Subject Network reminds
that with the reform of the college entrance examination, traditional Chinese culture has become the key content of the college entrance examination, so everyone should be careful. You should understand these common sense of ancient Chinese culture and be prepared!
For more knowledge about ancient Chinese culture, please log in to the mobile version of the subject website to search, and you can read it anytime, anywhere.
Search the mobile version of Subject Network for common knowledge about ancient Chinese culture
1. Geography Mountains and Rivers
1. Yin and Yang (Yin: Mountains in the north and water in the south, places where the sun is not easy to shine; Yang: Mountains in the south and water in the north)
2. Rivers (in ancient times, "jiang" specifically refers to the Yangtze River, and "he" specifically refers to the Yellow River)
3. Inside and outside the Pass (before the Han Dynasty, "Guan" specifically referred to Hangu Pass; from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to now, the three northeastern provinces were called "Outside the Pass".
4. Shandong and Shanxi ("Mountain" specifically Refers to Weishan Mountain, and later sometimes refers to Taihang Mountain.
5. Ancient and modern place names (Dadu - Beijing Daliang, Bianliang, Tokyo, Bianjing - Kaifeng Jingkou - Zhenjiang Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Jiangning, Shitoucheng – Nanjing Lin’an , Qiantang – Hangzhou Suzhou , Wujun – Suzhou Huaishang, Jiangdu, Weiyang – Yangzhou Kuaiji – Shaoxing Chang’an – Xi’an Fengtian – Shenyang Zhigu – Tianjin)
6 ．Five Mountains (Eastern Mountain, Taishan Mountain, Western Mountain, Zhongyue Mountain, Songshan Mountain, Southern Mountain, Hengshan Mountain, and Northern Mountain, Hengshan Mountain)
2. Pay attention to the differences between ancient directions, place names and modern places.
(1) Liuhe: refers to the four directions of heaven and earth ( That is, up, down, east, south, west, north).
(2) Eight desolate places: east, southeast, south, southwest, northwest, north and northeast. Refers to the place far away from the Central Plains.
(3) Jiuzhou: In ancient times, the world was divided into Jiuzhou, namely Yanzhou , Jizhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou , Yuzhou , Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Liangzhou, Yongzhou . (4) Shandong: refers to the east of Laoshan.
(5) Jiangnan: refers to the south of the Yangtze River.
(6) Jiangzuo: refers to the east of the Yangtze River.
(7) Jiangbiao: Outside the Yangtze River, it refers to the south of the Yangtze River.
(8) Hebei and Henan generally refer to the Central Plains, that is, the Yellow River Basin.
(9) Five mountains: Dongyue Taishan, Nanyue Hengshan, Xiyue Hengshan, and Zhongyue Songshan.
(10) Nanjing is also known as Jianye, Jianyi, the ancient location, the place name is clean and modern.
(11) Kaifeng is also known as Daliang, Bianzhou , and Tokyo.
The situation of official positions in ancient times was extremely complicated, and changed in each dynasty. It could be roughly controlled by the central and local authorities.
Central official positions: Under the emperor, there was a prime minister or prime minister who assisted in the affairs of the country and commanded all officials. The central government generally has six departments in charge of government affairs, namely the Ministry of Personnel, the Ministry of Household Affairs, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Affairs, and the Ministry of Industry. The minister is called Shangshu, and the deputy is Shilang.
Local official positions: The major political areas are called counties, states or provinces, and the chief officers are called county guards, prefects (or governors) and governors respectively.
The grassroots political power is called a county, and the county official is called a county magistrate or a magistrate. It is located in the Gaozhou (or prefecture) between large administrative regions and counties, and the chief executive is called a magistrate (prefect).
4. Calendar
chronology includes:
(1) Calculate the year according to the year when the prince ascended the throne (for example: the sixteenth year of King Zhao Huiwen),
(2) Calculate the year according to the stems and branches (for example: based on March 29th of 1911) The battle to siege the Guangdong and Guangxi Supervisory Office was the most severe),
(3) The era name and chronology (such as: February 19, the second year of Deyou),
(4) The era name uses both stems and branches (such as: Xianfeng Gengshen, British and French forces invaded from the sea). The three months of a season are called Meng and Zhong in sequence, and seasons are such as Penchun (January), Zhongchun (February), and Jichun (March). The special days of each month have specific names. The first day is called "Suo", the last day is called "Hui", the fifteenth day is called "Wang", and the sixteenth day is called "Jiwang". One day and night is divided into twelve hours, called by the twelve earthly branches, and each hour is two hours long. There are five shifts (9 drums) every night, two hours each. In addition, the rooster's crow refers to three or four o'clock in the morning, the sunrise is called Dan, Chen, Chao, and dusk. People determine that Haishi is equivalent to 9-11 p.m. At sunset, dusk and yellow, people determine that Haishi is equivalent to 9-11 pm.
5. Ancient Festivals and Related Customs
New Year's Day
The first day of the first lunar month, also known as the New Year's Day, has the custom of offering sacrifices to gods and sticking peach charms on them. According to legend, there are two gods, Shen Tu and Yu Lei, who can eat hundreds of ghosts under the big peach tree in Dushuo Mountain in the East China Sea. The ancients used peach wood to draw two statues of gods and hung them at the door to drive away ghosts. In the Five Dynasties, couplets began to be written on talismans, which later evolved into Spring Festival couplets. Wang Anshi's poem "Yuan Ri" says: "Thousands of households are as bright as the sun, and they always exchange new peaches for old charms." In ancient times, it was customary to light up lanterns as a show on the night of the Lantern Festival, so it is also called the Lantern Festival. Song Zhu Shuzhen's "Sheng Cha Zi? Yuan Xi": "On the Lantern Festival last year, the lights in the flower market were as bright as day."
社日
A day when farmers worship the God of the Earth. Before the Han Dynasty, there was only the Spring Society, but after the Han Dynasty, there was the Qiu Society. The Spring Society is around the Spring Equinox, and the Autumn Society is around the Autumnal Equinox. On Social Day, the villagers gather at the Tutu Temple to prepare wine and meat as offerings to the gods, and then have a feast. Wang Jia's "Poetry of Society Day" "The shadows of mulberry trees are scattered in the spring society, and every family helps people return intoxicated."
Hanshi
Two days before Qingming, that is, one hundred and five days after the winter solstice, sometimes one hundred and six days sky. According to legend, it originated from Jin Wengong mourning Jie Zitui. Jie Zitui lived in seclusion on Mianshang Mountain. Jin Wengong set fire to force him to come down the mountain, so he died hugging a tree. Duke Wen of Jin ordered that fire and cold food be prohibited on this day, which later evolved into the Cold Food Festival. During the Cold Food Festival, people ban fire for three days. Yuan Town's "Lianchang Palace Ci": "After the cold food for the first time, the shop is smokeless and the palace willows are green."
Qingming
The customs of Qingming Festival are mainly outing and tomb sweeping. Du Mu has a poem "Qingming": "It rains heavily during the Qingming Festival, and pedestrians on the road want to die."
Shangsi
It was originally scheduled for a Si day in early March, so it was called Shangsi. After the Cao Wei Dynasty, this festival was fixed on March 3rd. In the early days, people went to the waterside to pick orchids to drive away evil spirits. Later, it evolved into a festival of feasting by the water and spring outings in the countryside. Du Fu has a poem " Beauty Travels ": "The weather is new on March 3rd, and there are many beautiful people by the water in Chang'an."
Dragon Boat Festival
The fifth day of May, also known as "Duanyang" and "Chongwu"," "Duan" means "beginning". It is said that Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. People rushed to save Qu Yuan, which later evolved into the tradition of dragon boat racing. People also threw rice dumplings into the river to protect Qu Yuan's body, and there was a tradition of eating rice dumplings. After the Tang Dynasty, the Dragon Boat Festival became a big festival, and the court gave rewards. Du Fu has "Giving Clothes on the Dragon Boat Festival": "The Dragon Boat Festival is graced and honored."
Qixi Festival
The seventh day of the seventh lunar month. Folk legend has it that on this night the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl met on the Magpie Bridge, and the women made colorful decorations on the pavilion and placed wine, preserved melons and fruits in the courtyard to beg for cleverness. He Ning's "Gong Ci": "The dim stars are dotted with red light, and the palace concubines are busy begging for tricks on the Chinese Valentine's Day."
Ghost Festival of the Ghost Festival
On the 13th or 14th day of the seventh lunar month, every family will invite their ancestors and burn the paper money they made. It is said that the fifteenth ancestor will go to the underworld to hold an Oriental Conference
Mid-Autumn Festival [NextPage]
August 15th. August 15th is in the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn Festival. At this time, the autumn air is crisp and the moonlight is the most beautiful. It is the best time to enjoy the moon. Su Shi "Shui Tiao Ge Tou": "When will the bright moon come? Ask the blue sky for wine." Wei Zhuang "Send the Scholars Back to Jingxi": "The moon is full in the Mid-Autumn Festival in August, and I will send you on the Mulan Boat."
Double Ninth Festival
The ninth day of September. Also known as Chongjiu. The ancients believed that nine is the yang number, and the sun and moon both fall on the ninth day, which is called the Double Ninth Festival. The ancients believed that taking dogwood pouches to climb mountains and drinking chrysanthemum wine on this day would avoid disaster, so they developed the habit of climbing and drinking on this day. Wang Wei's "Reminiscences of Shandong Brothers on September 9th": "I know from afar that when brothers climb to a high place, there is one less person planting dogwood trees." The month is called the twelfth lunar month). In ancient times, on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, villagers beat thin-waisted drums and acted as vajra warriors to drive away the plague. Du Fu's poem "Twelve Years Eve": "The December Day is still warm every year, but this year the cold weather is gone."
New Year's Eve
The night of the last day of the year. In addition to removing the old and replacing the old with the new. The last day of the year is called "New Year's Eve" and that night is called "New Year's Eve". People often stay up all night on New Year's Eve, which is called staying up all night. Su Shi's "Watching the Sui Sui": "Children are forced not to sleep, but stay with each other all night and cheer."
6. Etiquette and customs
1. Age title
Infancy: baby. Child: 2 to 3 years old.
General angle: young child. Cardamom age 13-year-old woman.
and hairpin: 15-year-old woman. Crown , Crowned, weakly crowned: 20 years old.
Standing: 30 years old.
Zhiming, knowing destiny, half a hundred years old, Zhifei: 50 years old. Old age: 60 years old.
70 years old.
: 80 to 90 years old.
Avoid naming the monarch and elders directly. and write them out, avoid them by changing words, missing pens, empty words, and using synonyms. For example, "people's customs can be understood by observing people's customs".
(1) The emperor, the queen mother, and the people's customs. The death names of princes and princes are: death, death, Baisui, Qianqiu, Yanjia, Shanlingbeng, etc.
(2) The death names of parents are: Jianbei, Gulu, abandonment, etc.
(3) The death names of Buddhist and Taoist disciples. : Nirvana, death, immortality, immortality, immortal death, etc. "Immortal death" is also used to refer to the death of a respected person.
(4) Common people's death names: death, eternal sleep, eternal death, passing away, etc. Death, end of life, death, death, death, old age, passing away, death, etc.
３．Humility and respect
(1) modesty: privately, privately: stupid. Poor knowledge. We: Not good for oneself or one's own things. Home: To refer to relatives who are senior or older to oneself, such as father. , sister-in-law.
Modesty titles for officials: lower officials, junior officials, junior officials. Modesty titles for scholars: junior students, junior students, late students, late students, untalented, unworthy, unworthy, etc.
Other modest titles: juniors, juniors or low status. A humble term for a person; Xiao Ke, a humble term for a person with a certain status; Xiaozi, a humble term for a younger generation to their father, elders, elders.
Other modest words:
Excessive praise: Modesty words, excessive praise
Face-grabbing: Polite words, used to ask the other party to accept. One's own request or gift
Bold: Describe boldness (mostly used as a modest word)
(2) Honorific title
In vain: a favor given by the other party
Honorific title to the other party or the other party's relatives: Ling. , has a beautiful meaning, and is used to address the other person’s relatives, such as your father-in-law, your father-in-law, your father-in-law, etc.; Zun, used to refer to people or things related to the other party, such as Zunshang, Zunfu, Zunjia, Zunming, etc.; Xian is used to refer to the other party’s relatives. When referring to peers or juniors, such as virtuous brother, virtuous man, etc.; benevolence expresses love and respect, such as calling one's elder brother among peers' friends, calling one with high status as benevolent father-in-law; calling one's elders as husband-in-law, as in father-in-law.
Adding "Xian" before the title indicates death, and is used to honor people with high status or older people, such as the late emperor, late father, sages, etc.
Other respectful words: Hui, which means that the other person’s behavior is a favor to you, such as favors, favors, favors, etc.; Borrow, which means that you rely on the other person’s strength, such as borrowing light, and polite words, used to ask others to give to you To facilitate or ask someone, borrowing means to borrow the strength of others; to express the behavior of elders or superiors towards oneself, such as inquire (expressing other people's inquiries about oneself), express love (to express the other person's love and care for oneself, mostly used in letters) Wait; long time no see: polite words, not seen for a long time
long time admiration: polite words, admired for a long time (said when they first met) aspiration: refers to plotting to seize power (neutral word)
䉉丽: (book) husband and wife, like a couple Love Taishan, Taishui: father-in-law, mother-in-law
Laobu: a respectful speech, used to thank others for visiting. Excuse me: polite words, used to ask others to do things or give way
Appreciate face: polite words, used to ask others to accept your requests or gifts
Taiduan: Jingci, the old name for the other party, (mostly used in letters from institutions, groups, etc. to individuals) Taifu: Jingci, the expression used to ask people in the old days
Taijia: Jingci, the old name for the other party Taijian: old letter formula , used after the initial salutation, means asking the other party to read the letter.
TOEFL: To put it mildly, relying on the wealth of others makes you lucky.
Ding Li: Respectfully, vigorously (used to express entrustment or thanks)
Patron: Respectful words, merchants often use it to welcome customers: Respectful words, saying that guests have come
Guigeng: Respectful words, asking about the age and health of the person: Respectful words, Calling the other party's illness
Haihan: a respectful speech, generous and tolerant (mostly used when asking for special forgiveness)
Subordinates: the general's subordinates, also used as a respectful speech, calling the general your Excellency: a respectful speech, addressing the other party, mostly used in diplomatic situations [NextPage ]
Hou Guang: respectful words, waiting to visit Houjiao: respectful words, waiting for advice
4. Special title
(1) The title of the common people. Common ones include Buyi, Qianshou, Limin, Shengmin, common people, Lishu, common people, Liyuan, Meng, etc., and Caomin.
(2)Professional title. For some people whose occupation is crafts, a word indicating their occupation is often added in front of their name so that people can know the person's professional identity at a glance. For example, "Paoding" in "Pao Ding Jie Niu", "Ding" is the name, and "Pao" is the chef, indicating the profession. "Shi Xiang" in "Shi Shuo" and "Shi Kuang" mentioned in "The Meeting of Heroes and Jiang Qianzhong", "Shi" means musician and indicates occupation. "You Meng" in "The Biography of Liu Jingting" refers to the artist named "Meng". "You" is also called actor or actor. In ancient times, it was used to refer to artists whose profession is music, dance and banter. Later, it was also called opera actor.
(3) Titles between different friend relationships. Friends made when poor and in a low status are called "friends of the poor and humble"; friends who have a close friendship and are as close as brothers are called "friends of the Golden Orchid"; friends who share life and death, and share hardships are called "friends who cut their necks"; when encountering hardships, The friends formed are called "friends in need"; those who share the same affection and have a deep friendship are called "inseparable friends"; good friends of the opposite sex who grew up together are called "friends of good friends"; friends who meet as civilians are called "commoners" "Friends"; friends with different generations and large age differences are called "Wangnianjiao"; friends who are not limited to status and appearance are called "Wangxingjiao"; friends whose deep friendship does not change due to changes in status are called "Chelijiao"; in Friends who support each other morally are called "junzijiao"; friends who are like-minded and know each other deeply are called "shenjiao" ("shenjiao" also refers to friends who admire each other but have never met in person).
7. Imperial Examination Officials and Appointment and Removal
1. Imperial Examination: Rural Examination (those admitted are called "Juren", and the first name is "Jieyuan")
National Examination (those who are admitted are called "Gongsheng", and the first name is "Huiyuan") ")
Palace examination (the admitted person is called "Jinshi", the first one is called "No. 1 Scholar", the second is called "No. 2", and the third is ranked among the best.
2. Appointment and removal of official positions
worship: confer official positions. Except: Remove from the old position and take up a new position.
Transfer: Remove from the official position. Remove: Remove from the official position. Relegated: demoted and transferred. Deposed: dismissed or deposed.
Resigned: ⑵Resigned: dismissed. Move to the left: Transfer to an official position.
Promote: Promote, select.
8. The name of a person is called
(1) The ancients had a name, a name, and a title, and after the death of a high official, there was a posthumous title. , the emperor has a temple name after his death. For example, Ouyang Xiu, whose courtesy name is Yongshu, whose posthumous title is Wenzhong. Han Yu is the opposite of Yu.
(2) A general title, used to refer to oneself, to refer to someone who is being looked down upon, or to give an objective introduction. Show respect. There are also several side names for the official title and place of origin (for example, Kang Youwei called Kang Nanhai). Generally, the official name is first, then the place of birth, and then the last name. Name) Tiantai (native place) Mr. Tao talks about Boji. Most people call themselves servants, Bu Di, Bu Nie, Yu, etc. Women call themselves concubines, and juniors call themselves boys.
9. Cultural classics
Prose by various scholars - "The Analects", "Laozi", " Mozi", "Mencius", " Zhuangzi", "Xunzi", "Han Feizi".
Fengshao – a combination of The Book of Songs and The Songs of Chu. (The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in my country and created the realist tradition of Chinese poetry. "Li Sao" created the romantic tradition of Chinese poetry.)
Four Books and Five Classics - "Four Books" refers to "The Analects" and "Mencius" ", "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean". The "Five Classics" refers to the five Confucian classics: Yi, Shangshu, Shi, Rites, and Spring and Autumn.
Six Art Classics – refers to the six classics of poetry, book, ritual, book of changes, music, and spring and autumn.
Six meanings – "Feng", "Ya", "Song", "Fu", "Bi" and "Xing". Six Arts: Etiquette, Music, Archery, Royalty, Numbers, and Martial Arts. "Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals" - a representative work of pre-Qin miscellaneous masters, also known as "Lv Lan", was compiled by Lu Buwei, the Prime Minister of Qin during the Warring States Period. .
"Zuo Zhuan" - the abbreviation of "Zuo Shi Zhuan in Spring and Autumn Period", also known as " Zuo Shi Chun Qiu ", is the first chronological history book in my country with detailed narrative.
"Warring States Policy" - a national history book, is a compilation of strategies and opinions of lobbyists during the Warring States Period, compiled by Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty.
" Historical Records " - the first biographical general history of our country. "Shishuoxinyu" - my country's first collection of notebook novels.
"Shuowen Jiezi" - my country's first dictionary. "The Two Treasures of Yuefu" – " The Peacock Flying Southeast " and "Mulan Poetry"
Three Words and Two Patterns - "Essays to Tell the World", "Words to Warn the World", "Standard Words to Awaken the World ", "Surprise at the First Carving" "
Three Officials and Three Farewells - " Shihao Officials ", " Tongguan Officials ", " Xin'an Officials ", "Newlywed Farewell", "Elderly Farewell", "Homeless Farewell"
Ten. Year-old calendar
1． The chronology of the stems and branches (the ten celestial stems: A, B, C, D, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, and Ren. The twelve earthly branches: Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, Hai) such as: Xinwei March.
2． The era name is recorded in the year (starting from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the emperor will establish an era name when he ascends the throne), such as the fourteenth year of Chongzhen.
3． Ordinal numbers are commonly used to record the month (using "Meng", "Zhong" and "Ji" to represent the three months of a season respectively. The first day of each month in the lunar calendar is called "Suo", the fifteenth day is called "Wang", the sixteenth day is called "Jiwang", and the last day of the month is called "Suo". "Hui".
4. The stems and branches are recorded as: Ding Chou in the sixth month of Yuanfeng. Dusk Man Sets
Time Zi Chou Yin Mao Chen Si Wu Shen Youxu Hai
Modern Time 23-11-33-55-77-99-1111-1313-1515-1717-1919-2121-23
11． San Gong
and Gong are both official titles. According to historical records, during the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were three levels of Qing in the Zhou Dynasty: upper, middle and lower. During the Warring States Period, Shangqing was the highest official position at that time. The theory of Jiuqing began in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and refers to the nine official positions of Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Tingwei, Taipu, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Da Sinong and Shaofu
. Specifically, Taichang is in charge of the ancestral temple sacrifices and etiquette; Guang Luxun is in charge of the guards and escorts of the palace; Weiwei is in charge of guarding the palace gates; Taipu is in charge of the emperor's carriages and horses; Tingwei is the highest judicial officer and is in charge of punishment. Prisons, trial of cases, etc.; Dahonglu, also known as Dianke or Daxingling, is responsible for foreign affairs and ethnic affairs; Zongzheng is responsible for managing the affairs of the royal family and clan; Dasinong, also known as Zhisu Neishi or Da Nongling, is in charge of the valley goods, taxes, taxes, finance, etc.; the Shaofu was in charge of the taxes on mountains, seas, and lakes to support the emperor. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was still a Shaoqing under the Zhengqing, which was used throughout the generations. The theory of the Three Gongs was not abolished until the end of the Qing Dynasty. It also started very early. In the Zhou Dynasty, Sima, Situ, and Sikong were the three Dukes. In the Western Han Dynasty, the Prime Minister (Da Situ), Taiwei (Da Sima), and Yushi Dafu (Da Sikong) were the three Dukes. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the name changed. , refers to Taiwei, Situ, and Sima. The three princes are also called "three divisions" and are jointly responsible for military and political affairs.
twelve． Examples of naming ancient poetry collections
Middle school Chinese textbooks involve many ancient poetry collections. These poetry collections are named in addition to the surname style (such as "Mencius", "Sunzi", "Liezi") and the name style (such as "Cen Shenji"). ", "Collected Works of Lu You"), table names (such as "The Complete Works of Li Taibai"), and nicknames (such as "The Complete Works of Baixiangshan", "The Complete Works of Dongpo"), there are other naming methods, such as:
① Title Mode. In ancient times, kings often gave titles to their ministers, and the titles could also be used as collective names. For example, Liu Ji in the Ming Dynasty, whose courtesy name was Bowen and was given the title Chengyibo, had a collection of his works called "Collected Works of Chengyibo". Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty was granted the title of Duke of Jing. His collection of works includes "Notes on Wang Jinggong's Poems".
②Posthumous title style. After the death of a senior official of an ancient emperor, the court would give the deceased a title that commended good and evil, called a "posthumous title" based on his deeds during his lifetime. "Posthumous title" can also be used to name poetry collections. For example, Fan Zhongyan, a writer in the Song Dynasty, was given the posthumous title "Wen Zhenggong" after his death, and his collection of works was named "Fan Wenzhenggong Collection"; Ouyang Xiu was given the posthumous title "Wenzhong", and his collection of works was named "Fan Wenzhenggong Collection". It is "Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhong". [NextPage]
③official style. Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty once served as Taishi Ling, and was known as Taishi Gong in the world. His "Historical Records" is also known as "Taishi Gongshu"; Du Fu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, was a member of the official inspection school and the Ministry of Works, also known as Du Gongbu, and his works are also called "Collection of Du Gongbu"; Song Lian, a writer in the early Ming Dynasty, was a scholar of Zengguan Hanlin, and his collection of works includes "Collected Works of Scholars of the Song Dynasty".
④Native place. In ancient times, calling people by their place of origin showed respect or modesty, and was often used as the name of a collection. For example, the Tang Dynasty writer Liu Zongyuan was from Jiexian County, Hedong, also known as Liu Hedong, and his collection of works was called "Liu Hedong Collection"; the Song Dynasty essayist Wang Anshi, Fuzhou Linchuan native, had his collection of works called "Linchuan" Collected Works of Mr.
⑤ Place name. That is to say, poetry collections are named after the place where they work or live in seclusion. For example, the Tang Dynasty writer Du Mu's villa was in Fanchuan, so there is " Fanchuan Collection "; the Northern Song Dynasty writer Shen Kuo lived in seclusion in "Mengxi Garden" in Runzhou in his later years, so there is There is " Mengxi Bi Tan ".
⑥Study style. The ancients often chose the name of their study by themselves or by congratulations from others. The name of the study can also be used as the name of a collection of poems and essays. For example, Yao Nai, a prose writer in the Qing Dynasty, had his studio name "Xibao Drinking Ice Room Collection 》.
⑦year number style. The poetry collection is named after the emperor's reign. For example, Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty had "Bai Shi Changqing Collection", which was named after it was compiled during the Changqing period of Mu Zong of the Tang Dynasty; Su Xun had " Jiayou Collection", and Jiayou was the reign name of Song Renzong.
⑧Explicit style. The title of the book indicates the purpose of writing the book. For example, Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty edited "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", whose purpose was to "learn from the rise and fall of the past and examine the current mistakes." Song Shenzong gave it the name "Zi Zhi Tong Jian".
Respectful speech formula:
Call the other party's father your father, your mother your father's seat, your brother your brother your brother, your younger brother your brother your brother, your son your son, your daughter your love, your wife your wife. Right, call the other party's son-in-law your son-in-law.
Call your father your father-in-law, your mother your mother-in-law, your brother your brother-in-law, your younger brother your brother-in-law, your sister your sister-in-law, your sister-in-law. The son is a dog.
He calls his own work a humble work, his views a humble opinion, his opinions a humble opinion, others' opinions a high opinion, others' opinions a high opinion, his residence a humble abode, and The residence of others is called the house.
Calling the deceased sage the sage, calling the dead father the late father, and calling the dead mother the late wife.
Asking someone to keep something is Huicun, and asking the other person to come to one's place is Huilin.
The other party's permission to do something is a favor, the other party's gift of property is a favor, and the letter sent by the other party is a favor letter.
Asking someone to revise the article is a correction, asking the other party to correct it is a correction, asking the other party's approval is a correction, and asking someone to guide and make corrections is a lesson.正.
Blessings to elders are blessings and peace, blessings to peers are blessings, blessings to completeness are blessings to the near future, blessings to teachers are blessings to teachers, blessings to teachers are blessings, and blessings to editors are Blessings to the editor are blessings, blessings to the author are Wen'an, and blessings to the patient are blessings to recovery.
When we meet for the first time, we say "Long Admiration"; when we haven't seen each other for a long time, "Long Time No See".
When asking for help, say "Excuse me", when it is convenient for yourself, say "borrow the light", to trouble others. Say bother.
Say congratulations when congratulating someone, say respect when waiting for a guest, say accompanying a guest when accompanying a guest.
Say visit when visiting others, say stay when asking for forgiveness, say forgive me when asking for forgiveness.
Say "give me advice" when asking for advice, accept gifts when asking someone. Talk about joking and accept, ask someone to take up a position and say you are condescending.
Ask someone to do something and say please, praise someone's opinion and say high opinion.
Ask someone about their age and say noble Geng, ask someone how old they are, say longevity, ask someone's last name and say your last name.
Thank you for help and say Dinglixiangzhu, return to the original state. Things are said to be rewarded.
Misuse of the word "Jingqian"
(1) The word "Qian" is misused as a word of respect. This is the most common situation of using the wrong words of respect and modesty:
1. There was an article in "×× Weekly" on July 12, 2002 about Mr. Qin Shouou, the author of "Begonia": "In 1985, I moved to a new house, and Mr. Qin came to When I was a guest, I was given a pair of well-framed couplets as a gift. The couplet said, "You will only regret the books when they are used, and you will not know the difficulties until they have happened."
2. A party committee secretary with a background in science and engineering at a certain university. At a teaching work meeting, I asked a professor present to speak and said: "Professor Peng, please give me some ideas and say a few words for everyone."
3. There is an article "Hello the Year of the Monkey without Wine and Books", talking about The most interesting thing is the visit to the old writer Qin Shouou during the Spring Festival of the Year of the Monkey (1992). Among them, the author wrote: Mr. Qin "learned that we were going on the eighth day of the Lunar New Year, so he was waiting at home early."
4. Page 6 of ××Publisher’s "Records of the Northern Expedition" (Volume 1):
Li Hongzhang understood the situation and said: "I know the teacher's current situation. You are loyal to the emperor, love the people and the soldiers, but you will inevitably be abused by villains. Suspicion."
Zeng Guofan stroked his sparse beard and laughed and said: "My disciple, you are worrying too much. I serve the country and the people with the utmost sincerity. I just hope that you will go to Anhui to remember the grace of the court and take responsibility. "
5. "Dare to Send Spring Wen Shuiduan" on March 8, 1996: The establishment of the
jury has received strong support from high-level domestic scientists. Experts such as Wu Jieping, Tang Aoqing, Lu Liangshu, Yang Le, He Zuoxiu, Gao Jingde, etc. all nodded in agreement and stood among them.
analysis: The word "to make up for the wall" in Example 1 is originally a modest word. When calligraphers and painters present their works to others, they often use the word "padding the wall" to show modesty. The implication is that my works can only cover the wall for you. The author here is obviously making a big mistake when he applies it to others.
The Mr. Secretary in Example 2 obviously confused the word of humility, "to offer advice", as the word of humility, as the word of honor, "to express high opinions."
"Gongwai" in Example 3 is a humble word that shows humility to oneself and respect to others. It can only be used on oneself. If used on others, it would seem arrogant.
The "disciple" in Example 4 refers to (one's own) student, which originates from the humble title given to the examiner by those who passed the imperial examination. Chinese people, especially those in official circles in the feudal era, are very particular about titles.For example, juniors often call themselves "late students" in front of their seniors to show respect for their seniors; but seniors cannot call their juniors "late students" because this is polite. Although Li Hongzhang was Zeng Guofan's favorite disciple, he would not call him "disciple". If Li calls himself a "protégé", that's what he should be. This is self-effacing. For example, Ding Ruchang, the admiral of the Beiyang Navy in the movie "The Sino-Japanese War" often calls himself "disciple" in front of Li Hongzhang, and calls Li "Zhongtang" because Ding is Li's fellow countryman and a subordinate of Li, so he calls him "disciple". Self-proclaimed "disciple" means "I am your student". Similarly, Li Hongzhang can call himself a "disciple" in front of Zeng Guofan, and Zeng Guofan should call him Li's name or title. Zifu is Li Hongzhang's given name, and Shaoquan is his nickname. He could have been called this to show his closeness. Even if Zeng Guofan really wants to consider himself a teacher, he should still be called "Xian Qi".
The word "忿" in Example 5, as a word of modesty, means "humiliation" and "ashamed". Saying that you are "among others" means modesty, but using it to talk about others shows disrespect for others.
(2) Honor words mistakenly used as modest words
This situation accounts for a small proportion of cases of misuse of respectful words, but it is also seen occasionally, such as:
1. On January 5, 2002, in XX workers The Cultural Palace held ×××'s "Hundred Bamboo Exhibition". Mr. ××× wrote in the "Preface":
When I was young, I was very happy to paint. Fortunately, I met the framer Mr. Zhao Bingkui and introduced me to Mr. Su Meisu, my senior teacher. "The disciple who broke into the house". In this way, for three years, I have learned skills and benefited my whole life.
Under the entry of "entering the room" in "Chinese Dictionary", it is written: The language comes from "The Analects of Confucius? Advanced": "You have been promoted to the hall, but you have not entered the room." Xing Shu: "The depth of knowledge in Yan Zilu, such as from outside "Enter the room" is used as a metaphor for learning or skills passed down from masters, and achieving high attainments. Du Fu's poem " Danqing Yin": "Disciple Han Qian entered the room early, and he can also paint horses with special features."
The entry for "disciple entering the room": refers to those who can obtain the master's biography and have profound knowledge or technical attainments. " Jin Shu ? Biography of Foreign Relatives? Yang Ke": "Although he is a disciple by profession, he is not a disciple who has entered the family, so he cannot speak personally." It can be seen that the term "disciple who enters the family" is actually a word of praise for others. A similar word that expresses the meaning of self-effacement is "忝liemenqiang", so the correct expression should be: "...Meng Meng's master, Mr. Su Mosu, did not give up, so that I can join the list of menqiang...".
2.Although I visited it when I first visited Thailand...I visited it twice, both for buffets.
"Patronage" is an honorific word. It means that the host expresses that he is honored by the guest's arrival. Of course, the guest does not claim that his "patronage" makes the host feel "honored".
(3) Confusing the subject of expression and the mode of expression
1. On April 5, 1994, Xinhua News Agency issued a news report, reporting that the president of Taiwan's Dongmei University chapter Xiaoci visited the grave of his mother chapter Yaruo at the burial ground in Guilin during the Qingming Festival. . Zhang Xiaoci was the son of Jiang Jingguo and Zhang Yaruo. Since he was not a legitimate child, he took his mother's surname. He was an academically accomplished law professor. The message said:
Last year, after Zhang Xiaoci attended the Second Cross-Strait Legal Seminar in Beijing, he went to Guilin to pay homage to his late mother.
2. As a calligrapher, Feng Dabiao was influenced by his father, a Confucian doctor, as early as his childhood. At the age of four, he studied ink for his father and practiced calligraphy step by step under his father's guidance.
3. I remember that two years ago, I lived in the same room with Lili for a few days. She was chatting and laughing at that time, but she was actually in a difficult situation. Her father passed away unfortunately and her boyfriend left without saying goodbye, which was a big blow to her...
4 .There is a sentence in the article "Zhang Lang Qie Mo Guo Lang":
The reason why Ding Cong is called "Xiao Ding" is probably related to the fact that his father-in-law is called "Old Ding".
analysis: "Xianmu" in Example 1 is an honorific used when talking to others about one's deceased mother, and is a self-proclaimed term.
The "father" in Examples 2 and 3 is a humble term used when talking about one's living father to others, and it is also a self-proclaimed term. These three cases all made the same mistake: confusing the two different subjects of expression, the narrator and the narrated, and mistaking the third-person narrative for the first-person narrative.In fact, there is no need or the use of respectful words such as "father" in third-person narration. [NextPage]
"Your Majesty" in Example 4 is an honorific used when addressing someone else's father in person. It is a personal honorific of another person's nature and should only be used in conversations.
(4) Using the wrong object
In one episode of the TV series "Water Margin ", Wu Yong and Ruan Xiaoqi went to Songjiazhuang to meet Song Taigong . Wu Yong said to Song Taigong: "On the order of Duke Ming, I came here to pay homage to your father."
Who is the "father" that Wu Yong wants to "visit"? According to the literal meaning, it refers to the father of the addressee (that is, Song Taigong), but according to the plot, it actually refers to Song Taigong himself. In this way, there is a strange phenomenon of calling "Your Majesty" to "Your Majesty". The correct title for Wu here should be "Uncle" or "Uncle", but according to the convention in "Water Margin", it is best to use the ready-made honorific title of "Tai Gong".
2 Three basic conditions must be met to use the word Jingqian correctly and skillfully:
1. Understand the general social principle of "repressing oneself and promoting others".
2. Be familiar with the words of respect and modesty used on various occasions and with different objects.
3. Can accurately grasp the meaning and usage of each word "Jingqian".
1. There is a type of morphemes with strong word-formation ability in Jingqian Ci, such as "respect", "noble", "gao", "treasure", "order", "humble", "despicable", "杝", "Zhuo" and so on, the respectful and modest words led by these morphemes range from a dozen to dozens or hundreds. Mastering these morphemes can help you outline and get twice the result with half the effort.
2. These morphemes have their general meanings and relatively fixed matching methods. If you are familiar with these two points, you can say that you have truly mastered these respectful words. For example: (1) Ling: a respectful term used to address all relatives of the other party.
Your beloved, your daughter, your son, your favorite, your pavilion, your lord, your relative, your sister, your heir, your honour, your lord, your lord, etc.
(2) Zun: It is mostly used to address people related to the other party, mostly as elders or peers.
Zunfu, Zungong, Zunci, Zunjuan, Zunyan, Zunshang, Zunzhang, Zunzheng, Zunxuan, etc.
(3) Chui: Used as a respectful speech for one's actions by others (mostly elders or superiors).
love, favor, look after, protect, teach, consult, pity, show, hear, shade, forgive, praise, etc.
(4) Fang: a respectful term for someone.
Fang Geng, Fang Ling, Fang Ming, Fang Ming, Fang Rong, Fang Yan, Fang Yu, etc.
(5) Feng: A respectful speech used when one's actions involve the other party.
serve white, offer gifts, offer tea, offer Chen, offer trouble, offer return, offer instruction, offer congratulations, advise, offer respect, accompany, advise, give in, send away, offer advice, offer advice, offer, present, offer Waiting.
(6) clear: a respectful speech used for the other party's affection, appearance, behavior, etc.
Qing standard, Qing dust, Qing fan, Qing teaching, Qing dream, Qing listening, Qing hope, Qing hearing, Qing asking, Qing heart, Qing training, Qing Yan, Qing reputation, etc.
(7) Family: Refer to one’s senior or older relatives.
Jiafu, Jiamu, Jiayan, Jiaci, Jiajun, Jiaxiong, Jiajie, etc.
(8) She: used to refer to one’s lower generation or younger relatives.
The younger brother, the younger sister, the dependent, the relative, the nephew, etc.
3. Understanding the different Jingqian words used to address the same object can provide a variety of choices when using them, thus laying the foundation for the comfortable use of Jingqian words. For example, the words of honor when addressing someone else's wife include: Baojuan, Depei, Gezheng, Guijian, Guishi, Junjuan, Lingge, Linghuan, Lingqi, Lingshi, Lingzheng, Lingzheng, Xiange, Xian Wisdom assistant, virtuous wife, virtuous husband, Yingjuan, Zunge, Zunjuan, Zunhuan, Zunzheng, etc.; the honorific terms for calling other people’s sons include Gongzi, Young Master, Gongzi, Lingsi, Lingsi, Shaojun, Xianlang, Xiansi. , Tetsuji and others.
Thirdly, studying the original meaning of the word Jingqian and the starting point of expressing the meaning of Jingqian will also help to use the word Jingqian correctly.For example, "Hui" is an adverb of respect in ancient Chinese, which is used to modify the following verb to express humility. Words such as "Hui gift", "Hui Cun" and "Patron" are extremely commonly used in various social situations, but Often mistakes are made:
1. A greeting card from a student to a teacher: A teacher’s kindness will never be forgotten and a gift to a student of Teacher Shi ×××
2. A store billboard: Anyone who purchases more than 300 yuan in our store will receive an exquisite gift. .
The "gift" in these two examples is used incorrectly. According to social etiquette, giving gifts to others, no matter how valuable they are, should not be considered as a favor to the recipient. The occurrence of this error indicates that the user does not understand the usage of the word "gift". It is deduced that the original meaning of "Hui" is "favor" and "benefit", and the starting point of writing tribute words is for oneself. Therefore, when referring to someone else's visit as "patronization" or "favoring", when giving a gift to someone else or asking someone to keep a photo, you should write "huicun"; when referring to someone else's gift, you should say "hui gift", "hui gift" or "hui gift" or "hui cun". "贶", letters written by others are called "Huiyin", "Huihan", "Hui Shu" or "Hui Post", while others' instructions are called "Hui Shi" or "Hui Jiao", which means the presence of others. , gifts, letters, guidance and keeping the gifts you give are a favor to yourself. If you understand this, you will not make the mistakes listed above.
Like the word "hui", the words "humiliation" and "humility" are also common words that express respect and humility. Their original meanings and starting points are slightly different:
Humiliation, opposite to "honor", originally means shame and humility. The starting point of meaning is the person who initiated the behavior, which means it is insulting to the other party. When used as a word of humility, it means that one is humble and that the behavior others do to me is humiliating to the other person. Therefore, one respectfully refers to others' coming as "humiliating", "humiliating to" or "humiliating", and respectfully refers to others' gifts as "humiliating" or "humiliating". "Insulting gift" and "insulting Kuai"; respectfully referring to others' care as "insulting Zhao"; respectfully referring to others' appreciation or promotion as "insulting knowledge"; respectfully referring to other people's letters as "insulting fate"; sometimes, "insulting load", "Huomeng" is used together to show humility.
忿, "Shuowen Jiezi": "humiliation", the original meaning is humiliation; when it is used to express humility, the starting point focuses on one's own inner feelings, referring to one's own behavior that humiliates others and feels guilty . For example, "忝 Liemen Qiang" means feeling ashamed of one's master; "忝zai zhizhizhi" means feeling ashamed of being a confidant; those who occupy official positions often say "忝事" or "忝官"; and the person who presides over a wedding humbly calls himself "忝巷" .
(reprinted and published by m.zxxk.com)
