Original title: Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum "Venus" with a severed arm was discovered in the figurine pit. What kind of gorgeous clothes was she wearing 2,200 years ago? Exclusive interview with the China Silk Museum expert team responsible for costume restoration.
When I woke up, a thousand years had passed...
had been sleeping under the soil for more than 2,200 years. When the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum "K9901 Pit" was unveiled, people saw a different Qin Terracotta Warriors. ——
The posture is very ceremonial and looks like a "dance", which is completely different from the Terracotta Warriors where they stand like a pine and sit like a bell.
Among them, the topic of the prone figurine No. 28 with hidden mysterious fingerprints quickly became a hot search on the Internet. Netizens exclaimed, "Is it doing yoga?" Clear fingerprints found more than 2,000 years ago! Analysis by Hangzhou criminal investigation experts: How to determine from fingerprints whether the maker was a young craftsman? 》)
What attracts public attention is the figure No. 4 unearthed in the same tunnel, with a tall figure and painted life-like armor. Clothes.
Netizens commented, "It's like what Zixia Fairy said in the play: The person I love is a peerless hero. One day he will come to marry me wearing golden armor and holy clothes and riding on colorful auspicious clouds..."
Recently, The Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum Museum announced an expert interpretation of the latest conservation research results of "K9901 Pit".
Based on the analysis of the expression forms, images, movements and other factors of this batch of figurines, it is preliminarily judged that they are the figurines of the Qin Dynasty's palace entertainment activities.
Orange Persimmon Interactive learned that in June 2022, on the eighth anniversary of the successful application of Silk Road as a World Heritage site , experts from the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum Museum and the China Silk Museum gathered in Hangzhou to jointly display the 4 unearthed "K9901" Preliminary results of the research on the restoration of costumes of figurines.
What kind of clothes did the ancients look like more than two thousand years ago?
To this end, Chengshi Interactive interviewed the China Silk Museum expert team responsible for the restoration of the costumes of Figure 4.
Face to face with the Qin Terracotta Warriors:
"It is like the broken-arm Venus of the Qin Dynasty "
Every Qin Terracotta Warrior standing in front of you is like a real person who lived through that era...
Baixi The unearthing of the figurines revealed a new category of pottery figurines of the Qin Dynasty to people today, and vividly displayed a colorful acrobatic world 2,200 years ago.
Yang Rulin, associate research librarian of the China Silk Museum, has come face to face with the No. 4 figurine many times.
"Different from the majestic Terracotta Warriors and Horses, its shape seems to be making an elegant movement: standing upright, twisting the body slightly to the side, raising the left arm, placing the right arm on the chest, with incomplete hands.
It is like a statue from the Qin Dynasty. The 'Venus' statue of the dynasty, with its incomplete beauty, has given the world unlimited reverie..."
The No. 4 figurine in front of her still has a deep memory in her mind. "Its body is very muscular, and its exposed calves are strong, like a man. "
The China Silk Museum is located next to the West Lake in Hangzhou. It is a key scientific research base of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage for the protection of textile cultural relics. There is only one authoritative research institution like
in Hangzhou in the country. Since
launched the No. 4 Terracotta Warriors Clothing Restoration Project with the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum Museum, the National Silk Museum has been led by museum leaders many times to come face to face with the "Hundred Opera Terracotta Warriors" from Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum.
This time, the research cooperation project on the restoration of costumes of Figurine No. 4 is led by Deputy Curator Zhou Yang, with Yang Rulin and Long Bo as the backbone of the project.
This is a research cooperation project that spans multiple disciplines: including design, history, clothing, textiles, chemistry, aesthetics, art and other fields.
It seems to be alive
The clothes are fluttering and still dancing...
When Yang Rulin, who is in his 30s, began to engage in research on the restoration of ancient costumes, he was still a girl in her 20s. Before she knew it, ten years had passed.
When facing the various costumes from ancient times in the exhibition hall of the National Silk Museum, it is difficult to imagine how they looked when they were originally buried deep in the ground. They were just fragments or even strands of broken silk. They were beautiful but extremely fragile... ...
has gone through technical challenges and time, and is fully presented to the public. The difficulty in the middle is unimaginable.
For example, in November 2006, a tomb was discovered in Wangdian, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, where Li Xiang and his wife and concubines were buried together in the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty.
In the Jiangnan area, it is rainy and humid, and the groundwater level is high. In addition, due to the age, the tombs are not well sealed, and the corpses have become severely rotten.
One of the Ming Dynasty round-neck robe was damaged into four pieces when it was unearthed. The clothing fabrics were all discolored, and there were mold, contamination, incompleteness, cracks, threads, gold foil peeling off and other diseases.
After emergency protection and cleaning at the archaeological site, the round-neck robe still had obvious black stains.
Museum researchers analyzed through electron microscope energy spectrum and infrared spectrum. This black stain was the blood stain of the tomb owner.
We use scientific cleaning methods and use tea saponin and other cleaning agents to eventually lighten the blood.
Cleaning and decontamination are just one process for ancient clothing. Complete restoration still requires dozens of technical processes, which is unimaginably difficult.
Another example is the figurine No. 4. After being unearthed, its body was already broken due to sleeping underground for more than two thousand years.
When Yang Rulin saw it, the painted realistic clothing on its torso had peeled off in large areas and was beyond recognition.
More than two thousand years have passed, but she feels that it is still alive, and its fluttering clothes are still dancing...
So, what kind of costumes should the ancients of more than two thousand years ago wear? People are full of speculation.
Its perfect restoration is a major issue facing the China Silk Museum.
Clouds think of clothes, flowers think of appearance ...
Seeing the clouds in the sky, I can't help but think of her clothes...
The poem "Clouds think of clothes, flowers think of appearance" in " Qingping Diao " by Li Bai can sum up Yang Rulin's mood. .
Facing Figurine No. 4, it is not difficult to imagine: the craftsman more than two thousand years ago not only wanted to sculpt a pottery figurine, he wanted to use it to showcase his artistic talent, and also to leave a legacy for future generations. A masterpiece.
Starting from the foot pedal, the maker has already started to create art, starting from the two feet upward, followed by the calves, skirts, tops, and up to the collar.
is 1.57 meters tall (the head is missing), without any pretense or tweaking.
's head and arms have been broken, and it is difficult to put them together and repair them completely, but it does not affect people today at all, and they can appreciate the passion of the craftsmen back then when they created it.
Yang Rulin and his colleagues found that the top of figurine No. 4 should be a "nail armor suit."
Counting, there are nearly a hundred of them. The majestic figurine body looks like a large city gate studded with bubble nails.
The position of each bubble nail and is not arranged mechanically, but as the figurine body twists, flexibly arranged to create a curve of movement.
Yang Rulin said, "We found traces of modifications, and the positions of several bubble nails were displaced. It can be seen that the craftsmen at that time were very striving for perfection and worked hard to create a sporty life form."
4 figurine's bubble nail armor suit is also It may look like a fine silk brocade.
Based on the mottled imprint residue, the team restored what it should have looked like: the brocade clothes were studded with eight-pointed star patterns.
"This kind of exquisite pattern will not use ordinary linen or cotton, but brocade made of high-quality silk.
The technique of brocade was an exquisite textile craft of that era, and the pattern images can be realistic or freehand. , very romantic. When you wear it, you will dance more gracefully and expressively." The neckline of figurine No.
4 also has a bow, which acts as a tie, and is more beautiful and artistic than buttons.
The cuffs and hem of the brocade garment have exquisite braided bands with exquisite and complex patterns.
Each geometric pattern is even smaller than a fingernail.
Yang Rulin said, "This is also called a ribbon. This kind of weaving technology, such as Chu Tomb No. 1 in Mashan, Jiangling, and Han Tomb in Mawangdui, all have such ribbon designs."
"The craftsmanship is both exquisite and complicated, even today The advanced machine weaving is also difficult to copy. In the later stage, we have to rely on hand-weaving technology to accurately copy it. "The lower garment of figurine No.
html is a pair of culottes, covered with exquisite cloud patterns.Yang Rulin said, “This pattern has also been found on other Qin Dynasty cultural relics...”
Facing the exquisite Qin terracotta warriors, she said, “In fact, judging from the ancient costumes, today’s people have come a long way. Far less exquisite than the ancients.
I really want to travel back to that dynasty and see with my own eyes their fluttering clothes..."
Who destroyed it? Who are the craftsmen?
The Qin terracotta warriors came to this world as real people
"Although it is a terracotta warrior, he should have existed as a real person. In fact, each Qin terracotta warrior is realistic, and each terracotta warrior has its own unique appearance and expression. Thousands of people with thousands of faces. Facing the Qin Terracotta Warriors is like facing a living person who once lived..." Yang Rulin expressed his and his team's experience in studying the No. 4 Terracotta Warriors.
Therefore, it is not difficult for us to imagine that more than 2,200 years ago, there was such a real person -
He wore a bow tie, a brocade dress with spiked nails, a cloud-like skirt, and exposed his strong calves, dancing in the palace... …
A craftsman used his intelligence to carve a one-to-one replica of his movements and upper garments into a Qin warrior, and buried it deep underground.
If it were not for the subsequent fire, it would have become almost eternal...
In the K9901 burial pit where the No. 4 figurine is located, archaeologists found traces of charcoal burned by fire.
html Figure 04, Supine Figure 28 and many broken pottery figurines and horses are "lying" at the bottom of the pit, surrounded by fire-burned earth.suffered a disaster here. So, is it a natural disaster or a man-made disaster?
The Qin Terracotta Warriors Pit Archaeological Team once proposed in the "No. 1 Briefing on the Test Excavation of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Pit in Lintong County" in 1974 that "the Qin Terracotta Warriors Pit may have been burned down by Xiang Yu."
Historical records show that the Qin Terracotta Warriors pits were looted and burned during the great social turmoil at the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty.
During this period, the only people most likely to loot and burn the pits of Qin Terracotta Warriors were the Chu army led by Xiang Yu.
However, it is still difficult to verify whether Xiang Yu "patronized" the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang and how he entered the pit of figurines.
To this day, thick traces of burning can still be seen in the ruins, but this is an indisputable fact.
is the same as the supine figurine No. 28 reported by the Express. The mysterious fingerprints include the identity of its craftsman, which has aroused endless speculation among experts and netizens. The same is true for figurine No.
4.
Experts on Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum were surprised to find that there was a stamped text on the back side of the lower garment of figurine No. 4.
The first character is "Gong", and the latter one is incomplete. However, judging from the general outline and main structure, it is judged to be the character "Zang".
People speculated: Could it be that the clever craftsman was a man named "Gong Zang"?
There is no conclusion yet, and the truth is still confusing...
Orange Persimmon Interactive learned from the China National Silk Museum that at present, the cooperative project of restoring the costumes of the No. 4 figurine is still ongoing.
researcher Yang Rulin said, "We have restored the decorative patterns, but the complete restoration of ready-made clothing still needs a long way to go..."
Orange Persimmon Interactive · City Express Reporter Cheng Xiaolong
Correspondent Lou Hangyan
