The implementation of unified management of natural resources is an important measure for the construction of my country's ecological civilization system. Part.1 Overview of World Natural Resource Management 1 Natural Resource Property Rights and State Ownership The natural resou

The implementation of unified management of natural resources is an important measure for the construction of my country's ecological civilization system. Compared with the past multi-sector management system, the concepts and goals of natural resource management have undergone significant changes. To this end, it is necessary to learn from foreign experience and theory to guide China's reality.

This article analyzes the concept of natural resource management and the natural resource management experience of various countries around the world, and proposes inspiration for the country. The content is detailed and information-rich. It is suitable for collection. Maybe it will be used sometime!

Natural resources are the material basis and spatial carrier on which human society depends for its survival and development. The implementation of unified management of natural resources is an important measure for the construction of my country's ecological civilization system. We have also mentioned the significance of this measure in many previous articles, so we will not go into details here.

Part.1

Overview of world natural resource management

1

Natural resource property rights and national ownership

The natural resource property rights system refers to a relatively complete series of natural resource ownership, development, utilization, how to transfer, and who will bear the resulting legal consequences. Implement a system of rules. Such as the ownership of mineral deposits, exploration rights, mining rights, ownership of trees on farmers' private land, development and utilization of water surface rights and water head rights, etc.

From the perspective of political system and economic and social development, there are two situations in the international state ownership of natural resources: belongs to the state and belongs to the king . It belongs to the state. The state has stricter control over the ownership of natural resources and has more restrictions on the transfer of natural resource property rights. Generally, the natural resource trading market is not very developed, such as and Russia ; it belongs to the king and is generally only owned in name. , the real natural resource rights are different forms of tenure rights, such as UK .

In countries where the ownership of natural resources belongs to different entities and has implemented a market economy system for many years, due to the relatively complete relevant laws and regulations, natural resource owners have a strong demand for the transfer of property rights, and more economic means can be used to manage property rights. The natural resource market The degree of localization is also high, such as and in the United States.

From the perspective of national system, centralized system (unitary system) countries generally adopt a centralized management model for natural resources. Local governments and central government are consistent in institutional settings, management functions and operating methods. The central government pays more attention to The use and protection of natural resources, such as Japan. and federal system (composite) country includes two types: centralized federalism and loose federalism. Centralized federal countries are more similar to centralized countries. The center has greater rights to manage natural resources, such as India; In loose federalism, state governments have greater rights to manage natural resources, such as in the United States.

From the perspective of resource endowment, countries with limited natural resources and high population density pay more attention to the refined protection and management of natural resources, such as Japan. Countries with rich natural resources and low population density pay more attention to the development and utilization of natural resources. For example, Australia's Department of Industry, Science and Resources (formerly the Department of Primary Industries and Energy) is responsible for the research, formulation and implementation of resource industry policies.

2

The unified management of natural resources by the world organization

Different international organizations such as the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Wetlands International (WI), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) have successively proposed different types of Type of nature reserve. Among them, the one with the widest impact and the most recognized by countries around the world is IUCN’s natural protected area classification system .

IUCN's concept of natural protected areas refers to geographical areas recognized by law or other effective means to achieve long-term preservation of natural and related ecosystem services and cultural values. Natural protected areas are the most important and essential component of natural ecological space. Most countries in the world today use natural protected areas when building their own ecological security patterns. The natural protected area system is also considered the most effective internationally. One of the means of nature protection.

From an international perspective, currently more than 180 countries and regions have demarcated the scope of ecological protection areas in their own countries or regions with reference to the natural protected area classification system of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) , and also refer to IUCN natural protected areas. The system implements different levels of management for different types of protected areas. There are large differences in the area and number of protected areas in different countries and regions, and each country also has its own characteristics in specific management models. The basic experience is to strengthen the protection of natural areas by improving the legal system as a guarantee, integrating protected areas as a premise, clarifying management institutions as a focus, and strengthening differentiated management and control as a starting point.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) was founded in 1948 and published the "Guidelines for Management Types of Nature Reserves" in 1994. Since 2014, in order to establish and promote excellent examples, IUCN has established and released the "World's Best Managed Protected Areas Green Guide". List” (Green List, IUCN Green List). There are 23 natural protected areas in the first batch of included in the global green list, including world heritage sites, nature reserves, scenic spots, forest parks, wetland parks, geological parks, water conservancy scenic spots, etc. China has 6 protected areas Selected . That is, Shaanxi Changqing National Nature Reserve, Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, Anhui Huangshan National Scenic Area, Jilin Longwan National Forest Park, Sichuan Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve and Heilongjiang Wudalianchi National Scenic Area .

3

Natural resource management

Natural resource management is based on the physical, biological, economic and social characteristics of natural resources. It not only manages the interaction between people and natural resources, but also manages the health and safety of the natural resources themselves.

The current natural resource management models in various countries around the world mainly include:

Emphasis on community-oriented natural resource management

The location of natural resources is the most important and critical place for resource protection; natural resource protection is directly related to the quality of life of local residents and is the key to resource protection. The premise is that residents in areas where natural resources are located will actively protect resources only when the benefits of protection are greater than the costs of protection.

Natural resource management that emphasizes early warning management content

From the early 1970s, Europe began resource and environmental early warning management, also called resource and environmental risk management . Strengthening management of key links of potential risks, especially some potential irreversible risk matters, and conducting basic information monitoring to reduce possible future conflicts have also become an important part of its natural resource management system.

Early warning management of resources and environment requires prediction, assessment, monitoring, and response to potential risks at various stages of resource development and utilization. These predictions, evaluations, and monitoring require sufficient scientific evidence, which is an important part of natural resource public services.

emphasizes the overall management of natural resources based on regions

This is to use a systematic perspective to manage all aspects of natural resource development and utilization, and is divided into regions for management, including regional resource utilization, regional protection, watershed management, etc. Foreign natural resource scientific research projects are also mostly regional, targeting regions, and have become the targets of foreign resource and environmental audits. Regional-based overall natural resource management is to manage point problems from a comprehensive perspective to avoid point problems damaging the overall effect of natural resources.

Foreign natural resource public service systems have built an administrative management framework for natural resource management, which is closely integrated with administrative management. In the management process, a dynamic set of regulations - planning - implementation management - evaluation - regulations is formed. The natural resource management process makes administrative management truly scientific and effective.

Part.2

International experience: the United States, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom, etc.

1

Natural resource management in the United States

The natural resources in the United States are managed by the federal government's Department of the Interior. As a resource-rich country, it attaches great importance to natural resource asset management and has currently formed the most complete natural resource asset value management system in the world.The U.S. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Conservation Service has the Soil Survey Division, Resource Inventory Division, and Resource Evaluation Division, which are responsible for soil resource assessment; the Financial Management Division is responsible for soil economic benefit assessment; and the Maintenance Operations Division is responsible for soil ecological benefit assessment to ensure the sustainability of soil resources. use. In addition, the United States has established a separate Office of Natural Resources Revenue within the Department of the Interior, which is responsible for the collection and management of natural resource revenue on behalf of the country.

The United States is the first country in the world to establish nature reserves, and it is also the country with the most national parks in the world. , its tourism value, economic value and ecological value are immeasurable. The United States has basic laws involving the nature reserve (area) system at the federal, state, and local levels. A system of six protected areas has been established with the core being national parks, national wilderness reserves, national forests (including national grasslands), national wildlife refuges, national marine refuges and estuary research protected areas, and national natural and scenic rivers. A natural ecological protection system assisted by land use and other management.

Various nature reserves are mainly managed by the Department of Commerce and the Department of the Interior. The Department of Commerce is responsible for the management of marine protected areas, the national parks are managed by the National Park Service under the Department of the Interior, and the wildlife refuges are managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service. Marine protected areas are managed by the Department of Commerce, and wilderness protected areas are managed by the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service.

The United States’ diverse natural resource ownership entities, developed socioeconomic conditions, and perfect legal system have laid the foundation for the start of the U.S. natural resource trading market. The United States builds a clear natural resource property rights system, improves the paid use system of natural resources, and promotes the establishment of natural resource markets. In the United States, all acquisitions and transactions of natural resource property rights must be paid and carried out in accordance with regulations.

A license is required to exploit and utilize natural resources. From the perspective of land ownership, land ownership consists of private land (59%), federal land (32%), state government land (7%), and Indian reservation land (2% ) together. If private individuals and companies want to exploit mineral resources on public lands (federal lands), they must first apply to the Bureau of Land Management of the Interior Department to rent land and pay land rent and mineral resource fees.

The United States implements the "protection priority, moderate development" principle for the management of different types of protected areas, allowing moderate development and management activities such as leisure and tourism without destroying the original ecosystem functions of the protected areas. However, for national parks In such areas with a high level of protection, management rights are usually entrusted to enterprises through franchising.

The United States is the originator of forest tourism, and Yellowstone Park in 1872 is the predecessor of forest tourism. After World War II, tourism based on forests gradually emerged. By 1960, the practical value of forest tourism was recognized and became one of the main parts of forest resource development. The Fifth World Forestry Conference held in the United States was an important milestone in the development of forest tourism. Since then, various countries have actively carried out the planning of nature reserves and national forest parks, which not only provides their nationals with fitness and educational activities. , and also attracted foreign tourists, becoming a smoke-free industry.

2

Canada's natural resource management

Canada's "National Parks Act" and "Canadian Wildlife Act" provide legal clarification on the management system of the country's wildlife reserve system and national park system. clarifies the country's nature reserves and national parks. According to the protection park management standards , 10% of its land and inland waters and 0.7% of its sea areas have been included in the natural ecological protection system. The law clarifies the management regulations for nature reserves, national parks and other protected areas in the country. Canada's national parks are managed by the National Park Service of the Ministry of Heritage, while wildlife reserves are managed by the Wildlife Service of the Ministry of Environment. The scenery is charming and beautiful, attracting tourists from all over the world.

3

The European Union establishes a unified natural resource management service

The European Union issued the Seventh Environmental Action Plan in 2013, proposed to maintain the stability of natural capital stocks and the continuous supply of ecological services; to maintain the stability of natural capital stocks, it is necessary to strengthen environmental protection and management It is necessary to manage, conserve and enhance natural capital, but also to improve resource utilization efficiency and reduce natural capital consumption.

In recent years, the EU has been committed to building an integrated resource and environment monitoring station network, unifying monitoring technical standards, coordinating the deployment of monitoring resources, and uniformly providing monitoring information to the EU, member states, scientific research institutions and the public. After years of efforts, the EU has now formed a monitoring system consisting of a global environment and security monitoring system based on satellite remote sensing and a monitoring system based on ground monitoring of water, natural disasters, oceans, soil and other monitoring sites.

4

The UK's natural resources are managed by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.. As the world's first constitutional monarchy, the ownership of its land and natural resources attached to the ground belongs to the Queen of England, but its ownership has become in name only. The basic attribute of the British land ownership system is to determine ownership based on utilization, and to shift from ownership to utilization. In essence, the various natural resource rights attached to the land belong to the land users.

In order to effectively exercise the Queen's responsibilities as the owner of royal natural resource assets, since the 1760s, the British government has specially established a royal estate management agency to uniformly exercise the responsibilities of owners and managers of gold and silver minerals and most offshore non-energy minerals. . The Crown Estate is responsible for managing 55% of the UK's beaches, about half of the estuaries, tidal (water) river bottoms and the seabed of territorial waters within 12 nautical miles, and has exploration and mining rights.

The virtual ownership of natural resources has led to the formation of a decentralized natural resource management model in the UK. There is no central unified natural resource management agency, but is managed by several ministries and commissions. UK has established a specialized natural resource asset management agency to perform the functions of natural resource owners and gradually improve the natural resource use rights system. Enable holders of natural resource use rights to assume corresponding rights and obligations and promote the rational use of natural resources.

As early as 1949, the United Kingdom promulgated the National Parks and Rural Use Act, which initially established the management system and model of British nature reserves. Later, it successively promulgated laws such as the Wildlife and Countryside Act and the Environmental Protection Act to clarify and strengthen it. The United Kingdom established the Joint Committee on Nature Conservation to coordinate and guide the Nature Conservation Council of England, the Scottish Natural Heritage Council and the Welsh Countryside Council to strengthen the management of nature reserves across the country and develop tourism on the basis of conservation.

5

German National Park Service

Germany has established a special National Park Service with the "Nature and Landscape Protection Law". The area of ​​Germany's natural ecological protection areas accounts for more than 25% of its land area: 85 natural parks, accounting for 16% of its land area. %. There are 12 national parks and 5,171 nature reserves, accounting for 3.8% of the land area; 12 biosphere reserves, accounting for 3.2% of the land area; 580 virgin forest reserves, accounting for 4.5% of the land area.

Germany combines the protection and utilization of ecological land with the formulation of land planning, and reserves protected land through planning means to achieve the purpose of protecting ecological land. For example, Berlin State clearly stipulates in the land plan that the area of ​​nature reserves accounts for the total area of ​​the city. The area ratio should be more than 3%, and the landscape protection area should account for more than 20% of the total urban area. provides a very good environmental foundation and conditions for Germany's tourism development.

Germany is a model in the construction of campsites. There are campsites with beautiful environments under the Alps and along the Rhine River. 's complete supporting facilities meet people's main needs, reduce later personnel maintenance costs, and make management simple and efficient. Forest Recuperation first originated in , Germany in the 1940s. It takes the rich and colorful forest ecological landscape, high-quality oxygen-rich forest environment, healthy and delicious forest food, and profound forest health culture as its main resources, and is equipped with corresponding health care facilities. Leisure and medical service facilities carry out forest recreation, vacation, recuperation, health care, elderly care and other service activities with the purpose of restoring physical and mental health and delaying the aging of life.

6

Japan’s conservation-oriented ecological management system

Japan’s lack of natural resources forces the Japanese government to pay more attention to the protection and rational utilization of natural resources. As early as the late 1980s, Japan had implemented an ecological management model. There are three current land ownership systems, namely state ownership, public ownership, and individual and legal person ownership. State-owned land and public land (owned by local governments) account for 37%, and private land (owned by individuals and legal persons) accounts for 63%. Most of Japan's state-owned and public lands are mountains, forests, rivers, and seashores for public welfare use by the country and the whole people, emphasizing ecological protection. Moreover, to protect public interests, Japan also imposes restrictions on the use of privately owned land.

Japan's natural environment protection, including the management of nature reserves, is mainly responsible for the Nature Conservation Bureau under the Ministry of Environment; Japan has formed a system based on the "Basic Environmental Law" and the "Natural Environment Preservation Law" as the core. "Natural Parks", " The legal protection system for natural protected areas supported by specialized laws such as "Forest Land Protection" clarifies that the types of natural protected areas in China are divided into three categories: native natural environment preservation areas, natural environment preservation areas and natural environment preservation areas established by prefectures. ; Japan has constructed a complete natural resource property rights system to protect natural resources, treating it as a private rights transaction.

At the same time, Japan has intervened with public power and used special laws to restrict or prohibit people's development and utilization of natural resources, and implemented a subsidy system through economic means for those who contribute to the preservation of natural resources. Japan has always attached great importance to the tourism environment and the development of tourism. Its excellent environmental background value and unique culture have brought tourists from all over the world to Japan.

Japan is the country with the most advanced and scientific forest health efficacy measurement technology in the world. 's forest recuperation base is "FUFU Yamanashi Health Farm". Relying on advanced management concepts and rich local natural resources, it has become a well-known health management institution in Japan. This forest therapy model has achieved great success in Japan.

7

Russia’s public power control leads to unified state management

Russia is endowed with unique natural endowments, and the quantity of natural resources such as forests, water, coal, and natural gas ranks among the top in the world. Its state-owned land accounts for 92% of the total land, citizens account for 6.9%, and legal persons account for only 0.9%. The ownership of natural resources in Russia consists of four categories: state ownership, collective ownership, collective share ownership and citizen ownership. However, the state strictly controls the ownership of natural resources, forming a control model dominated by public power control and unified and comprehensive management by the state.

The "Subsoil Law" stipulates that underground minerals, water, rock soil, geological structure, underground energy, and underground space shall be managed comprehensively. In 1995, the Law of the Russian Federation on Specially Protected Natural Areas was promulgated, which comprehensively regulated the construction and management of special natural protected areas in Russia. The nature, resource ownership, approval procedures and main task management system of various types of nature reserves have been clarified.

Russia adopts comprehensive management of natural resources, forming a model of unified formulation of natural resource policies, strengthening the state's public rights management of natural resources, and classified utilization management. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the federal government established by is under unified management. It consists of natural resources and environmental protection, forest resource management, water resources management and other departments. It centrally formulates nature reserves, national parks, game reserves, and logging bans in accordance with the principle of unified management. District and other management and control policies, as well as forest and water resource utilization and protection policies, and formulate ecological safety supervision policies.

At the same time, the Underground Resources Utilization Bureau is established to strengthen underground resources (oil and gas, fixed minerals, groundwater and facilities) asset management, mining rights licensing management and mineral resources information database construction; the Water Resources Bureau strengthens water resources assets, water resources utilization and water quality management etc.; the Forestry Bureau strengthens forest resource asset management, forest resource protection and regeneration, etc.

In order to promote the economic development of the natural resource industry, Russia has separated commercial natural resources such as land and energy and placed them under the management of the Ministry of Economic Development and the Ministry of Energy, effectively realizing the separate management of commercial natural resources and public welfare natural resources. In terms of property rights management, the Russian Federal Cadastral Service is responsible for registering natural resources, and the Federal Ministry of Property Relations is responsible for managing the ownership of natural resources.

Russian nature reserves and national parks are managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The "Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas of the Russian Federation" stipulates that the natural protected area system consists of national nature reserves, national parks, natural parks, national logging (forbidden hunting and fishing) areas, natural heritage sites, forest parks and botanical gardens; Russia's natural resource protection area system covers an area of ​​1.92 million km2, accounting for 11% of the total land area.

Russia stipulates that national nature reserves and national parks are the highest level of special protection areas. In addition to carrying out natural scientific research, animal and plant research, ecological publicity and education activities and tourism activities that comply with regulations, it is prohibited to carry out any other activities. Form development, construction or business activities ; all pollution, logging and even tourism activities are prohibited in reservoirs and water source protection areas, while logging activities can be carried out moderately in water protection and fish migration areas along rivers without affecting the supply of river water sources. In recent years, Russia has carried out many tourism activities targeting China, attracting a large number of tourists.

8

Australia’s overall management and protection of land property rights

Australia has a vast territory and rich natural resources. It is a federal country composed of six states and two regions (Northern Territory and Capital Territory). The management authority of the central government and local government is in the constitution. It is clearly stipulated that they will not be subordinate to each other or interfere with each other. Australia's natural resource property rights registration system emphasizes using land as the carrier. On the basis of registering the ownership and use rights of land resources, it clarifies the restrictions on the use of different natural resources such as water flows, forests, mountains, grasslands, wastelands, and tidal flats on the land within the scope of its property rights. conditions and conservation requirements.

In 1999, based on the five original laws involving environmental protection and biodiversity conservation, the national "Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Preservation Law" was promulgated as the supreme law for the country's natural protected areas. The nature protected area system includes world heritage sites, wetlands of international importance, biosphere reserves, federal protected areas and conservation areas, among which federal protected areas are the core. Australia and New Zealand have protected areas managed by the Department of Environment, Heritage and Water Resources and the Department of Conservation respectively.

Australia has a well-developed land registration system. Land registration is based on the land space that carries natural resources. uses land as a carrier to register the above-ground and underground space as a whole, register the ownership of land resources, land occupation, use, sale, and lease. , mortgage and related land rights, and through various laws to clarify the rights and obligations of different types of natural resources such as water flows, forests, mountains, grasslands, wasteland, tidal flats, etc. on the land, restrict the relevant rights of land owners, and achieve the protection and protection of natural resources. use.

In short, the United States, Japan, Russia, and Germany all implement natural resource and environmental protection management systems at different levels. And the construction and management of natural ecological protection areas (areas) have been strengthened through legislation, and the authorization and responsibilities of management have been clarified, so that the management of ecological protection areas (areas) has laws to follow.

The current development of the international natural resource management system shows the following development trends.

First, resource management is moving from decentralized to comprehensive , that is, taking the overall natural resources as the management object, taking the commonality of different categories of natural resources as the basis, taking the mutual relationships between different categories of natural resources as the coordination link, and using an integrated The comprehensive operation mechanism manages resources of different categories in a unified manner.

The second is the coordinated development of resource management and ecological protection.

The third is the rational combination of resource management and resource industry management.

The fourth is a geographical space with a clear scope, identifiable and managed, and the long-term protection of its nature-related ecosystem services and cultural values ​​can be achieved through legal or other effective methods. It is the current mainstream development trend in the world that environmental protection departments take the lead in managing natural ecological reserves (land).

The fifth is natural resource services. Foreign natural resource public services provide according to the needs of natural resource managers and users. Judging from the main service content provided, it can be divided into three categories of : financial assistance, technical guidance and information services , the specific content will vary from country to country. Foreign natural resource public services are provided according to the needs of natural resource managers and users, and mainly include three categories: financial assistance, technical guidance and information services.

Part.3

China's natural resource management draws lessons from

After carrying out natural resource asset management, the department's professional supervision and macro management are very different from the current traditional department supervision methods. Therefore, on the basis of the institutional reform in 2018, we must continue to carry out the "three determinations" redistribution between departments to clarify the boundaries of responsibilities for natural resource property rights management and professional supervision of natural resources, professional supervision of ecological environment protection and other professional supervision.

Important inspirations for my country's natural resource management:

Expand the scope and content of natural resource public services and promote the establishment of a service-oriented government;

Establish and improve natural resource public service policies and systems;

Strengthen natural resource public service infrastructure and application platforms Construction;

strengthens product development on the basis of improving basic data investigation and evaluation.

In short, in the era of mass tourism, "stones from other mountains can be used to attack jade." draws on the natural resource management models of various countries around the world, as well as the experience of international ecological reserves and tourism development, which is very meaningful for China's current tourism development. Implementation rules for the ownership, development, utilization and transfer of ecological and environmental functions with special beauty and comfort in forests, scenic spots, nature reserves, health resorts, forest parks, natural relics and cultural relics are the environmental quality property rights system .

uses top-level design to explore the reform of the environmental quality property rights system and supervision system in my country's natural resource asset property rights from the perspective of power and rights separation and the integration of similar rights. It is the system and management rights for paid visits or enjoyment of scenic spots. Based on the paid transfer system and the paid utilization system of sanatoriums, in the new era, it will promote the construction of ecological civilization, a strong tourism country and a comprehensively well-off happy China into the future.

Editing and finishing | New land planner

Article source | Boya strategy

Author information | Baimo