In today's world, basically every country's leader takes a plane when traveling; but when the People's Republic of China was just founded, everything was waiting to be done, and on the eve of the defeat of the Kuomintang reactionaries, a large amount of property and high-end talents were transferred to After arriving in Taiwan, the chairman mainly traveled by train.
Trains are also Chairman Maoâs favorite means of traveling far away. On the eve of the founding of the Peopleâs Republic of China, Chairman Mao also took a train into Peiping, and from then on he became inseparable from trains. During his lifetime, he went out to Beijing to inspect work all over the country. , the number of train rides is the most; but at the same time, this also puts forward higher requirements for the chairman's safety and security work.
Chairman Mao entered Peiping by train
In March 1949, after three major battles, Chiang Kai-shek 's main armed forces were basically wiped out. Millions of People's Liberation Army troops were stationed on the north bank of the Yangtze River, waiting only for an order from the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao. Down.
At this critical moment of liberating the whole of China, the central government held the famous "Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee" in the small mountain village of Xibaipo .
Xibaipo is located at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain and on the north bank of Hutuo River. There are only about a hundred households in the whole village. If it were not for the outbreak of the Liberation War, this place would not be famous in history.
After Japan surrendered in 1945, peace did not really come. The Kuomintang reactionaries openly called for discussing peace with the Communist Party and invited Chairman Mao to Chongqing for interviews. However, secretly, they deployed troops and generals to prepare for an attack on the liberated areas and peace talks. It's just a temporary measure.
In June of the following year, the reactionaries tore off their last disguise and mobilized an army to attack the Communist liberated areas; then, in order to destroy the Communist Party's central organ in Yan'an , Chiang Kai-shek sent his trusted general Hu Zongnan to lead more than 200,000 people. The elite troops of our army attacked Yan'an. Since the main forces of our army were fighting on the outside at that time, there were not many troops left in Yan'an and could not withstand the attack of Hu Zongnan's troops, which was ten times larger.
Red Xibaipo
At this critical moment, Chairman Mao made the decision of "If you save land and lose people, you will lose people and land; if you save people and lose land, you will gain both people and land." Eliminate the effective forces of the reactionaries.
On March 18, Hu Zongnan's vanguard troops were less than 5 kilometers away from Yan'an. Chairman Mao and other senior central leaders evacuated Yan'an after hastily eating breakfast.
After more than ten days of marching, the group came to Zaolingou in , Qingjian County, ; in order to further lead the national revolution, Chairman Mao held an emergency meeting in this small village and decided to "split the central government in two." , that is, the Party Central Committee and the People's Liberation Army headquarters act together, stay in northern Shaanxi to deal with the enemy, and direct operations across the country; the other part is composed of Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De and others to form a "Central Working Committee" to carry out work in other suitable locations.
Liu Shaoqi and Zhu De then said goodbye to Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai and others, and led a group of troops to move to the Taihang Mountains. After staying in Nanzhuang for a period of time, they went to Fengcheng to meet with Nie Rongzhen, Luo Ruiqing and others.
After Nie Rongzhen reported the situation in Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei to Zhu De, Zhu De said: "Comrade Rongzhen, the Central Working Committee is planning to set up camp in Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei. Is there a suitable place?"
Nie Rongzhen learned that the Central Working Committee was going to set up camp in Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei. The Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Liberated Area under its jurisdiction was very happy: "Welcome to the Central Working Committee, we will definitely do a good job in cooperating with you, please rest assured, boss."
In this way, the Central Working Committee stayed in Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei, but the specific location of the camp made everyone worry a lot.
Although the conditions in Zhangjiakou were not bad, it had been occupied by Fu Zuoyi's troops at that time; and the places where troops from the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region used to frequent were Fuping and Pingshan .
However, after research, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi and others believed that it was necessary to choose a location that could easily communicate with all parts of the country and be suitable for commanding the decisive battle later. According to this idea, Fuping was not suitable. Although the mass base was good, the economic level was relatively low. Poor and inconvenient transportation.
After excluding Fuping, Pingshan entered the place where Zhu De and Liu Shaoqi focused their inspections.
Pingshan County has a long history and has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times; in the late Ming Dynasty, when the peasant leader Li Zicheng was at the height of his power, Emperor Chongzhen sent his trusted officials to build a "retreat palace" outside to prevent unexpected events. After choosing to go there, it was finally decided to build the "Guiyin Palace" in Tiangui Mountain, Pingshan.
Moreover, in the past anti-Japanese years, Pingshan was also well-known as the "anti-Japanese model county". The "Pingshan Regiment" known as the "Taihang Mountain Iron Soldiers" was composed of more than a thousand outstanding Pingshan sons and daughters. This The detachment was later transferred to Yan'an and was tasked with protecting the revolutionary holy site. It was also received by Chairman Mao.
In addition to its excellent revolutionary tradition, there are many villages here, one next to another, with convenient transportation, and the Hutuo River is beside the village. The land is fertile and the grain output has always been high. Nie Rongzhen once called this place "the Ukraine of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei".
In order to implement this work as soon as possible, Zhu De sent his secretary Pan Kaiwen and the chief of guard Qi Mingchen to work with a familiar person. Accompanied by a comrade from the Adjutant General Office of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region who was aware of the situation in the mountains, we rode horses to the villages on the banks of the Hutuo River for repeated field inspections.
According to Pan Kaiwenâs recollection: âWe took the map and rode up the Hutuo River. I walked and looked around until I reached Hongzidian and Dongxihuangni, and then turned back to Dongxibaipo, Jiayu, Baili, Guosu and other villages, and drew the survey results into a sketch and submitted it to the chief for decision-making. We think Xibaipo is more suitable. Although many houses were burned by the Japanese, their foundations are very good, they are all made of stone, and there are many, so they are relatively easy to repair."
Aerial photo of the Hutuo River Wetland of Shijiazhuang Free Trade Zone
Finally, after much selection, we decided The Central Working Committee was located in Xibaipo on the north bank of the Hutuo River.
Although there are less than 100 households here, it is well hidden by mountains and rivers, and the land is fertile, but the annual grain output can reach nearly 300,000 kilograms. This was a very high output at the time. There were several large villages with more than a thousand people nearby, with convenient transportation and a good mass base. It was only more than 30 kilometers away from the Great Plains of North China, and less than 70 kilometers away from Shijiazhuang, a military center in North China. kilometers, under these conditions, Xibaipo became the choice of the Central Working Committee. Chairman Mao later called it the "ideal general command post."
After nearly two months of preparation, Zhu De and Liu Shaoqi led the Central Working Committee to officially launch the project. Stationing in Xibaipo laid the foundation for Chairman Mao's future move to Xibaipo.
On the battlefield, the People's Liberation Army and the Kuomintang reactionaries gradually gained the upper hand after constant battles. Especially after the liberation of Shijiazhuang, the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei and Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan provinces became more powerful. The two large liberated areas were connected together, which also further improved the security of Xibaipo, where the Central Working Committee was located.
In order to meet the needs of the national revolutionary development, Chairman Mao decided to lead the Party Central Committee to Xibaipo to join forces with the Central Working Committee.
In March 1948. In late May, the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao, who had been dealing with Hu Zongnan in northern Shaanxi for more than a year, said goodbye to his fellow villagers in northern Shaanxi and boarded a boat to cross the Yellow River eastward at Wubao County Chuankou.
html On May 26, Chairman Mao came to Xibai. Xibaipo, where the five secretaries met after being separated for more than a year. The small village of Xibaipo became the leadership center of the Chinese revolution; Chairman Mao and other central leaders led and commanded the famous three major battles here, which eliminated the main force of the Kuomintang reactionaries. All destroyed.
Xibaipo New China came from here.
At the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee, the Party Central Committee decided to transfer the leadership of the Party Central Committee from Xibaipo in view of the fact that the three major battles had just ended and the Kuomintang and the Communist Party were about to negotiate in Peiping. Go to Peiping and continue to direct the national revolution.
The Central Committee's move into Peking was arranged by Zhou Enlai, then Vice Chairman of the Military Commission. After study, it was decided: On March 23, the central government departed from Xibaipo to Zhuoxian , and then from Zhuoxian took a special train to Peiping.
Since the country had not yet been liberated at that time, although the North China area was calm on the surface, in fact the enemy agents were secretly preparing to move. Teng Daiyuan, Minister of Railways of the Military Commission, and Li Kenong, Minister of Social Affairs, personally arranged to specially dispatch personnel with good political ideology and excellent professional skills to participate in this transportation work. .
On March 25, Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and other central leaders came to Gaobeidian Railway Station and boarded a special train; at 8 a.m., the train started slowly. After several hours of operation, it arrived at Tsinghua Park at 11 a.m. After getting off the bus at the station, we took a bus to the Summer Palace; that night, Xinhua News Agency announced the arrival of the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao in Peiping.
Chairman Maoâs special train encountered an âattackâ
After the founding of the Peopleâs Republic of China, in order to facilitate the travel of Chairman Mao and other central leaders, the central government dispatched the Shengli 6 No. 490 locomotive with better performance as a special train for central leaders. This was also the first time for Chairman Mao The train used for the trip.
But at the same time, higher requirements were also put forward for Chairman Mao's travel safety. Although the security department's efforts have saved the day time and time again, an "accident" still occurred.
At 7:10 pm on June 18, 1955, Chairman Maoâs special train drove out of Hangzhou Railway Station in Zhejiang Province; it was a very beautiful-looking train, and the people along the way couldnât help but take a second look after seeing it, but Since Chairman Mao's trip was classified as top secret, outsiders did not know that the supreme leader was sitting here.
In addition to Chairman Mao, there was also Malenkov who came all the way from the Soviet Union on the train. Malenkov was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union at the time. When he visited China, Chairman Mao personally accompanied him to visit various places across the country, so that Big Brother Take a look at China's development in recent years.
But when driving to the Ximen intersection of Xiaoshan County, he was suddenly "attacked" and a hole was broken in the glass of the sixth carriage; Wang Fang, the deputy governor of Zhejiang Province and director of the Public Security Department who was responsible for Chairman Mao's safety work, immediately realized Someone attacked.
After arriving at Zhuji Railway Station, Wang Fang got off the train as quickly as possible and called Lu Jianguang, deputy director of the Public Security Department, to inform him of the attack on the central leadership train; then, Lu Jianguang ordered Pan Zhenduo, director of Xiaoshan Public Security Bureau, to ask him Solve the case within 24 hours.
After several days of hard work, the murderer was finally caught: Cao Wensheng, a farmer from Caojiaqiao. But what is surprising is that after Chairman Mao learned the identity of the murderer, he interceded for him and said that he could just educate him. Why is this? ?
According to the established plan, the special train will leave Hangzhou Railway Station at 7:30 p.m., but for some reason, Chairman Mao asked the train to leave at 7:10 p.m., and specifically told not to notify anyone. After the instructions, start the vehicle slowly.
Everything went smoothly at first, but when they arrived at the west gate of Xiaoshan at 7:45, there was a sudden "bang" in the carriage. Wang Fang, a former police officer, immediately became alert. When checking the condition of the carriage, he discovered that the glass of the sixth carriage There was a hole as big as a thumb, as if it had been shot through by a bullet.
Wang Fang called Lu Jianguang, deputy director of the Zhejiang Public Security Bureau, in the duty room of Zhuji Railway Station and informed him of the attack on the central leadership train; Lu Jianguang also understood the seriousness of the incident and immediately called the Xiaoshan Public Security Bureau after hanging up the phone. Director Pan Zhenduo, after reporting the case, ordered: "This matter is of great importance and you are limited to 24 hours to solve the case."
Pan Zhenduo also felt the heavy burden on his shoulders: "Yes, we will definitely investigate the case within 24 hours."
Then, he immediately set off for Xiaoshan. After discussing with Pan Zhenduo, he decided to cast a wide net first. Except for a few people who were left to look after their homes, the rest of the units participated in the operation to strictly investigate suspicious persons in the villages along the route from Ximen Roadkou to Bailutang Station.
Partial close-up of the green leather train
Immediately afterwards, the two went to Hangzhou together to report to Jianghua , Secretary of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee, and Tan Zhenlin, Vice Premier of the State Council, who was inspecting the work in Hangzhou.
Since Jiang Hua and Tan Zhenlin had not returned from their trip at that time, Lu Jianguang and Pan Zhenduo reported to Xu Jianguo, the deputy minister of the Ministry of Public Security who accompanied Tan Zhenlin during his inspection.
After listening to the reports of the two people, Xu Jianguo said: "This matter is very serious and must be solved as quickly as possible. The Xiaoshan Public Security Bureau has a very heavy task. If there is not enough manpower, the provincial department must fully assist, because there are people sitting on this train It was not ordinary central leaders, but Chairman Mao, and Malenkov who came from the Soviet Union."
Only then did Lu Jianguang and Pan Zhenduo learn that those on the train were not ordinary central leaders, but Chairman Mao and those who came from afar. Malenkov, the two of them were so frightened that they broke out in cold sweat.
"What measures has your Xiaoshan Public Security Bureau taken now?" Xu Jianguo asked Pan Zhenduo.
"We have received a 24-hour order to solve the case from the Provincial Public Security Department. Now we have taken the following measures; 1. Except for one person left behind, all units under the Public Security Bureau went out to search. 2. The Xiaoshan County Party Committee also asked the Western District The committee asked them to mobilize district and township cadres to cooperate with the work of our Public Security Bureau, focusing on investigating suspicious persons in the villages along the Ximen Road Crossing to Bailutang Station, especially the fourth category elements, and detaining and examining those who are found to be abnormal."
Xu Jianguo was generally satisfied with the arrangements of the Xiaoshan County Public Security Bureau: "Very good. If there is any new progress, you must report it as soon as possible. I will rush to Xiaoshan after I report to Vice Premier Tan. Now you don't waste a moment." , go back immediately to direct the investigation of the case."
In order to prevent the public security units below from arresting the wrong person, Xu Jianguo came to the Spanish District.
At that time, police officers from the Xiaoshan Public Security Bureau were conducting searches in Anqiao Township, where the incident occurred. They first gathered all the four types of elements and suspicious persons in each village to the township government and examined them one by one. However, they spent a lot of effort and obtained some information. The value clues are minimal.
After Xu Jianguo got off the train, he rushed to the township government immediately. When the staff saw that the deputy minister of the Ministry of Public Security came there in person, the case was still unsolved, so everyone was very nervous.
Xu Jianguo also saw everyone's status: "Comrades, thank you for your hard work." Then he shook hands with everyone cordially. Seeing that Xu Jianguo was affable and without any pretensions, everyone gradually relaxed.
After listening to Pan Zhenduo's report, Xu Jianguo gave instructions: cancel the 24-hour crime detection order, expand the scope of the investigation, not just focus on the four types of elements, and focus the investigation on Caojiaqiao Village, where the railway passes through the village.
With Xu Jianguoâs instructions, Xiaoshanâs public security officers breathed a sigh of relief, and at the same time they also became clearer about the goals of the inspection. After investigation, the police targeted poor farmer Cao Wensheng.
Pan Zhenduo personally led people to Cao Wensheng's home. It was already late at night. The police knocked on the door and shouted: "Cao Wensheng, we are from the Xiaoshan Public Security Bureau. Get up and open the door. We have something to do with you."
"Okay, okay, I'll open the door right away," Cao Wensheng said nervously.
After seeing Cao Wensheng, Pan Zhenduo said: "Cao Wensheng, please get dressed and come with us to the Public Security Bureau to learn some information from you."
And Cao Wensheng also knew that he had made a big mistake and might die, but what worried him the most was his wife and two children. He was so nervous that he couldn't say a word for a long time.
It was not until Pan Zhenduo had done ideological work for more than an hour that Cao Wensheng calmed down and explained the case.
It turned out that on the evening of the 18th, Cao Wensheng and several other villagers were sitting by the train track chatting. When they saw a train approaching from a short distance, Cao Wensheng casually threw a stone in his hand and hit the glass of the train. , and said that Cao Peixing, who was closest to him at the time, should have seen him throwing stones at the train.
In order to verify Cao Wensheng's statement, Du Yongyi, the chief of the investigation unit, found Cao Peixing; but strangely, Cao Peixing took the initiative to admit that he was responsible for throwing stones at the train; this made Du Yongyi very puzzled. After several days of investigation, there were no clues. Why do two people admit it now? Who is telling the truth?
In the end, Du Yongyi decided to make a fake show and make a comprehensive analysis.
Du Yongyi took notes for Cao Peixing on the spot, but after analysis, he found that Cao Peixing was lying and was obviously supporting Cao Wensheng.
After Du Yongyi clarified the stakes, Cao Peixing revealed the truth; it turned out that after Cao Wensheng was taken away by the police, his wife found Cao Peixing in tears; she believed that he was a party member and had been a township head in the past. If he took on this matter, The government would not embarrass him; seeing Cao Wensheng's wife kneeling down, Cao Peixing softened his heart and agreed; but what is certain is that the stone was indeed thrown by Cao Wensheng.
At this point, the case has been fully clarified; Du Yongyi returned to the Public Security Bureau and made a detailed report to Pan Zhenduo, and reported it to the Provincial Public Security Department and the Party Central Committee.
After Chairman Mao learned the whole story, he personally interceded for Cao Wensheng; he said that Cao Wensheng was just a poor peasant and it was enough to educate him and not to make a big move.
In accordance with the central governmentâs handling opinions, the Xiaoshan County Court sentenced Cao Wensheng to three yearsâ imprisonment with a suspended sentence on July 16, 1955; Cao Wensheng returned home after being detained for 23 days.
Chairman Mao has a broad mind and has always cared about the people. Cao Wensheng committed a "big crime", but Chairman Mao knew that this was just an unintentional act of a low-level peasant and did not pursue it. This shows the great mind of a great man. It is so big that it can contain the heaven and the earth.
