limbs are often trapped in one-sided emotions, and rationality is not enough to save them. Therefore, it is not easy to understand that the body is healthy and the emotions are upright. For example: When we encounter something unpleasant, we are stimulated by it, and our mind is shaken, which is difficult to stop. If we just take some serious and urgent exercise, we can immediately get rid of the old ideas and make the mind clear again. You can stand and wait.
is not only good at regulating emotions, but also enough to strengthen the will. This is especially true of the great effect of sports. The main purpose of husband's sports is martial arts. The eye of martial arts, if it is fierce, if it is not fearful, if it is daring, if it is durable, it is determined by the will. To illustrate, a cold bath is enough to practice violence and fearlessness, and it is also enough to practice daring.All kinds of sports have the benefit of practicing endurance if they are continued without modification. For example, long-distance racing is especially beneficial in the practice of endurance. Fu's power is unparalleled in the world (28), it's just fierce; he doesn't kill Loulan and vows not to return it (29), he's not afraid of it; he turned his family into a country, it's just a dare; he stayed outside for eight years and passed through its door three times without entering (30) 〕, only durable. All the basics can be learned from the basics of daily physical education. Will is also the forerunner of solidifying life and career.
Those with small limbs behave frivolously, those with flabby skin have weak minds, and the same is true for the influence of the body on the mind. The effect of physical education is to strengthen the muscles and bones, thereby increasing knowledge, regulating emotions, and thus strengthening the will. The muscles and bones are our body; the knowledge, emotions, and will are our heart. Both body and mind are in good condition, which is called being at peace. My old husband, sports are not for him, they only nourish my life and make my heart happy.
The fifth reason why it is not good to exercise
Exercise is the most important thing in sports. Many scholars today are not good at exercising. There are four reasons for this: one is lack of self-awareness. When something is seen through behavior, one must first feel happy about it, and especially one must first have the wisdom to understand the matter clearly and thoroughly. The one who knows clearly and thoroughly what is the reason is the self-conscious mind. Many people don't know how exercise is related to them, or they don't know its general outline. They don't have a close and rigorous attitude, so they can't develop their wisdom, because they can't move their emotions. Those who are able to study various sciences tirelessly will be concerned about their own interests. If they do not do it today, they will not be able to make a living in the future. However, there is no such awareness in sports. Half of the blame for this is due to his own inability to think deeply, and half of the blame is due to the teacher not knowing why. An old habit is hard to get rid of. Our country has always valued literature, but after being ashamed of it, there is a saying that "a good man is not a soldier." Although we know the principles of exercise and the strengthening effect of exercise in various countries, the power of old ideas is still strong, and the movement of new ideas is still mixed in the list of welcome and rejection, so it is not surprising that it is not easy to exercise. On the one hand, the promotion is weak. There are two kinds of this: First, most of the so-called educators today are not familiar with sports. I don’t know physical education, I only know the name, and I practice physical education accordingly. Therefore, I am not sincere in doing it, so I have no skills in practicing it, so I lose the scholar’s interest in research. A profligate man talks about being self-reliant, and a indulgent man talks about drinking sparingly, but no one believes in him. Secondly, most of those who teach gymnastics are unlearned, speak vulgar language, and those who hear it have their ears blocked. They only know this one skill, and they may not be perfect at it. Those who see it every day are just mechanical movements. If a practitioner has only formality but no spirit to concentrate on it, his work will not survive in a day, and this is exactly what gymnastics is today. One scholar regarded sports as something to be ashamed of. From a foolish perspective, this is actually the biggest reason for not exercising. The husband's clothes are loose, his movements are halted, and his eyes are relaxed but still dull. This is a beautiful state, and it is what society values. Suddenly you open your arms and bare your feet, stretch your limbs and bend your body. What is wrong with this? Rather than being so strange and evil? So there are people who know that the body must move, and even want to do it, but can't do it; there are people who move in groups and people who stop. It can move, but it cannot move alone; it can move if it is in a private room, but it cannot move in a large crowd. In a word, shy thoughts are the ears. All four are reasons for not being able to exercise. The first and fourth are subjective, and it is up to oneself to change them; the second and third are objective, and it is up to others to change them. A gentleman seeks for himself, but others can listen to him.
Sixth Method of Exercise Your young man
foolishly injures himself and is weak because he wants to study the art of hygiene. There are many people who have paid attention to the ancients. Nowadays, there are gymnastics in schools and books in the shops. It is difficult to benefit from the endless thoughts and affairs. For this matter, it is not about words, but about practice. If you can practice it, it is enough to get one and a half methods. Zeng Wenzheng [31] practiced the method of washing feet before sleeping and taking a thousand steps after eating, and gained a lot. There was an old man who was still healthy at the age of eighty. He asked him, "I just don't have enough food to eat my ears." In today's gymnastics, all the methods are spread out, and they are all exhausted. Wouldn't it be better to stop at hundreds of kinds? The nest forest stops at one branch, drinking from the river. It ends with a full stomach. We only have this body and ears, but these organs and organs are hidden in the bones of the organs. Although there are many methods, it is just to make the blood flow. The effect of one law is the same. The effect of one law is the same, and the effect of hundreds of laws is the same. Then the remaining ninety-nine laws can be abolished. The eyes can see without seeing twice, the ears can hear without hearing twice, and the muscles and bones can be exercised in a hundred ways, which is disturbing. If you want it to be effective, you have not seen that it can be effective. A husband who responds to the various uses is different from a person who forges his own body. The wave bridge is suitable for sailing, the holding pole is suitable for reaching heights, games are suitable for elementary school, and military style is suitable for middle school and above. This can be used in various ways. Exercising the muscles makes the blood flow, and this is the way to strengthen one's body.Those who use it in various directions should use more methods, and those who train their own bodies should use less methods. Recent scholars have often misunderstood this meaning, so there are two faults: one is that those who are good at exercise think that more is a good thing, and if they want to have a body for one person, all kinds of things are available, which will not benefit the body; the other is that those who are not good at exercise see others There are many skills, but I know few of them, so I will abandon them and not practice them. It is appropriate to have more, but not necessarily good. If the work is vast and desolate, why is it so valuable? If it is too little, it is not necessarily unwholesome. Even if it is normal to bend and stretch one hand and one foot, it is still beneficial. Once you understand this, there will be progress in sports.
Seventh things you should pay attention to when exercising
Everything should be done with perseverance, and the same goes for exercise. There are two people here, and when it comes to exercise, if one person works and stops, and the other person is unremitting to the end, it will be effective or not. Movement and perseverance can first generate interest. Anyone who is still cannot take the initiative, and there must be a reason to move. There is no excessive interest in moving. Any science is suitable to arouse interest from many parties, but this is especially true in sports. People are very relaxed when they are quiet, and they are very tired when they are active. People always like to be relaxed and hate to work. If there is nothing to promote them, it is not enough to change their likes and dislikes. And this interest arose because of constant exercise every day. It is best to do two exercises before going to bed. Naked body is the best, followed by thin clothes. Too many clothes will be a hindrance. Taking it as daily routine makes the concept of this movement connected and continuous. Today's movement inherits yesterday's movement and causes tomorrow's movement. It doesn’t need to be long each time, thirty minutes is enough. Such a spontaneous interest arises. Secondly, it can produce happiness. As the exercise lasted for a long time, the results were great, and a sense of one's own value arose. If you study it, you will be competent and happy; if you cultivate virtue, you will have merit over time, and your heart will be infinitely happy, which is also achieved by perseverance. There is a difference between happiness and interest: interest is the beginning of movement, happiness is the end of movement; interest is born from the progress, and happiness is born from the result. The two are different.
is permanent, but if you don’t use it carefully, it will be difficult to be effective. Walking around looking at flowers, even if you look at them day by day, you still don’t look at them. My heart is singing "Hong" swans (32). Although I have learned from you, don't be like it. Therefore, there is a way to focus on exercise. When exercising, the mind is in motion, letting go of idle thoughts and distractions, letting the mind focus on how the blood circulates, how the muscles relax, how the joints repeat, how the breath goes in and out, and operates according to the joints, bending, extending, advancing and retreating, all in a solid manner. Zhu Zi said that he was not at ease with anything. He said that when eating, he thinks about eating, and when dressing, he thinks about dressing. When you focus on movement, it is also the case.
Civilized and submissive [33], the appearance of a gentleman, although it is not related to sports. Exercise should be awkward. The cavalry and the gunfire, ten swings and ten battles [34], the muttering of the mountains, the roar of the wind and clouds, the strength of the king of Xiang's mountain, the courage to pass through the base of the base [35], the way is still crude and clumsy, and has nothing to do with delicacy. thing. The aggressiveness of movement should be brute, and brute means strong energy and strong muscles and bones. The method of exercise should be clumsy, and if clumsy means you should be true to your abilities, it will be easy to practice. Both of these are especially important for those who are new to sports.
There are three things that should be paid attention to in movement (movement): one is persistence; the other is focusing on strength; the third is being clumsy. There are many people that he should pay attention to, and those who are important are like this.
The Eighth Movement - Discussion
Foolishness is roughly involved in various sports, and they are all external and not worthy of one's own experience. It is to draw out the advantages of various sports and form a movement of its own, so as to gain the benefits of this movement. Quite a lot. It is generally divided into six sections: hands, feet, trunk, head, striking movements, and coordination movements. There are sections within the paragraphs, and there are seven sections in every twenty. It is called six sections, hence the name "six sections movement". I will describe it hereafter. The gentlemen of this world are fortunate to be taught the right way.
1. Hand movements and sitting postures.
1. Make a fist, bend and stretch forward, and join the left and right movements three times (for left and right movements, move left and breathe right, move right and breathe left, and they complement each other).
2. Make a fist, bend the elbow, move forward and backward in a semicircle, and move left and right, three times.
3. Make a fist, bend and stretch forward and downward, and move the right and left together three times (if the left and right are combined, the movements are not mutually exclusive).
4. Lift your hand outwards and take it from left to right, three times.
5. Take it with your hands outward, and touch it from left to right, three times.
6. Stretch your fingers, bend your elbows and stab in front of your body, three times to the left and right.
2. Foot movements and sitting posture.
1. Make a fist and hang it left and right. With the feet in place, bend forward once, extend diagonally backward, and move from left to right, three times.
2. Make a fist with your hands flat in front. One side of the foot is extended and the other is bent forward. Those who stretch can change their positions, while those who bend can only stand on their toes, buttocks and heels connected, and move from left to right, three times.
3. Make a fist and hang it left and right. Take one foot and uncover it, apply it to the left and right, three times.
4. Make a fist and hang it left and right.Kick forward with one foot and one foot, and join with the left and right, three times.
5. Make a fist and hang it left and right. One foot is bent forward and the other is extended backward. The flexed person should stay in the original position, and the extended person should change the position. The two feet should be slightly in a straight line, and the left and right sides should be joined three times.
6. Hands release fists. Squat with the whole body together, with the hips and heels slightly connected when squatting, three times.
3. Movement of the trunk and posture.
1. Bend forward and backward three times (make a fist with your hands, the same below).
2. Stretch your hand up and down. Stretch the left and right chest and ribs, once on each side.
3. The hand hangs on one side and the other side hangs diagonally in front. Stretch the left and right back ribs, once on each side.
4. T-shaped potential. Swing your hands left and right, twist your waist and sides, once on each side.
4. Head movement and sitting posture.
1. Bend the head forward and backward, three times.
2. Turn your head left and right, three times.
3. Massage the forehead, cheeks, nose, lips, throat, ears, and back of the neck with your hands.
4. Free movement. Keep the general position of the head still, and intentionally move the skin and jaw, five times.
5. Percussion movements are not fixed (percussion movements are performed by punching all over the body to make the blood flow and the muscles are strong, which is the master of this movement).
1.Hands. The right hand hits the left hand, and the left hand hits the right hand.
(1) Forearm. Above, below, left, right.
(2) back arm. Above, below, left, right.
2.shoulder.
3. boobs.
4. Flank.
5.back.
6. Abdomen.
7.hips.
8. Legs. Upper legs, lower legs.
6. Harmonious movement, no fixed trend.
1. Dance, more than ten times.
2. Take a deep breath, three times.
The second cover of the third volume of "New Youth" clearly states "Research on Sports" Twenty-Eight Painters
"Research on Sports" Original text
Notes
[1] This article is signed "Twenty-eight Painters", that is, Mao Zedong The three characters in traditional Chinese have a total of twenty-eight strokes. In March 1958, People's Sports Publishing House printed this article into a separate volume under the same signature for internal distribution. In August 1979, the eighth issue of "New Sports" was published again. In December of the same year, the People's Sports Publishing House published a separate volume, with the signature changed to Mao Zedong, and was collated, with new punctuation and annotations, and vernacular explanations. .
〔2〕Xishan Zhiwei, see "Historical Records·Biography of Boyi ". Brothers Boyi and Shuqi did not want to inherit the throne of Lord Guzhu, so they fled to Shouyang Mountain to hide their names. King Wu of Zhou launched an army to attack King Zhou of Yin. The two brothers did not take it seriously and stopped their horses to dissuade him. After King Wu of Zhou conquered the world, Boyi and Shuqi were ashamed of eating the food of the Zhou Dynasty. They ate wild weeds at the foot of the Western Mountain and died of starvation.
〔3〕Inoue Li, see "Mencius: Teng Wengong Xia". Chen Zhongzi was born during the Warring States Period. He thought it was unjust for his brother to be a high official and did not want to live in his family, so he fled to Chu with his wife and made a living by weaving hemp shoes. Once, when he hadn't eaten for three days, he saw some plums half eaten by insects on the well, and he couldn't help but crawl over and eat them.
[4] See "The Analects of Confucius·Shuer".
[5] See "The Analects of Confucius Xiangdang".
〔6〕See "Book of Rites·Sheyi". The original text is "Confucius shot at the garden of hale and hearty figures, covering the spectators like a wall." The handsome man is located to the west of Queli in Qufu City, Shandong Province.
〔7〕See "Zhuangzi·Health Preserver". Zhuangzi, also known as Zhuang Zhou (about 369 BC - 286 BC), was a philosopher during the Warring States Period. A native of Meng, Song Dynasty (now northeast of Shangqiu County, Henan Province). The book describes a chef who butchered a cow because the knife always followed the path of the cow's bones and muscles, so the knife was never dull. Zhuang Zhou then realized that "depending on Dali" and "because it is the case" are the ways to maintain health, so he wrote the chapter "The Master of Health Preservation", which basically means that there is a way to maintain health. If you do not take good care of it, it will harm your health, and you are not the master of health preservation.
〔8〕 refers to Confucius’s way of maintaining health through archery and driving. Confucius regarded the six skills of etiquette, music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy, and mathematics as educational content. Archery and charioteering were sports.
[9] Yan Zi, Yan Yuan , a student of Confucius, see note [6] on page 61 of this book.
〔10〕Jia Sheng, Jia Yi, was a political commentator and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. See note [7] on page 61 of this book.
[11] Wang Bo, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. See note [8] on page 61 of this book. Lu Zhaolin, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. See note [8] on page 61 of this book.
[12] See "The Doctrine of the Mean".The original text is: "Confucius said: 'The strength of the south is the same as the strength of the north... The strength of the north is the same as the strength of the north.'"
[13] See "The Complete Works of Han Changli" Volume 20 "Send" Preface by Dong Shaonan". The original text is: "In ancient times, Yan and Zhao were known as people who lamented and sang songs with emotion." Yan and Zhao were both country names during the Warring States Period, and their territory was roughly equivalent to today's Hebei and Shanxi Provinces.
〔14〕Liangzhou, Ming Hongwu was the guard of Liangzhou. In the second year of the reign of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1724), it was changed to a prefecture, and its jurisdiction was similar to the counties of Wuwei, Yongchang, Minqin, Tianzhu, Gulang, and Yongdeng in Gansu Province today. It was abolished in 1913.
〔15〕Yan Xizhai (1635-1704), whose name was Yuan and whose courtesy name was Yizhi. His nickname is Hunran, his nickname is Xi Zhai, and he is from Bo Yeren in Hebei Province. Thinker and educator in the early Qing Dynasty. The study of knowledge advocates practice, hard work, endurance of cravings, hard work of muscles and bones, practice of six arts, and knowledge of world affairs, so as to prepare for the use of the world and the country. He also specializes in martial arts. Li Gangzhu (1659-1733) was named Shugu. A native of Li County, Hebei Province. He studied under Yan Yuan when he was young, and later developed Yan's theory, which is known as "Yan and Li's School". Through the Five Classics and Six Arts, it is advocated that knowledge should be combined with practicality. In his later years, he renovated the Xi Zhai School and gave lectures there, attracting many traveling disciples.
〔16〕Gu Yanwu (1613-1682), courtesy name Ningren, was born in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province. He was a thinker and scholar in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. When he was young, he participated in the "Fushe" struggle against the eunuchs and powerful people. The Qing soldiers went south to join forces with others to rebel against the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty. After the failure, they traveled around with the intention of recovering. Later, he immersed himself in reading and writing. He taught practical affairs and had democratic ideas. He became one of the academic masters in the early Qing Dynasty.
〔17〕Zhu Zi, also known as Zhu Xi (1130-1200), with the character Yuanhui and the nickname Hui'an, also known as Ziyang, was a native of Huizhou Wuyuan (now part of Jiangxi). Philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty. He once served as editor and editor of Secret Pavilion. Pay attention to classics. Philosophically, he developed the theories of two Chengs ( Cheng Hao , Cheng Yi ) on the relationship between Li and Qi, integrating the great achievements of Neo-Confucianism and establishing an objective idealist Neo-Confucian system, which is known as the Cheng-Zhu School in the world.
〔18〕Lu Zi, also known as Lu Jiuyuan (1139-1193), courtesy name Zijing, alias Cunzhai, was born in Jinxi, Fuzhou (now part of Jiangxi). Philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty. When the official arrived, Feng Yilang learned about the Jingmen Army. His studies were greatly influenced by Cheng Hao, and together with his brothers Jiushao and Jiuling, they were called the "School of Sanluzi". He proposed the theory of "mind is reason" and believed that "the only person who knows the basics of learning is my footnotes on the Six Classics." His theory was later inherited and developed by Wang Shouren of the Ming Dynasty and became the King of Lu School.
〔19〕Laozi, whose surname is Li Ming'er and whose courtesy name is Dan, was born in the Zhou Dynasty and is the author of " Tao Te Ching ".
〔20〕Shishi, refers to the founder of Buddhism Sakyamuni.
〔21〕Yinshizi, named Jiang Weiqiao, has practiced meditation for decades and is the author of "Yinshizi Meditation Method".
[22] Roosevelt, see note [31] on page 57 of this book; Sun Tang, see note [11] on page 62 of this book; Gardner, see note [11] on page 62 of this book.
〔23〕Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism.
[24] Xiesu, that is, Jesus, the savior believed in by Christianity, is called Christ. Preached throughout Judea. Later he was crucified for reforming Judaism. See note [5] on page 20 of this book.
[25] Mahamo refers to Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
〔26〕Wu Zhiyong, also known as Wu Tingfang (1842-1922), courtesy name Wenjue, was born in Xinhui, Guangdong. He studied abroad in his early years. He has successively served as minister to the United States, Peru, Mexico, Cuba and other countries. After the Revolution of 1911, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Justice.
〔27〕Wang Xiangqi, also known as Wang Kaiyun (1833-1916), courtesy name Renqiu, was born in Xiangtan, Hunan. Modern scholar and writer. He once gave lectures in Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi and other places. In the late Qing Dynasty, he was awarded the title of reviewer of the Hanlin Academy and was awarded the title of lecturer. After the Revolution of 1911, he served as the director of the Qing History Museum. He studied the classics "Poetry", "Li" and "Spring and Autumn", and the patriarchal clan Gongyang. The poetry mainly imitates the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties in form, and is highly praised by the ancient school in the late Qing Dynasty.
〔28〕See "The Chronicles of Xiang Yu" in Volume 7 of "Historical Records". The original text is "Strengthening the mountains and overwhelming the world".
〔29〕 Loulan was a Shanshan Kingdom in the Western Regions during the Han Dynasty. Its king colluded with the Xiongnu rulers, intercepted and killed Han Dynasty envoys many times, and repeatedly invaded the Han territory. Fu Jiezi (? - 65 BC) was a native of the Northern District of the Western Han Dynasty (now northwest of Qingyang, Gansu Province). He invited himself to attack Loulan, and vowed not to come back until he killed King Loulan. As expected, he brought King Loulan's head back to the Han Dynasty.
〔30〕It is said that Xia Yu devoted himself to controlling floods. After eight years away from home, his hands and feet became calloused, and he passed by his house three times without even entering.
[31] Zeng Wenzheng, that is, Zeng Guofan . See note [2] on page 9 of this book.
〔32〕See "Mencius Gaozi 1". The original text is: "Today Fu Yi's number is a decimal number. If you don't concentrate on it, you won't be able to do it. Yi Qiu, the good Yi Qiu in the country, makes Yi Qiu teach two people. One of them is dedicated, but Yi Qiu is the only one who listens; although one person is good at Yi Qiu. Hearing this, he thought that a swan was coming, and he thought of using his bow to shoot at it. How could he be so smart as to be like this? "
[33] The ancients praised it. King Wen of Zhou "Civilized on the outside but pliable on the inside".
〔34〕Ten Dang Ten Jue refers to the story that Xiang Yu was heavily surrounded by Liu Bang in Gaixia (now Lingbi County, Anhui), with only ten cavalry left. He rushed into the Han army's position ten times, but broke through the gap and rushed out. .
[35] Youji, that is, Yang Youji. Yi Zuoji, a doctor of the Chu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, was an expert in archery with perfect accuracy. In the battle of Yanling (now northwest of Yanling, Henan) in the 16th year of the Chu Communist King (575 BC), he and Pan Dang tested fire before the war, and one shot penetrated seven layers of armor leaves. During the war, Jin general Wei Qi shot King Chu in the eye. King Chu asked him to shoot back. He shot Wei Qi to death with one arrow and hit the target with consecutive shots, preventing the Jin army from pursuing him.
