Thesis section
The paintings of the Tang and Song dynasties are sometimes painted with inscriptions, and most of them are without inscriptions, but only with small name seals in the gaps between the stones. Since the Yuan Dynasty, paintings have begun to have inscriptions, or when paintings are inscribed, poems and postscripts, such as Zhao Songxue, Huang Zijiu, Wang Shuming, Ni Yunlin, Yu Zizhi, Wu Zhonggui, Ke Jingzhong, Deng Shanzhi, etc., all have inscriptions. Leave an inscription and record the year and month it was painted by someone, then inscribe it with the inscription and it was first seen in the Yuan Dynasty. The poems written by Shen Shitian, Wen Hengshan, Tang Ziwei, Xu Qingteng, Chen Baiyang, and Dong Sibai are clear and elegant, adding to the interest of the painting. However, due to the despicable craftsmanship practices in modern times, it is better to regard the tablet as having no words. Even if a young man has not yet completed his painting studies, or his paintings are quite meaningful, but his calligraphy is not good, it is enough to write a name. There is no need to use too many words to make the translation unattractive. . Every painting that is good but poorly styled is like a flaw in the white jade, and ultimately it is not a complete jade. A careless person in the marketplace would not be able to comment on it; some of the topics written by scribes would be out of place. There are paintings that are small but the characters are too large, there are paintings that are majestic but the characters are too thin, there are intentional strokes but the characters are in regular script; there are paintings that should be left open to show the spirit, but the characters are suppressed. Some may copy old sentences, or sing long poems by themselves, some may damage the painting by greedy for writing too much, all of which do not clearly understand the rules of the title, and do not know that each painting has its own place for the title, and it must not be changed. Just like the empty sky and empty books, there are inscriptions on the wall, and everyone knows it. However, the characters in the calligraphy space expand and contract each line, which should be longer or shorter, depending on whether the top of the painting is high or low. From the top to the bottom of the painting, there is a blank space all the way, which breathes light into the painting. Beyond the aura, there is the place for the inscription. They must not be level, and the four sides will be rigid and blocked. For example, if you write about towering cliffs and ancient pines, if you draw it to one side and leave one side empty, then there will be an empty space on one side. Write straight and long lines to help the painting momentum. For example, if the sand is flat and the mountains are far away, and the water is flat and the mountains are horizontal, then the flat style and horizontal inscriptions are like the geese lining the sky, and they cannot be uneven. When the mountains and rocks are vigorous, they should be written in a strong style; when the trees are beautiful, they should be inscribed with beautiful characters. Use cursive for freehand brushwork, and regular script for and gongbi. Only those who are proficient in painting and proficient in painting can do this. If you don't have extraordinary talent, you can't help but force yourself to learn.
On the seal
The painting is the inscription. Isn’t it exquisite to use the seal? The characters in the seal should imitate the Qin and Han seal scripts and sword techniques, and should not be inscribed with the customs of the time. This should be paid attention to, but this is not discussed here. This is just a discussion on how to use it appropriately. Whenever the seal used for a painting is not suitable, it means that the entire painting is flawless. Either it should be big, use small, or it should be small, use big; or it should be long and square, high and low, all of which are inappropriate. Whenever the inscription is of such large characters, a seal of such a large size should be used, as if it has the meaning of adding one more character; if the picture is small, use fine seal script, and if the picture is green, use ancient seal. Therefore, when a famous artist paints, he must make many seals, small, large, round, and long, made of natural stone, and stamped in a hurry, so that he can choose the right match for the painting. When writing the inscription, reserve the space for the seal first, and the seal should make up for the deficiencies in the inscription, and it should be consistent, and no words or seals should be missed. The attention to the style of the seal is similar to the care of the style of the painting, and they are closely related. If the words are not enough, use seals and add additional characters to continue them. If the inscription has been completed, a stamp will be used to accompany it. If one of the two is suitable, use only one, and don't think it's too little; if one is not enough, use three more, and don't think it's too much. There is also a large scroll painting, dripping with splashes of ink, with a full-foot stroke, and the mountains and rocks are separated and combined. In just a few strokes, it becomes a huge painting. It is so powerful that the style should be matched with large characters. However, there was not much paper left, and the large inscription could not be accommodated, so the inscription had to be slightly smaller to avoid the painting. At this time, using a small seal would be separated from the painting, and using a large seal would be contrary to the title, so use a small seal. For example, if the characters are large, cover one side first to catch the aftertaste of the characters, and then continue them with generous words to match the momentum of the brush. The so-called touching the scene and creating emotions is based on the time and expediency, and cannot be held in clay. The first seal should be printed at the beginning of the corner of the painting, not at the beginning of the inscription, poem and postscript. The whole cover is mainly painted, and I don't think about it.
●Fantasy House Painting Concise Volume 2
A general introduction to characters
When writing about landscapes and figures, the landscape is the main one, with the characters as the supplement; when is about the characters, supplements the landscape, it is mainly about the characters, with the landscape as the supplement. This theory focuses on characters, and painting characters can be divided into meticulous brushwork, freehand brushwork and freestyle brushwork. Among Gongbi, Yibi, and Yibi, there are also Liuyun, Zhechai, Xuanli, light sketch, nail head, and rat tail. Each family's method is different. If you use a certain style of writing to describe characters, you must use a certain style of writing to write trees and rocks to match them, without any mixture. There are people in the world who use fine brushwork to describe their eyebrows, hair, hair, and crowns, and the patterns on their crowns, shoes, and clothes, and they use freehand brushwork to write about people, and they use freehand brushwork to write about trees and rocks. It is illegal to write two pictures of two characters in one picture.This is a common practice that is often ignored due to incorrect transmission and misinformation. Aspiring painters should identify it.
Speaking of the ancients
When people in the past talked about people, they said: The white analysis is like a gourd, he is Zhang Cang; the eyebrows are as natural as a painting, he is Ma Yuan; the expression is as high and pure as Wang Yan, the leisurely and elegant Lidu is like Xiangru, and the appearance is handsome. He is like Pei Kai, and his physical appearance is as leisurely and beautiful as Song Yu. As for beauties, her eyebrows are white and her teeth are like the girl from the east; her posture and body are elegant, like the god of Luopu. There is a person who behaves like a monster, who wears frowning makeup, falls into a bun, walks with a bent waist, and smiles with decayed teeth. These are all descriptions, and they appear during discussions. If Yin Zhongkan's eyes and Pei Kai's cheek hair are both spiritual and spiritual, they can be placed among hills and ravines, but they are beyond the reach of others. The artist of this painting has an indescribable wonder in his creation. Therefore, painting figures is the most difficult task. Although the shapes are similar, they often lack rhyme. Therefore, since the Wu and Jin Dynasties, there have only been thirty-three people who have been called famous masters. Among the outstanding ones who can be passed down, they are Cao Fuxing of Wu and Wei Xie of Jin. , Zheng Fashi of the Sui Dynasty, Daoxuan, Zheng Qian, Zhou Fang of the Tang Dynasty, Zhao Cai and Wang Shang of the Five Dynasties, and Li Gonglin of the Song Dynasty. Although he has no words to write, he is still a person who talks about ancient times. As for the level of quality, he can be judged at a glance. Xuanhe discusses painting.
Characters' clothes and clothes vary from era to era, so they must be distinguished in detail. Bandanas were first worn before the Han and Wei dynasties, and curtains were used in the Jin and Song dynasties. In the later Zhou Dynasty, three feet of soap silk were used to be worn backwards, and the name was folded on the scarf, commonly known as a futou. During the reign of Emperor Wu, it was cut into four legs. In the Sui Dynasty, the noble ministers wore yellow silk, patterned robes, black hats, nine rings, and Liuhe boots. They used Paulownia black scarf as a scarf, wrapped it in a futou, with two feet tied in front and two feet hanging behind. Waste. During the three generations, they were all clothed in clothing. During the reign of Qin Shihuang, purple, scarlet and green robes were the third-class uniforms, and white robes were worn by common people. "Guoyu" says that the robe is worn by the court, and in ancient times it was worn by officials and ministers, and by Emperor Wu of the Zhou Dynasty, it was added to the robe. Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty In the dynasty, officials of the fifth rank and above were given a handkerchief, a handkerchief, a knife and a sharpening stone, and a military officer of the fifth rank and above were provided with a saber, a knife sharpening stone, and a syringe and flint bag. It was restored at the beginning of Kaiyuan Dynasty. Three generations ago, people were barefoot; after three generations, people began to wear wooden clogs. Yi Yin made it out of grass and called it Lu. Qin Shishen used silk leather. The boots are originally made from Hufu, and King Wuling of Zhao liked them. Those who have silk robes should wear soap boots. During the Zong Dynasty of the Tang Dynasty, palace attendants were ordered to wear red brocade boots. Whenever you are doing business, it is advisable to analyze it in detail. For example, in Yan Liben , Zhaojun's concubine wears a curtain hat to support the saddle; Wang Zhishen painted the southern suburbs of Liang Wu, wearing clothes and riding a horse. Little did they know that the curtain hat was created in the Sui Dynasty, and the Xuan chariot was abandoned in the Tang Dynasty. Although it is not a famous monument, It is also a disease of Danqing. Guo Ruoxu discusses painting.
On Gongbi
Gongbi is like regular painting, but it is not difficult to make it correct, but it is difficult to work on the brushwork. Therefore, the loose hair is not disordered at all, and the clothes are beautifully embroidered. It is indeed exquisite, especially the pen is powerful and popular, and it is out of the craftsman style. If you want to break away from the craftsman sect, you must first identify the family's brushwork and craftsmanship. Therefore, when using a brush for clothing patterns, there are flowing clouds, folded hairpins, spiral leek, light drawing, and nail heads and rat tails. Each style is different and must be studied carefully, and then the method can be established.
Flowing Cloud Method, like clouds spinning in the sky. The pen should be long and tough, and the strokes should be round. The body is bent and stretched, and the lines of clothes are floating, like floating clouds, so this is the method. The method is consistent with the texture of mountain stones and clouds. When writing about hot summer and cool autumn, if a single gauze is thin, the clothing pattern will stick closely to the body; if the snow is severe in winter and the coat is heavy and thick, the clothing pattern will be separated from the body and wide and folded, so it is better to write it vividly.
The method of breaking a hairpin is like breaking a gold hairpin. Use the pen vigorously, use force to hook and kick, move together and stop quickly, move quickly and quickly, like the mess of firewood, tangled hemp, lotus leaves and other cracks in the rocks, similar to the glue of the new clothes of the human body, with broken edges and corners.
The leek spinning method is like spinning the leek leaves into a ball. The leek leaves are long, slender and soft, twisting and turning, and are taken as Dharma, similar to Liuyun. But Liuyun's brush is like a crane's beak painting sand, which is just round and popular. The strokes of "Xuan leek" are ups and downs, with several twists and turns in the large circle, just like the flat leaves of leek, melodiously tossing and turning. It is similar to the cloud head method used in mountain stone cracking and can also be used to solve ropes. However, the curves of the jiesuo are layered and overlapped; the curves of the leek are separated and exquisite. Jiesuo pens are mostly dry and thin, while spin-leaf pens should be plump and plump, especially for fine discrimination. Li Gonglin and Wu Daozi drew them every time.
light tracing method, light tracing. The pen should be light, the ink should be light, the two ends should be sharp and the middle is large, the middle is heavy and the two ends are light, soft and delicate, quiet and graceful, so this method is perfect for writing the lines of ladies' clothes.
Nail head and rat tail method. The place where you start writing is like the head of an iron nail, and there seems to be a small hook; The so-called bald head and pointed tail means that the head is heavy and the tail is light. This method is generally used for fine brushwork figures' clothing patterns. It is easy to see the strength of the bones in the fineness. Therefore, famous artists from ancient to modern times have used it. Scholars should also start from this method.
On the meaning of writing
The meaning of writing is like cursive writing, its flow is majestic, it is not difficult to be powerful, but it is difficult to be calm. If you are calm, you will not drift. If you are still, you will not be impatient. If you are impatient, you will float. If you float, you will be slippery. The disease of slippery and floating means that the pen cannot enter the paper. It seems to be powerful but it is actually weak. The use of freehand brushwork to depict big figures has no momentum, even if it is small, there is little composure.
When making the clothing patterns of big figures, the pen should be strong and the ink should be thick. The pen should be straight and up and down with the trend, thick or light, and the strokes should be smooth. No more modifications and cuts, the common man is strong and elegant without losing elegance. If the side stroke is sweeping, it may look like an old man, but it is actually vulgar. It's not enough, so we should learn from it.
Freehand brushwork of characters, written with a loose pen, and then rendered with ink, adding less thickening burnt ink while it was still wet to wake it up. Although the strokes are in three or five strokes, it can be seen that there are inextricably linked shapes, and the meaning is Detached. Don't separate the threads and flakes one by one, stroke by stroke, and turn the intention into work.
The freehand clothing pattern pen should be simple, full of energy and leisurely, and one stroke can have the meaning of several strokes. That is to say, the face, hands, and feet must be written with the same large pen, and the writing of flesh and clothing must be written with different pens. If one person writes with two strokes, then one painting will be a mixture of two methods, which connoisseurs will not record.
On Yibi
The so-called Yi people can have both work and intention. The freehand writing on the cover should be simple, but this pen is quite complicated; the writing should be meticulous, but this pen is quite thick. The intention is not quite as expected, the work is not as good as work, and it is combined into one method. The beauty is half work and half intention, so it is called Yi.
When writing about big figures, it is necessary to use a skillful pen. The clothes patterns are written in flowing clouds, swirling leeks, etc., which is very appropriate. The writing must be ancient and powerful, with both muscles and bones, and there is no childishness. This is also the implication of craftsmanship, and it is a free pen. If it is all about detail and lack of verve, it will be like those who paint statues of gods in the market, only the appearance is there, how valuable is it!
Or if you ask me before, you cannot use two strokes in one essay. This essay is half done and half intended. Isn’t it because the strokes are mixed and inconsistent? He said no, as mentioned above, when writing characters, loose eyebrows, and hands and feet with fine brushwork, you should use fine brushwork. If you want to write about trees, rocks, or clothing patterns, you should use a large pen. Use a fine pen first, and then a large pen. This is a mixture of both large and small pens, so it is a mixture. The so-called "half work and half intention" of Yibi refers to the same stroke from beginning to end, but the method is between work and intention, which is made from the muddy method in the chest and wrist. Half of the writing is written with a fine pen and half with a large pen.
On scale
Write about the size of a person. Due to the size of the head and face, measure from the hairline to the ground as a ruler to determine the length of the person. There is an ancient conclusion: standing seven, sitting five, and squatting three. However, this is not entirely the case, and many of them are inconsistent with this argument. It should be as long or short as the appearance, whether it should be long or short, it should be flexible while making a final decision. It is not easy to be rigid.
The scale of boundaries in landscapes is the same as the scale of figures. However, the scale of boundaries in landscapes is based on the universe and all living things. All mountains, rocks and trees are in front and behind, the height of houses, pavilions and bridges, the size of people, horses, boats and carts, and the square and circumference of several tables and utensils. , all discussed. This cloud of human scale refers only to the human body. Among them, the width of the head, face, ears and eyes, the height of the mouth, nose, beard and eyebrows, the length of the hands, feet, back and chest, and the flexion and extension of walking, standing, sitting, and lying are all determined. Therefore, the boundary ruler and the scale have the same method but different opinions.
The human body must be measured by the human head, but the mountains, rocks, trees, pavilions and pavilions must also be measured by the human head. Birds and beasts are used as tools for pushing. All things big and small should be compared with humans as a measure. This is the secret.
The key point is the eye.
The presence or absence of spirit in drawing people depends on the eyes. The presence or absence of spirit in drawing people also depends on the eyes. The so-called expressive A Duzhongye. Therefore, if you focus on the Dharma, your whole body will be agile. If you don't know how to do it, you will be stunned. The Dharma should be written according to how it is written, depending on whether you are lying down, sitting, standing, looking up or down, looking upright or looking wrongly, wherever your mind is focused, review and then click on it.
If you face to the left, your eyes will focus on the left; if you face to the right, your eyes will focus on the stone. Everyone knows that you can follow the direction. Sometimes when I am walking alone looking for a sentence, sitting alone and thinking, I am in a picture and my mind wanders outside. If I am looking to the left, I should point to the right. If I am pointing to the right, I should point to the left. Only then can I gain concentration and become more flexible.
On Xiaopin
When writing a story, you must think carefully about the person and the story, as if you were in the place, witnessed and heard. When writing about a person, you should not just write about his appearance, but also his character. What is Xiaopin? It depicts the ordinary temperament and quality of the ancients.The picture of fishing in a stream is written about an old fisherman. His face, hands and feet, and his fishing pole are all made by fishermen. His clothes break trees and rocks, which is quite interesting in his writing. Unfortunately, he can only write about old fishermen, but he cannot write about Xiao Ziya as a fisherman. Gai Ya dreamed of Wang Zuo's talents, but he had never encountered them at that time. He was fishing in the stream, and he was not comparable to ordinary fishermen. Even if you wear a hat and hold a pole, it can still be regarded as a tool for the prime minister and assistant. If it is written as a fisherman, it should be written as a fisherman! It is recommended to write about buying a minister with a salary, Zhang Liang enters his career, writing about Wuhou as if he saw Tao's strategy, writing about Taibai, showing his romance, Tao Pengze's proud breeze, and Bai Letian's drunken chanting, which all contain this meaning. If you don't know this meaning, even if you have mastered the power of iron brushwork to describe the expression of life, after all, you are no different from a bullsmith. It is necessary to pay attention to the quality of craftsmanship.
When ancient people painted longevity immortals, their beards and eyebrows turned completely white every time they were painted, as if they were old. Don't forget that the old man with white beard and eyebrows is called Shou'er in the mortal world, not a person among gods and immortals. How to see it? If you consider the matter of beating an old man, you can imagine it. Even famous players in modern times cannot imagine this. When I was young, I also missed it. It was all due to the accidental indiscretion of my predecessors, and the later students took it as a guideline. They did not realize their mistakes. Therefore, Liu Daochun said: "Learning from a teacher is a mistake."
writes that beauty is not important in being delicate and delicate, but in elegance and elegance, looking to have a quiet, demure and quiet attitude. His eyebrows, hair on his temples, and his clothes and belt must be written vigorously before he can pass them on. People's eyes will be better when they are not merely pleasing to the eye. If it is only delicate and beautiful, and it is decorated with brocade, it will not be appreciated. People in the world have written "Xi Shi Huan Sha Tu". The head is covered with gold hairpins and jade earrings, the whole body is covered with brocade and embroidered clothes, and the gauze basket is made of exquisite bamboo silk. With its noble and gorgeous appearance and peerless beauty, everyone admires it as a rare painting. I don’t know that the beauty of Xi Tzu does not lie in the makeup and powder, but when it comes to dressing up the gauze, there is no splendid dress.
When writing about an immortal Buddha, it is not just about drawing a cassock or describing a Taoist robe. It is better to think about his mind in his face and his life in his actions. There is no need to name him. He is Amitabha. Even in this world, he still has the spirit of immortality. The costumes must be old-fashioned, not tacky; the decorations should have monsters instead of ephemeral things.
Paintings of ghosts and gods are often made by famous masters, but common people regard them as strange and reject them. I don’t think that the ancients did not paint to please the world by describing it, but actually used pen and ink to describe what is in their hearts and ears. If it is an ordinary painting book, it is not uncommon to see it. It is not a fake name of ghosts and gods, and it cannot express the majestic atmosphere. Therefore, Wu Daozi painted "The Picture of the Eight Parts of the Heavenly Dragon", Li Boshi painted the "Picture of the Spirits Appearing from the Western Mountains", Ma Lin painted the "Picture of Zhong Kui's Night Hunting", Gong Cuiyan painted "The Picture of Traveling to Zhongshan ", Guan Xiu's Sixteenth Master, Chen Lao The eighteen arhats in the lotus are all cultivated by themselves, unwilling to follow the same pattern, and have castles in their minds. They are performed by writing and ink. His madness is reasonable, so why should he call it a lie? However, it must be skillful and exquisite, and you will feel it from time to time. You might as well do it occasionally to relax your mind. Nor should you insist on being good at it, being curious and innovative.
● A Brief Introduction to the Study of Painting in Dream House Volume 3
Overview of Flowers
There are so many flowers in plants and trees, all of which cannot be included in the paintings and can be conveyed in the pen and ink. Among them, the fractal classification is different from trees, herbs, and vines. We should study physics thoroughly, and refer to the brushwork and ink techniques, writing skills, and freehand brushwork to achieve their perfection. Therefore, when writing about flowers and plants, we should not only write about their beauty, but also write about their strength and strength. Bone method uses the pen, and the pen spirit is in the ink. However, when practicing ink, the brush often tends to be crude and bold, and loses the elegant mood, which is rarely elegant. For example, the ancients had the boneless method of using special colors instead of ink. Today, people like its beauty and often learn it. However, although the boneless method resembles a living body, it does not have a pen or ink. After all, it is suitable for describing women's history and should not be used by scholars. It is necessary to use both color and ink, to have both workmanship and skill, to refine the pen without losing the feeling of flowers, and to make good use of ink gas in sketching. This is the best way to write flowers.
The method of painting flowers is to use fine double hooks on flowers, leaves, branches and stems, which is a meticulous technique. The flowers are dyed with color and the leaves are dotted with ink, and their shapes and shadows are similar and different, which is the author's intention. There are flowers and leaves painted with freehand brushes and double hooks by the author Yi; there are flowers and leaves painted with shades of color, and the back is meticulously painted as if they were boneless. The ancients all had their own principles in legislating, and the choice between superior and inferior depends on the individual. However, workers are afraid of craftsmen and want to guard against wildness. If they are carefree, they should avoid being solid. If they are boneless, they will be worried about being immature and weak. This is what is said in landscapes, seeking strength from small details, and seeking talent from remoteness. It is more suitable to refer to it in character theory.
It is said that ancient
paintings of flowers are mainly based on the trend. The branches are in a trend, although they are high and low, but the energy veins are still connected; the flowers are in a trend, although they are staggered and have different backs, each one is smooth and not contrary to common sense; the leaves are in a trend, although they are sparse and dense, they are staggered. Not disordered. Why? It's reasonable.The coloring is like its shape, exaggerating its spirit, and the spirit is in the rational situation, so as to decorate it with bees, butterflies, grass and insects, looking for the beauty and picking up the fragrance, and trimming the branches and falling leaves. I also think about the safety of the situation, whether it is better to hide it or to reveal it. , each has its own suitability, and is not like a tumor, then the overall situation is achieved. As for the shade of the leaves, they should be in harmony with the flowers; the flowers should be pointed toward the back and connected with the branches; the branches should be pointed upward and connected with the roots. If the whole seal method is used without any intention of conceiving and just stuffing it, it is the old monk's method of repairing his body, how can he achieve its magic! Therefore, the most important thing is to take advantage of the situation, observe it together, and then you can achieve it in one go. If you play it deeply and carefully, you will be a master if you regain your sense of reason and make do with it. However, the method of gaining momentum is very lively and cannot be rigidly adhered to. You must seek ancient methods. The ancient method has not yet been exhausted, so we should seek the true shape of flowers and trees. Their true shape is suitable for viewing when the wind and dew, the rain and the sun welcome it, and the postures will become more and more permanent, and they will become more regular. Qing is in the hall.
On the Trees
Plum blossoms herald the early spring, occupying the exclusive position of the oiran, and are the first to gain Yang Qi. After the Indian Spring, they bloom in the twelfth lunar month. There are many ways to write plum blossoms, starting from the stem first, with the branches interlaced with the character "女", as curved as a dragon, as strong as iron, as long as an arrow, and as short as a halberd; the flowers have five petals, with round beards, if they are too round, they are flat, if they are pointed, they are like peach, and they are long. It is like an apricot; it is valuable to contain but not to bloom, it should be sparse and not complex, it should be sparse and dense, the front side is yin and yang, the cloves have pistils, and they must grow from the pedicle. This is the secret. There are white calyx, red calyx, green calyx, or no ink circle, all with pink rouge, water green dots and whiskers; or ink circles first, and then color dyeing, each has its own way of writing. The ancients wrote a lot about it, but the main points are external and internal.
Wintersweet is not a plum. Because it is the same as plum, the floral fragrance is similar, and its color is yellow like dense wax, so it is called waxberry. There are three types: those with small flowers and light fragrance are called dog-fly plums; those with flowers in the mouth when they are sparsely opened are called chime-kou plums; those with dense and fragrant flowers with a deep yellow color like red sandalwood are named sandalwood plums. The writing method is also the same as that of Mei. However, the plum leaves have fallen off and bloomed, and the wintersweet flowers have stayed on the leaves; the plum blossom petals are round and the wintersweet petals are slightly pointed, so it is better to dye them with Garcinia powder. As for the size and density, and the openness of the shades, you can draw it with messages wherever you want to write something.
There are several kinds of peach spring flowers in the first month: one is the young peach, which has five petals, is slightly lighter in color, and bears seeds after the flowers. One is called Fei Peach. The flowers are placed in several layers and their color is slightly darker. One is Oleander, the flower color is the same as Fei peach, but the leaves are as long and thick as bamboo. It blooms in May, which is different from Tian Fei. Write that the peach branches are like plums and soft, and the flowers are like plums and pointed. Plum blossoms have no leaves, while peach blossoms have both flowers and leaves. This is the difference. When writing about peaches, fat powder is often used to describe the bones without bones. Choose the ones that are delicate, double hooked, or muddy with ink and wash. The leaves are all tender, with thin thorns and red veins. The stamens are as small as peppers, and the dots are dotted with hidden bark. Oleander has lush flowers and leaves, green with red spots, it is peach blossom and oleander.
Red cotton is also called kapok. It blooms in February with red flames like fire. It is a symbol of Li Ming in the south, so it does not exist in the north. When writing about red cotton, it is necessary to have a towering momentum. Even though it is a branch, it does not appear to be attached to the bun with a bun. The ancient stems are like plum blossoms, the horizontal stripes are like tung trees, the petals are long and thick, the dots are thick, the stamens are purple and black, and when the stamens are broken, they spit out red, this is the trick. Use a strong ink pen to draw double hooks, or full ink, or even write without bones. The pen should be strong and not thin.
Magnolia , wooden pen, Xinyi , all of the same type, winter pistil spring flower, nine petals, white is magnolia, lavender is Xinyi, light yellow is wooden pen. The tall one is over ten feet tall, with one branch and one stamen, and long yellow buds with hairs on the tip. The writing method is intended to be written in a flower-like style. Because although the tree is tall, the flowers are still delicate and thin like kapok, and they are majestic and majestic, which cannot be copied without being meticulous.
Bauhinia spring flowers have leaves after the flowers. The flowers are small purple grains, and the stamens are indistinguishable. They are clustered in clusters and have no fixed place. They are found on branches, trunks, or tree tops, just like carambola flowers. Its color is delicate purple, and its flowers are bright and lovely. First write the branches, then use purple mixed with pink to dot the flowers, and then use dark purple at the junction of the flower branches. It is appropriate to add a vague middle and small pedicle.
There are several types of pomegranates, with and without seeds, and with different leaves, large leaves and thin leaves. Flowers bloom in the summer months, with single petals and thousand layers. To draw pomegranate flowers, it is better to use vermillion and magenta, and dot the boneless method. Among them, it is difficult to double-hook the broken eagles, and the hook must be solid. The leaves are green and ink is added, and they are gathered into balls. The burnt ink pricks the tendons, and the long stamens are broken in the middle, like an inverted gourd.
Buddha mulberry flowers come in four colors: red, white, yellow, and purple. Their branches are all straight, several feet high, and the branches and leaves are like mulberry trees, hence the name. The long strip goes straight up, with one leaf and one stamen, as many as beads. One branch has hundreds of stamens, blooming in the morning and falling in the evening. They bloom in May and stop in the Mid-Autumn Festival. The painting must be decorated with different flowers to make it complete, because the branches are straight and have little interest in interweaving.
Purple July flower, although it has five petals, has many contractures and cannot be double hooked. It is better to mix purple with powder and mix thoroughly.Use a quivering pen to point the flowers, and you will understand the meaning of contracture, and then prick the flowers from the heart to gather the flowers into balls. The stamens are multi-grained, round and small like peppers, with opposite leaves and ancient staggered branches.
Hibiscus begins to bloom in September, with several stamens on each branch, blooming day by day, and changing color at any time. It's white in the morning, pink in the afternoon, deep red in the evening, and redder on the second day. There are tendons in the petals like lotus, so it is also called magnolia. The calyces of the bunches are also like peonies and peonies, and the dry leaves are like tung trees, but the leaves have five tips and no four defects. The branches are tall and soft, and the trunk is still green when it is old.
Gui is the same species as Osmanthus osmanthus, but there are also many kinds of Gui. There are three names. The branches and trunks are all straight, and the skin texture is all chapped. One is called Mu Gui. Its leaves are about a foot long, like regular loquat leaves, with serrated edges and hairs on the outside and inside. The name is Gui Gui. Its leaves are like persimmon leaves, with three vertical stripes in the middle. They are smooth and hairless. They are different from Gui Gui. Both Gui Gui have white flowers and yellow pistils. They bloom in April and bear fruit in May. They grow in Jiaozhi and Guilin valleys. It is several feet high and its bark is harvested, which is the medicinal name of cinnamon. These two species are not included in the painting spectrum. One is rock osmanthus, which is smaller and tenderer than the fungus tree, with long, thin and toothed leaves. The old leaves are short and fat, thick and toothless, like mast leaves, and like tea leaves. Because it grows in clusters among the rock ridges, it is called rock osmanthus. Nowadays, it is often transplanted and inoculated in gardens, and it is commonly known as sweet-scented osmanthus. The white ones are named Yingui, the yellow ones are named Jingui, and the red ones are named Danguis. There are autumn flowers, spring flowers, four-season flowers, and moon flowers. To draw a lot of rock osmanthus, first write the branches and leaves, then use pink to dot the white flowers, add a slight hint of garcinia, add yellow to add vermilion, add red flowers behind the leaves, and then add lining leaves. This way, there is no direction, and the flowers are in the middle.
Camellia blooms in winter. The flowers are as deep red as Zhudan, the front is like kapok, and the whiskers are also black-spotted. The leaves are ribbed at the back, both ends are pointed, the waist is as wide as tea, the stamens are green and yellow, and the shape is like a plum. There are several types of tea, including Baozhu tea with flowers like beads, pomegranate tea with layers of broken flowers, azalea tea with flowers like azaleas, and palace powder tea with pink flowers. There are also Nianhong, Qianye red, Qianye white, Qianye yellow, and even foreign tea called foreign tea. Its names are countless, and the painter described the five-petal camellia as the orthodox tea.
On Herbs
Peony is also a rich and noble flower. It blooms in the first and second months of the year. Among the five colors of red, yellow, purple, white and black, there are different shades, and there are many varieties. Its petals and calyces are thousand-layered, with all kinds of patterns, bright and cute, and it is most popular in the south of the Yangtze River. The old stems are several feet high, and new branches and leaves have appeared in spring. There are three branches and five leaves on the leaf stems. The painting method is double hook, boneless, and suitable for both craftsmanship and imagination. Even if it is all made of ink and ink, one branch and half a flower, it still does not lose the aura of wealth and nobility. For those who are good at painting peonies, it is not just a matter of buying more rouge.
Peony is still graceful and beautiful. Its petals are similar to those of peony, and they come in many colors and different types. The peonies are often the same in appearance, but they should be distinguished in painting. The peony petals are round, short and dense, and the peony tips are long and sparse; the peony leaves are thick and the peony leaves are thin; the peonies have old stems, and the peony roots are in the soil and sprout year by year. By distinguishing it from this, you will definitely understand this. The concubine has success in his mind and no confusion in his writing.
鴴鿿, originally the name of the wine, was named after its fen can be used to soak the wine. The flowers are yellow, red, and white in three colors. The stems and leaves are all thorns, with one scape and three leaves, like the shape of "pin", or five leaves. The leaves have teeth on the edges, green faces and green backs, long stamen tips, and gourd-like pedicles.
Roses, Chinese roses, and rosettes are all of the same type. They bloom at different times in the four seasons of spring and summer; their petals are thick and thin, their fragrance is not fragrant, their colors are light and dark, their leaf size, branch length, and flowers are sparse and dense. The painting is actually the same, but slightly different in size, with three leaves and five ears. A Seven Sisters has seven flowers on one branch. Its flowers are smaller than other flowers, and among the seven flowers there are uneven shades of red and white. This should also be distinguished.
Sunflowers include hollyhocks, sunflowers, and duck-footed sunflowers, all of which are different, and those who paint them mostly write duck-footed sunflower, that is, okra. It is named because its leaves have five tips and are shaped like duck feet. Blooming in May and June, the flowers are as big as a bowl, with six petals, and a light yellow heart. They look sunny in the morning and evening, so they should be written from the side.
Xuanhua The name is Wangyou, also known as Yinan. People often draw paintings to congratulate them, so this is the meaning of the name. The leaves are long and drooping, the bracts grow on straight stems without attached branches, and the stamens are long and connected with six petals. There are spring flowers, summer flowers, autumn flowers, and winter flowers, and the colors are yellow, white, red, and purple. However, yellow is the correct color for painting, and mixed colors cannot be mixed.
There are two types of hostas. One leaf is as fat as a vegetable, and the other is as long as a xuan. Those with fat leaves also have fat flowers, with large and short stems. The leaves are long and the flowers are long, and the stems are small and tall. In the middle of the summer month, a stem is pulled straight up, and the stamens form into balls. The stamens are as long as a hairpin and white as jade, so it is called jade hairpin. The flowers with fat leaves are small, with several flowers per stem. It has long leaves and many flowers, dozens of them on one stem.The fat valves are slightly rounded, and the long valves are slightly pointed, with six openings. There are small leaves on the stem, which are different from the leaves of narcissus.
There are many kinds of orchids, and they all have different names. In short, those with red stems have yellow-purple flowers with purple veins and fine purple dots in the center of the petals; those with green stems have red veins with red dots in the center of the petals; those with white stems have white flowers with no variegated colors in the center, hence the name Su. Heart. There are many kinds of Su Xin, with noble flowers, young stems and soft leaves. Those with long leaves will also have long flowers and many buds; those with short leaves will also have short flowers and few buds. This is the natural principle. The green stems and leaves are strong, while the red stems and leaves are thicker, stronger and straighter. When painting orchids, thick ink is often used to describe the leaves and light ink is used to describe the flowers. Writing Ye Luobi predicts the methods of nailing the head, rat tail, and mantis belly, and later reveals the secrets of crossing the phoenix eye and breaking the elephant eye. Do not overlap the leaves and do not overlap the flowers. This method of painting orchids has been exhausted. Or double hook, boneless, whatever you like.
There are thousands of chrysanthemum species with hundreds of names, but the important ones to draw are crab claws with thousand petals, wild chrysanthemums There are just a few species, intentional or not. The valves have rounded tips, different lengths, and different thicknesses and thicknesses. The leaves also vary according to the flower heads, and the colors are arranged according to the frame, but they are red, yellow, white and purple, with different shades. For example, if it is written as a forest, the flowers are separated from each other. If the petals are flat like a mirror, there is a heart, and if the petals are piled high on all sides, there is no heart. The petals come out from the pedicle, which is connected to the branch. The leaves are divided into five parts and four are missing. They must be folded anyway to avoid the disadvantages of the same printing plate. The leaves under the flowers are dark and moist in color, while the leaves under the roots are burnt and pale. The chrysanthemum note has the meaning of being proud of the frost, so the branches and stems are strong and straight, which makes it different from other flowers.
Narcissus is suitable for growing in water. Its flowers are white and lovely, with the meaning of being ethereal. The head and root are like garlic, covered with red bark, and the leaves are like daylilies. But the daylily leaves are soft and thin and hang down, while the narcissus leaves are strong and straight upward. The leaves are intertwined, with a stem in the leaf. The bract contains several stamens. The flower blooms with six petals, pale white and wrinkled, and the heart is as yellow as a cup, so it is known as the golden cup. The writing method usually uses double hooks, but every time people write five petals, they mistakenly think of it as a plum blossom, so they are accustomed to it and fail to notice it.
On the Vine
Lingxiao It used to grow wild in the valleys, but now it is planted in gardens everywhere. The vines climb up and are used as shade by the shed. Each branch has several leaves and has teeth on the tip. It is dark green and blooms from summer to autumn, with more than ten flowers on one branch. The stamen is long and has five petals. There are fine spots in the ocher yellow. The writing is based on the intention.
Wisteria has several leaves on one branch and grows on opposite nodes. It has purple flowers with yellow hearts, three flat petals and two vertical petals. It looks like a Taibao Purple Gold Crown. One stem has dozens of stamens. It blooms into balls one after another, which is bright and lovely. Use rouge, add indigo and add powder to the painting. First, dot the flower clusters, then use yellow powder to dot the center of the flower. Then, draw the stems and pedicles from the flower knots, and connect them continuously, so that the flowers can be clearly seen in the mess.
Morning glory creeps around the fence, its leaves are green and have three pointed corners. Born in July, the flowers are as long as the horns of military drums, with white and reddish color near the base, and deep purple and green flower heads. Paintings are painted with azurite and fattened to gain vitality.
The honeysuckle vines are slightly purple, with leaves on opposite nodes, and the leaves are like daffodils, green and hairy. It blooms in March and April. The stamens are about an inch long, with two flowers on one stem and two petals on one flower, one big and one small, like a half. The beard is as long as a butterfly, white when first blooming, turning yellow on the second day, and dark yellow on the third or fourth day. The old and new complement each other, and the yellow and white complement each other, so it is called honeysuckle. The painting uses white powder and then adds garcinia, which is quite unique.
Lucky grass has green stems several feet long, leaves as soft as pine needles, stamens all vermilion, half an inch long, petals slightly broken and not very open. Although there is no special technique for painting this, it is written between peonies and green bamboos, on the side of a golden vase and wishful thinking, which symbolizes peace, wealth, good fortune, and good fortune, and it has also gained a good name.
Asparagus has thin green vines, young leaves with long needles, shaped like aphids, and small white flowers. Although the branches and leaves cannot stand on their own, the exquisite and strange rocks entwined among them are very elegant and indispensable in the painting.
●Fantasy House Painting Concise Volume Four
General Introduction to Feathers
When writing feathers, write the mouth first, then point the nose between the two strokes on the upper palate, leaving eye sockets behind the nose. The lower jaw is secondary, the head is supported by the cheek, and the pen is supported by the back of the head. Connect the back and shoulders, add wings and attach the tail, and connect the chest, belly and legs from the cheeks. If the feathers are thin, use a broken pen; if the feathers are dotted, use thick ink. And the wings turn yin and yang, and they are divided into shades and shades. I finish writing them one by one, and then add more. All birds lay eggs, so their bodies remain egg-shaped, with the addition of a head, tail, wings, and feet. As for writing about frontal and sideways, sleeping and eating with Fei Ming, turning around and climbing backwards, they are divided into mountain birds and water birds, with long and short tails, pointed and flat beaks, high and low feet, and different categories. You must read more on weekdays. If you are a bird, you have prejudices in your mind, so you can express your feelings when writing.
Mountain fowl have long tails and short beaks, while water fowls have short tails and long beaks. Mountain birds are flying.Holding its tail high, it will fly into the air with one movement, so the tail must be long; and it is good at singing and singing, and has a soft mouth and sharp tongue, so its mouth must be short. Waterfowl float on waves and stand on the sand, so their tails must be short so that they don't have to drag through mud and water. They go into streams and seas to search for shrimps and fish, so their beaks must be long so that they can fill their bellies and fill their intestines. When a mountain bird flies, its feet are retracted and its claws are bent, while when a waterfowl flies, its feet are stretched out and its claws are straightened. Those with sharp beaks also have sharp claws, and those with flat beaks also have flat claws. This is how things grow naturally. Learning how to draw breasts is a matter of creation. If you don’t understand this principle, how can you become a law if you violate the principles?
describes the six meanings of ancient
poets, who are more familiar with the names of birds, animals and herbs; the four seasons of the month also record the times when words are silent and prosperous. However, since flowers and feathers are both found in poetry and etiquette, it is appropriate for them to be both good at painting and calligraphy. The first volume talks about flowers, and the second volume then records feathers. If the feathers are of different types, Xue He and Guo Harrier were already known by the ancients. How can there be no one who specializes in all of them in the future? For example, after Xue Ji, Feng Shaozheng, Kuai Lian, Cheng Ning, and Tao Cheng were all good at painting cranes; after Guo Qianhui and Qian Hu, Jiang Jiao, Zhong Yin, Li You, Li Demao were all good at painting eagles and harriers. Bian Luan is good at peacocks, Wang Ning is good at parrots, Li Duan and Niu Jian are good at doves, Chen Heng is good at magpies, Ai Xuan, Fu Wenyong, and Feng Jundao are good at quails, Fan Zhengfu and Zhao Xiaoying are good at wagtails, Xia Yi is good at eagles, Huang Quan is good at golden pheasants and mandarin ducks, and Huang Ju is good at picking quails. Pigeons and partridges, Wu Yuanyu is good at purple swallows and orioles, Seng Hui is good at gulls and herons, Que Sheng is good at jackdaws, Yu Ki, Shi Qiong are good at pheasants, Cui Ji, Chen Zhigong, Zhang Jing, Hu Qi, Chao Yuezhi, Zhao Shilei, Seng Fa Chang is good at geese, Mei Xingsi is good at fighting cocks, Li Cha, Zhang Yu, Wu Xianzhi, Yang Qi are good at chickens, Shi Daoshuo, Cui Bai, Teng Changyou, Cao Fang are good at geese, Gaoshou Shanmian duck is good at floating geese, Lu Zonggui is good at chickens and ducks Huang, Tang Gai was good at wild birds, Zhang Ying, Chen Ziran, Zhou Huang were good at waterfowls, Wang Xiao was good at songbirds, all of them were famous artists in the past. Or the placement among flowers, which is particularly good at one thing; or the description among birds, which is especially said to be the most wonderful. As for mountain fowls and waterfowls, they have different births, brocade feathers, green feathers, different coat colors in four seasons, as well as the way they fly and sing, the shape of their beaks, wings, claws and tails. Seeking ears. Qing is in the hall.
On Mountain Birds
Phoenixes are rare in the world and difficult to copy. However, the pictures of dragons and phoenixes painted by craftsmen in the market are passed down from generation to generation and cannot be regarded as established laws. Literati seldom wrote about it in paintings, but sometimes when they were in official circles, they had to write about auspiciousness in pictures, and they had to follow the title, and they also had to find evidence from nonsense, and then put pen to paper, so as not to make the Fang family laugh. "Han Shi Wai Zhuan" says: The image of a phoenix is in front of a hong and a lin is behind it. A swallow has a chicken's beak, a snake's neck and a fish's tail. A stork has a mandarin duck's gills. A dragon has written on a turtle's back. It has five colorful feathers. It is four or five feet high. It soars across the sea and dominates the world. If there is a way, it will appear. Its wings are like a bamboo flute, its sound is like a flute, it does not peck at insects, it does not break grass, it does not live in groups, it does not sneak around, it does not perch unless it is a parasol tree, it does not eat if it is not a bamboo tree, it does not drink if it is not a sweet spring. That is to say, the image can be imagined, and the intention is born under the wrist.
The peacock is three to four feet tall, has a head and beak like a chicken, wears three feathers on its head, and is about an inch long. The female has a short tail with no gold or green color. The male has a long tail, and is surrounded by gold and green from the back of the head to the tail, with circular patterns like money. The painting method is to first write the rough piece with ink, and then add the golden thorns.
Eagles are white, black, and hemp. Its mouth is like a hook, its claws are like iron, and its fur is streaked. The large lines are like brocade, and the small spots are like valerian. The head is short, the neck is short, and the legs are short. Parrots and parrots are of the same type, but parrots have green and red colors to distinguish their ears.
"鸲鹆" is the popular name in Cantonese. It has a hair bun on its head, a wax mouth, green eyes and claws, and all black fur except for white feathers on the bottom of its wings. It is advisable to write two sparse strokes in the wings, leaving a blank space between them. The ink on the head and wings should be thick, and the ink on the chest and abdomen should be light. There is no danger of solidity.
Pheasants are pheasants, and there are several species: pheasants, pheasants, and pheasants, namely pheasants and golden pheasants. They are all of the same type. They are shaped like chickens with colorful feathers. Their tails are three or four feet long. Among the ocher yellows, there are ink spots every inch. From the joint to the end, it has a red belly, a red beak, and a green neck. It has plucked feathers on its head, which is called pheasant, and there are plucked feathers on its belly, which is called golden pheasant. There are also slight differences among the same kind, and the writing method of five colors must complement each other. Naturally, the five colors blend together and cannot be mixed. How to blend and mix can be understood, but it is difficult to explain in words.
The sparrow has a black chin and beak, spots on its coat, and white circles and black marks on its ears. The writing on the whole body should be done with ocher ink. Nowadays, when people write sparrows, they use ocher instead of ink on the head and back, but use a few strokes on the wings. Also, ink is used instead of ocher, one bird has two colors, but it loses the meaning of a sparrow. Or argue and say: This is the oriole. I don’t know that the color of the oriole’s fur is yellow with green in it, and it is more suitable for ocher. It is said that you are accustomed to it but don’t notice it.Therefore, when writing the sparrow method, you must first write the spots with an ink pen, with natural shades, wait for the ink to dry, then add ocher ink to dye it, and then add ink spots and patterns while it is still wet. How can one's whole body be covered with ocher and only one wing be made of ink? It is advisable to examine it carefully.
Yan is a black bird, so it is dark in color. The body is light, the wings are thin, the twin tails are as long as needles, the wings are pointed, the wing hairs are longer than the back, the bill is short, the head is flat, and the body is also flat. If the shape is rigid and does not separate from the egg, and the body is written as fat and round, it will lose the meaning of "light swallow". Flying brings the rain into the wind, and the waves travel through the willows. Whenever you draw a swallow, you should write Liu Suishui to match it.
The magpie has a pointed beak and a long tail, green claws and black tail, a green chest, a black belly, white shoulders, and white arms. It has a black tail with white dorsal and ventral parts. Its color is mixed, so it is also called Piling. The writing method is all in black, and the spaces that should be white are left blank and added with pink; if you want to sing, your tail will droop, if you want to fly, your tail will be upright; males should be dark ink, and females should be light ink, so you should also distinguish them.
Chickens are poultry and are raised as domestic animals everywhere. Their appearance can be seen at any time, so there is no need to go into details. However, there are many kinds of chickens, produced in five directions, with different sizes and shapes, so we should draw them because we see them everywhere. Roosters are mostly red, with high crests and long tails; females are mostly mottled, with small heads and short tails. Some of them are yellow or black, some are hemp or white, and all of them are written on. If you paint a chicken without salt, its coat will be bright and moist, your outlook will be refreshing, and it will do a lot of business. Mei Xingsi painted a fighting cock, with claws raised from the neck, and the birds circle around and attack each other, as if they were competing. Chickens are common objects. If applied to pen and ink, there must be something exquisite and refined that makes people enjoy it endlessly. Only then can we draw chickens.
On Waterfowl
Crane is a fairy bird, which can bring good luck and longevity. It is noble in nature and does not flock with ordinary birds. When walking along Zhouzhu, there are few trees. Although they are called pine trees, they were originally water birds. The body is three feet long, three or four feet high, the beak is several inches long, the neck is about two feet long, the top is red, the eyes are red, the cheeks are red and the feet are green, the tail is withered and the knees are thick, and the feathers are white and black. Under its original black feathers, there are painted feathers on the tail, but the original intention is lost. White is the true color of the crane, or gray or pale, which is the smaller one. There is another kind of crane-like shape, but it is not a crane. Its neck is stretched and contracted, and the middle is folded in two. It is different from the flexion and rounding of the neck of peacocks, geese, ducks, etc. It is important to draw this.
Geese are black and white, with fleshy buns on their heads, black eyes with green eyes, deep black fur, wings, head, buns, beaks, and feet, and gray-black necks and belly. The white ones have yellow eyes, a yellow beak, and red anthurium buns. Geese have fat buttocks and short legs. They bow their heads when walking and hold their heads high when standing. Painters should understand this and avoid painting geese and ducks. Only then will they be good at painting.
Wild geese and geese are of the same type. Wild geese fly in the sky, while geese fly along the ground. The wild goose is larger than the goose, and the smaller one is called the wild goose, and the larger one is called the wild goose. There are also two types of swan goose, black and white, with the same shape and different colors, and they are written in the same way as geese. But the body of the goose is fat and short, while the body of the wild goose is slightly thin and long, so they distinguish their ears.
duck and goose are written in the same way, but if the goose is black, it will be all black, and if the goose is white, it will be all white. The ducks are black and white, some are black and white, some are spotted with five colors, not one color, and have green feathers on both wings. The goose sleeps with its legs curled up and lies on the ground; the duck sleeps with one leg curled up and its breast raised, while the other leg stands erect. Nowadays, when people write about a sleeping duck, it is wrong to have both feet on the ground, so the drawing must be done with objects in mind.
Gulls are shaped like white chickens or small cranes, with long beaks and high legs. They fly in groups and shine brightly in the sun. They often float on the water and rise and fall with the waves. Although there are dangers and storms, they are calm and unfazed, so they are called idle gulls.
Heron is as white as snow, has a slender neck, tall green feet, a short tail and a long beak, and has dozens of hairy stems on the top. If it is as silky as silk, it is written in the same way as the gull. While gulls have no hair on their tops, herons have hairs on their tops, so they can be distinguished slightly.
Kingfishers are also called fish dogs. They often fish by the waterside, hence their name. Its feathers are green and cute, with a big head and a small body, a long and pointed beak, short and soft feet, red beak and claws, and yellow-red eyes. The feathers should be painted with azurite, the beak and claws should be painted with cinnabar, and the head and face should be green with fine black spots in the middle. You should also imagine the picture when using the brush.
●Fantasy House Painting Concise Volume Five
An Introduction to Animals and Animals
Animals and animals have four legs, which is the general name for hair. Those who grow wild animals are called beasts, and those who raise them are called livestock. Their nature is good at walking, so they are also called walking animals. When walking, all four hooves are raised, the front hooves are jumping, the back hooves are kicking, and the posture is like galloping, like the wheel of a cart or the paddle of a boat. When walking, the right foot is in front and behind, and the left foot behind is also behind; the left foot in front is forward, and the right foot behind is also forward. The proverb goes: Up left, down right, forward and backward. This is a natural principle. When people draw animals, they always see the left foot behind in the front, and the left foot in the back together; the right foot in the back is forward, and the right foot in the front is forward. The painter is not aware of the mistake, and the viewer is often unaware of it. Therefore, the study of painting and the work of investigating objects are both indispensable.The ancients were either good at writing about animals or playing essays, but they could not deviate from the method. For example, Zhao Guangfu, Han Qian, Chen Yongzhi, Wang Shiyuan, Li Longmian, Zhao Songxue, Gao Yi, Li Yong, and Zhang Qian were all good at painting horses; Zhao Miao Zhuo and Xin Cheng are good at painting tigers; Dai Song, Fei Wentiao, Liu Jingming and Jiang Guandao are good at painting cattle; He Zunshi and Wang Zhenpeng are good at painting cats; Feng Qing is good at painting camels; Yi Yuanji is good at painting roe apes; Feng Jin is good at painting dogs and rabbits. If it lasts long, it can be a law for future generations. Whenever you draw an animal, you must be careful about the form and color. You don't have to draw tigers and dogs, and you don't just draw their physical resemblance. You must seek their mental strength. When the spirit is complete, the intention is there, and the physical strength is the potential. You can get strength from the shape, and in The strength of the muscles conveys the spirit and is alive, so it is not a dead thing. However, there are many types of animals and animals, and it is impossible to describe them all. Here we will list a few types that can be included in drawings and easy to write.
On beasts
The lion is the leader of all beasts, so it is called a lion. The coat color is yellow or green, with a big head and a long tail, hooked claws and serrated teeth, pointed ears and raised nose, lightning eyes, a huge mouth and a long beard, fluffy hair and thick hair on the face, a bushy tail, a bucket as big as a ball, long hair all over the body, and a loose and loose dog-like appearance. Yu Shinan said that Qi pulled the tiger to swallow the brave, split the rhinoceros into its elephant, and was so fierce. Therefore, when painting a lion, it depicts its smile instead of its power. It is not a person who is good at painting lions.
The tiger is the king of mountain beasts. It is made up like a cat but is as big as an ox. Its fur is yellow and black. It has serrated teeth and claws. Its four fingers have no armor. It has a short nose, and its eyes are as green as lamps. When it comes to night vision, one eye shines brightly, and it can see objects with one eye. Its roar is like thunder, and the wind is born from it, which frightens all the beasts. The white tiger is called Zun, and the black tiger is called Biao. When lying down, the tail is drooped, and when standing up, the tail is erect. First write the shape and shadow, then use black dots, then add ocher yellow, and after drying, add beards and highlights to gain power.
The elephant is gray and white in color. It is more than ten feet long and six or seven feet tall. Its eyes are like those of a pig. When walking, it rests on its arms. Its head cannot be bent, its head cannot be turned back, and its ears cannot be bent. Its nose is as big as an arm and hangs down to the ground. The end of the nose is very deep and can be opened and closed. There are small claws in the middle that can pick up needles and mustard. Food and water are all rolled into the mouth through the nose. All the strength of the body lies in the nose. There are food teeth in the mouth, and two teeth come out of the kiss to pinch the nose. The male is six or seven feet long, while the female is just over a foot long. They are used by people and animals to ride and carry heavy loads when going in and out. The Gai Xiang is a big stupid thing in the world, with a bloated body and an ugly face. Its four legs are like pillars, with no fingers but claws. When walking, the left foot is moved first, and there is no way to paint. However, when the mood arises and I want to write a picture of the tribute in the Western Regions and the Xiongnu hunting trip, the images are also indispensable, so I recorded them for reference.
There are several types of cattle, including yellow cattle, buffalo, and black cattle. There are many buffaloes in the south, and yellow cattle and black cattle in the north. The two types, yellow and black, are small, with short horns and flat necks, fleshless chins, and soft skin hanging down like a flag. The buffalo is green in color, has a big belly and a sharp head, and its horns are as long and curved as a burden. It is strong enough to fight a tiger. The male of the cow is called Gu, the female is called ■〈牜孛〉, the south is called ■〈牜武〉, the north is called ■〈牜青〉, the solid color is white, the black is called ■〈牜俞〉, the white is called ■〈牜麺〉, Red says ■〈眜心〉, refutation says plow, and hornless says calf. "The Creation Quanyu" says: Qian Yang is the horse, and Kun Yin is the cow, so the horse's hoofs are round and the cow's hoofs are round. If the horse is sick, it will lie down, and it will be yin and soar; if the cow is sick, it will be standing, and it will be yang and soar. When a horse rises, it puts its feet in front, and when it lies down, it puts its feet first, which is from Yang; when an ox gets up, it puts its feet first, and when it lies down, it puts its feet in front, which is from Yin. You must understand this when painting a cow, and then you can get the method by alternating the five colors, standing up and lying down, and keeping the size and side straight without losing its nature. Therefore, when writing a picture of a hundred cows, the shape changes and does not appear again. How can it be written by a scholar with crude knowledge! The black cow is made with pure thick ink, the yellow cow is drawn with a pen first, and then dyed; the buffalo is drawn with a thick brush, and then the hair is rubbed with a broken pen, and then dyed with green ink.
Horses come in many shapes and colors, pure white is the correct one, green, yellow, red, black, as well as Hua Cong, Green Jie, Purple Deer, and Cang Long. The colors are different, depending on the intention. All horses are six feet tall, and those above seven feet are called pigeons, those above eight feet are called dragons, and those above three and five feet are indistinguishable. A big head and a small neck are called Yi Lei; a weak backbone and a big belly are called Two Lei; a small head and big hooves are called Three Lei; a big head and slow ears are called a Yi; a long neck is not broken, and a short one is called a three-legged head. Also; big bones and short ribs, the four ribs; shallow hips and thin condyle, the five ribs. The forehead hair is like a tassel, the mane can be used on the temples, the chicken eyes are round and the ears are straight; when standing, the tail is drooping, when walking, the tail is swinging, and when walking, the tail is straight. It is better to draw a cow to be fat, and to draw a horse to be thin. Knowing this, when talking about getting up and lying down before visiting, I drew the shape of a horse, which is nothing more than this. It is better to outline with a pen, then use color to make the bumps, add thick ink to the eyes, and add thorns to the tail.
The deer is a Megalosaurus, with the body of a horse and the tail of a sheep, with a side-long head, high feet and small claws. It has two or three horns, which will be resolved during the summer solstice. The larger ones are like small horses, with yellowish texture and white spots, so they are commonly called red deer. The female is hornless and small, with yellow-white coat color, mottled and without spots. When deer are eating, they call each other, and when walking, they are traveling together. When they are living, their antlers are facing outward to prevent damage. When they are lying down, their mouths are facing towards their tail gates to open the Du Channel. She was pregnant for six months and gave birth to a son. She was pregnant for sixty years and had purple spots under her horns. A hundred years old is a white deer, a five hundred year old is a black deer, and a thousand years old is a gray deer. The deer is white, and the immortal is riding a white deer. Many people in ancient and modern times have pictures of it. However, wherever the intention goes, it can be either gray or dark yellow, it doesn't matter.
Sheep come in brown, cyan, black, and white. They also have short hair, long hair, curly hair, and straight hair. They have small heads and big bodies, and big heads and small bodies. The hair can be made into felt or fur. The north and south are in different places, so they produce different ears. The sheep, both male and female, have beards, long ears, short tails, short horns and light hooves. They move in groups, and the sheep kneel down to repay kindness. When writing about the northern scene, the wool should be thicker, and for the southern scene, the wool should be thinner. As for the pastoral characters, the warmth and coldness of the mountain and forest winds are matched with each other, and the painting is made in the soul. First use an outline, then use a broken pen to wipe the hair and roll it into a circle, which is suitable for the purpose but not for work.
The fox is like a yellow dog, with a big nose and tail, and a suspicious nature. A hundred-year-old fox is a beautiful woman, and a thousand-year-old fox is a prostitute. There are also white foxes, yellow foxes, and black foxes. Their fur is smooth, and the shapes are outlined in writing and dyed with colored ink.
Donkeys are small like horses, with long ears and wide foreheads. They are good at carrying loads and come in three colors: brown, black and white. Ink is often used in paintings. Traveling in autumn mountains and exploring plum blossoms in snowy mountains are indispensable. The first step is to describe the rider setting up the saddle, and then to draw the donkey's head, with the mane connecting to the back, and the front and rear feet, all written in thick ink in a rough stroke, and then add a slightly lighter ink, and continue to write the neck, belly and tail reins. If you use fine brushwork, it is better to hook it first and then dye it, instead of freehand brushwork.
The camel is like a buffalo, with a sheep-like head, long earlobes, three-jointed legs, and two saddle-shaped peaks on its back, with several colors including pale, brown, yellow, and purple. He is capable of carrying a thousand kilograms of weight and can travel three hundred miles in a day. He can also know the source, water, veins, and wind conditions of springs, which are unknown to people who are hiding in the stream. In the summer when there is quicksand, there is a lot of hot wind. Travelers who touch it will die. If the wind is coming, the camels will gather together and bury their mouths and noses in the sand. People take this as a test. The one who lies down with his belly not touching the ground and his feet bent to show his light is called a bright camel, and it can travel the longest distance. In the north of Saibei and west of Hexi, there are many people and animals. They can ride in and out, and they can replace chariots and carriages. The painting should be written in the same way as a cow.
Dogs are domestic animals, and they come in many shapes and colors. There is also a type of dog, which is three feet tall, like a pony, and may be black, white, or pale. Another kind of small dog with fur as long as a lion, which makes it more interesting to paint. A dog's head is like a gourd, its ears are like a clam shell, its belly is larger at the top and smaller at the bottom, and its tail is always upright and wagging. Although there are many types, there are two types of ears: solid hair and loose hair. Paintings should be drawn in the same way as lions and horses.
Cat is a rat-catching beast with stripes, its head and tail look like a tiger cub, with yellow, black and white colors, and three colors mixed with spots like tortoiseshell. Cats belong to the yin category, they lurk and lie quietly, and there is fire in the yin, so if they are touched, they will become angry and powerful. Its eyes can tell the time, Ziwu Maoyou is like a line, Yinshenjihai is like a full moon, Chenxu Choumo is like a jujube stone. The female also has beards, four fingers on the feet, one finger on the sole, and the hair is hidden, just like the tiger. Paintings should be all black, all white, or mixed with three colors. For those with tiger stripes, it would be interesting to paint them as tiger cubs. The method is to first write the eyes, then the nose, mouth, and ears, then write the head and face, look at the head posture, tilt upright and sideways, should walk and lie down, and then adjust the body, feet, and tail to help its posture.
Attached Comments on Scale Insects
Dragons are the longest form of scale insects. Wang Fu said that their shapes have nine similarities: head like a camel, horns like a deer, eyes like a ghost, ears like a cow, neck like a camel, belly like a mirage, and scales like a mirage. The carp has claws like an eagle and palms like a tiger. There are eighty-one scales on its back, with ninety-nine yang numbers; its voice is like a rattling copper plate, there is a beard beside it, there is a bright pearl under the chin, there are reverse scales under the throat, and there is Boshan on the head, also known as Chimu. If a dragon has no feet and wood, it cannot ascend to heaven. Breathing into clouds can change both water and fire. The dragon is a rare thing that people rarely see, and every painter describes it and paints it. I have seen Wu Huai's paintings of dragons and water, which are different from the dragons seen in the world. They have the shape of a pig's head and donkey's body, with fleshy scales and a hanging beard. It is several feet long and has curved horns. It is different from what is seen in the world. Rising from the clouds, there is something in the shape of a mountain above the head, which is the famous ruler tree. The shape of this painting is similar, but it is different from the previous discussion. Each has its own opinion, so how can it be true? Although the observer must first exhaust the principles, if the principles are there, he can fully observe them without looking for similarities.Just like people born in heaven and earth, each with a different appearance, dragons and divine objects also change unpredictably. How can it be difficult to measure their shapes? Painters must not be paranoid. It is appropriate to describe its power and vibrancy in a reasonable way, and its twists and turns, then the real dragon is nothing more than this.
The dragon is like a snake and its body is more than ten feet long. It has a small head and a thin neck, with a white gall on the neck. The chest is ocher in color, and the back is blue spots. "Supplementary Records" says: Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty caught a white snake fishing in the Weishui River. The snake had no scales, a soft horn on its head, teeth protruding from the lip, and eyebrows intersecting, so it was called a dragon. The one with one horn is called Qiu, the one with no horn is called Chi, and the one with scales is called Mirage. They are all of the same category. The painter should differentiate and draw the pictures vividly. It is also indispensable to write pictures of immortals crossing the sea. It is also indispensable to write pictures of gods crossing the sea. It is even more advisable to pay attention to pictures of beheading dragons in all directions.
The carp is the longest of all fishes. It is cute in appearance and can transform into a dragon, so Qin Gao took advantage of it and became an immortal. The head and lower abdomen are large, and the scales on its flanks are all thirty-six from head to tail, regardless of size. There are small black dots in each scale, which are cross-shaped, hence the name carp. The color of its scales ranges from red to yellow, green to white. To draw a carp, use gongbi to outline the scales. If you want to draw the carp, you don’t need to outline the scales. The ink dots are used to make the scales shadow. However, it is necessary to have this spiritual transformation and leap into the dragon gate to achieve its appearance. wonderful. If you just write on scales and have no life, then the common saying about wood and carp will become a joke.
Bream fish has a small head and narrow neck, a broad belly and a flat body. Its scales are thin, its tail is narrow, and its color is bluish white. When writing about bream, first use pen and ink to outline the shape, and then use blue ink to dye the fish into shades. There is no need to write scales.
Bass has a huge mouth, fine scales, and four gills. It is white in color with black spots. It is found everywhere, especially in Songjiang River in Wuzhong. Yang Chengzhai poem goes: The perch comes out of the perch village in front of the reed leaves, under the hanging rainbow pavilion, regardless of money, the jade ruler bought is as short as it is, and the silver shuttle is straight and round; the white substance and black seal are three or four points, the fine scales and the big mouth are fresh, The spring breeze already has a real flavor, and I think the autumn breeze is even more different. This sentence has already described the shape of a perch. To draw a perch, you should imagine it in this poem, and the method is in it.
Goldfish is red in color and has a red golden light, hence its name. There are several types of golden carp, golden crucian carp, and golden loach, and the paintings are based on people who keep and play in other people's ponds. The body is small like a carp, and the tail is like a shrimp but large and scattered. It may have ridges or no ridges, and its eyes may be flat or protruding. Most of the protruding eyes have ridges, and most of the flat eyes have no ridges. The color is black at first, then turns red or white over time. The white ones are called whitebait, and have red, white and black spots. When painting a goldfish, it is necessary to express the joy of swimming and leisurely swimming. Compared with other fish, it is very dignified and noble. It should be lined with green acacia, in the pond and under the flowers, to embody the atmosphere of wealth and pavilion, so as to gain life and interest. There are so many types of other sea fish that it is impossible to enumerate them. If you want to know the details, you should pay attention to the fish market to distinguish it, that is, you will interpret it based on what you see. This is also a learned method, using nature as your teacher.
Crabs are of different types, including large and small, hairy and hairless. The painter takes the crab as its upright shape, with horizontal armor, hard on the outside and soft on the inside, with bony eyes and a small belly, horseshoe crab legs, eight legs and two pincers with sharp pincers, six pointed claws, and two rounded back claws, swimming in waves and moving water, like The radius of the boat. Crisp and strong, the long umbilicus is male and the umbilical mass is female. The color is black and green, but when steamed and exposed, it turns pearly red. Paintings mostly use ink pens and are written with meaning, and less color is used. The method of drawing crabs is all about stretching and contracting the claws and pincers affectionately, and the brushstrokes are vigorous and lively, without making engravings; the pincers are tilted up and down, opened or closed, and do not stare blankly at each other. As for the front and side, it's like swimming in water and mud, fighting with pincers curled up, and each of them is in the best shape, and it depends on the imagination of Linchi. It should be decorated with sand and reeds.
Shrimps are cyan or white, with large or thin heads, long or short bodies. Although they are different in type, they are actually the same shape. They all have long beards and noses, many legs and are good at jumping. Their hands can clamp and are often arched like a bow, similar to a crab. The carapace is broken into sections and can be bent or extended. The tail is shaped like a character. It has three hard scales and three valves. The intestines are in the brain and the child is pregnant. Outside, I like to jump into the crowd and follow the tide. Lu Fangweng's poem "Yin Shrimp" says: If we can take advantage of the power of young crops, the water will grow and the tide will rise to the sky. When you draw fish and shrimp sketches, you should understand this meaning and it will be interesting. Covering fish and shrimp with village folk items, such as pictures of shrimps, is very vulgar and cannot be appreciated by the refined people!
Butterflies are moths, the small ones are moths, and the big ones are butterflies. They are called nymphals, also known as butterflies, and they are all transformed from cauliflower and leaves. It has six legs and four wings with pink, and is very cute. There are many kinds of it, including green, yellow, red, white and black. There is also one kind that has all five colors. He likes to smell the fragrance of flowers. He uses his beard instead of his nose. His double beard is flexible and he can explore the fragrance everywhere. His literary talent is in his wings. He draws his wings upward when he is standing, and hangs his wings down when he sleeps at night. When flying, half of the body is exposed, but when standing, the whole body is visible. The mouth is as long as a thread, often curled into a circle, and when the scent is detected, it is stretched out.When painting a butterfly, first draw the wings, then the body, eyes, whiskers and feet. The method of painting a butterfly is to use light ink to outline the four wings, and then use dark ink to outline the wings. After they are completely dry, use a dry brush with oil smoke to trace them. This is the meticulous writing method. Use colored pens to write random shapes, add powder or other colors while wet, and then embellish with ink to make the text clearer. There are also those who use pure water and ink to write spotty wing text in different shades. This is freehand brushwork. Each has its own vitality and can be used as a method. If you want to write about his flip-flopping state, you can only guess from the front.
Bees are similar to honeybees. Bees have a long body, a small waist, a thin abdomen and a pointed tail; honeybees have a short body, a thick waist, a fat belly and a bald tail. They all have the same sex as butterflies. They like to smell the fragrance of flowers. They use their whiskers instead of their noses and when picking flowers, they hug them with their crotches. To form a nest and raise children, the honeycomb can turn into wax and sugar, so it is called beeswax or honey. Bee wax, on the other hand, has no sugar and can only be used to treat sores. There are many honeys that are yellow in color, while bees are either yellow or black, and some are black and yellow, so you should distinguish them in paintings.
There are several kinds of dragonflies: green, yellow, red and green. They all have big heads with exposed eyes, short necks and tails. They have four wings and six legs. Their wings are as thin as gauze and have cracks. The green and green ones have round and thin tails, both with black spots, and the body also has black spots, alternating with the green and green ones; the red and yellow ones have a flat, slightly larger tail and no black spots. If you understand this first, then you will have your own prejudices when writing.
The mantis is pure green in color, with big eyes and a small head. It has a slender neck and a long body. Its arms are like axes. It is powerful and powerful, and it moves as fast as flying. When he sees something, his body is swaying, and he is brave but does not know his strength, so he has the reputation of turning the wheel. The heart of the piano is facing towards it, and there is a sound of killing. The painting uses grass and green to describe the situation, and adds powder to obtain relief. The boneless method is not suitable for using ink.
Cicada is also called a worm, with pure black color, bald head, flat body, and thin wings. When it sings, it flaps its wings and the sound is between the wings. It is easy to hide at the bottom of willows, so many paintings depict willow cicadas. When writing a cicada, first use ink to write the head and eyes, use a dry pen to lightly drag the yarn as wings, and then add claws to complete the painting, or you can also use ocher ink.
●General Postscript
The paintings of ancient times have no basis and are difficult to examine. Most of the paintings are just figures, ghosts, gods, and beasts. The Gu, Lu, Zhang and Wu generations created the first style of landscape. Gu Changkang, Lu Tanwei , Zhang Sengyou , and Wu Daoxuan. Following him are Er Li, Er Yan, Er Zheng, Er Wang, Jing, Guan, Dong and Ju. Li Sixun , Li Zhaodao, Yan Lide , Yan Liben, Zheng Fashi, Zheng Qian, Wang Wei, Wang Zai, Jing Hao, Yan Tong, Dong Beiyuan, Ju Ran. Gu Kaizhi said on painting: The most difficult thing to draw is people, followed by landscapes, and dogs and horses. The terraces and pavilions must have a certain instrument and ear, which is difficult to achieve but easy to achieve. Si Yan believes that figures are commonplace and cannot be kept simple, and portraits are difficult to paint, so landscapes are the second best. However, the various methods of landscape painting were not yet prepared in the Tang and Song Dynasties, because there are traces that fail to capture the meaning and the claims are exaggerated. In the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao, Wang, Wu, Huang, Ni, Cao, Qian, Sheng Zhao Ziang, Wang Shuming, Wu Zhonggui, Huang Zijiu, Ni Yunlin, Cao Yunxi, Qian Shunju, Sheng Zizhao. The method is complete and can be used as the outline of painting studies. Painters should mainly focus on landscapes. When painting landscapes, they must have the heaven and earth in their minds, and the chemical industry is directly under their control. Animals and plants flying between heaven and earth must be painted at the same time, that is, people, flowers, birds, animals and livestock, all in the picture. Pointing the scenery must be like this before it can be said to be successful. This painting is the first volume to discuss landscapes, and it is based on the calligraphy and ink painting methods of other painters. It goes over and over in detail and is not tired of redundancy. It sincerely attaches great importance to landscapes and does not dare to ignore them lightly. People often say that landscapes are prone to hidden clumsiness. If there are mistakes in the writing, you can use dots to cover them up, or if they are empty, you can use trees to fill them up. They can be piled up at will without any effort; there are also people who are confused and messy, and imitate the calligraphy of an ancient person in order to protect themselves. Few of them are able to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit. Some may be fond of Asuo, or they may repeat their hairpin tassels. They will echo the sound and follow each other's habits, and they will be confused together. Alas, the art of painting is declining day by day, it can be vacated! Although mountains and rivers have no fixed shape, there are some that are feasible, some that are promising, some that are swimmable, and some that are habitable. Any painting up to these four points can be compared with painting. How can you claim to be capable of painting trees, mountains, rocks and water? It is better to be able to travel and live than to be able to travel and live. Try to look at real mountains and rivers, travel thousands of miles away, and choose a place where you can swim and live. There are only two or three places where you can swim and live. This is why a gentleman longs for forests and springs.Therefore, the painter should create it with this intention, and the appraiser should also create it with this intention. Without losing its original intention, it can be easy! Among the characters, although there are princes and generals, Confucianism, Buddhism, ghosts and gods, fishermen, woodcutter, farmers and weavers, their personalities are different; walking, standing, sitting and lying down, laughing, talking about joy and sorrow, playing music, chess, poetry and drinking, all of them are different, but after all, a person's body changes his ecology. Du Yun'er, compared with other mountains and rivers, how can they be as difficult or large as they are? Flowers are just one thing. Animals, insects, and fish are even more small things. There are flies, fireflies, mosquitoes and ants among them, and they are too small to be included in the painting. Even if you sometimes enjoy writing and playing with ink, you can also do it occasionally if you are interested. Now if you are determined to do this and try to be good at it, it will be inferior to the method, so what is the truth? In the next three volumes, the so-called flowers, birds, beasts and insects, and each number are summarized in a clear and concise summary. It is considered that the painting study has been completed, and the techniques of using brush and ink have been prepared in the landscape theory. There is no need to add more speculations. That’s it. What is light and what is heavy is an inherent trade-off in nature. It is better to be brief than to be detailed. There is no guideline for writing a book. Readers should not treat this book like a dragon's head and a rat's tail, ridiculing the writing. Tongzhi Bingyin Sui Hua Dynasty, Ji Chang Zheng Jijin postscript.
