The little accountant suddenly became enlightened after seeing this! Today, let’s sort out the concept of a cargo transportation company, the original documents related to the cargo transportation company, and the accounting treatment of the cargo transportation company.

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How does a cargo transportation company perform accounting processing? The little accountant suddenly became enlightened after seeing this!

Freight is an important part of logistics services. In the real economy, there are still many cargo transportation companies. Today, let’s sort out the concept of a cargo transportation company, the original documents (accounting notes) related to the cargo transportation company, the accounting treatment of the cargo transportation company, and the tax practices related to the cargo transportation company.

1. The concept of transportation company

(1) Transportation company

A transportation company is a corporate enterprise specializing in passenger and freight transportation.

As usual, let’s talk about the words first. The original meaning of luck is "migration, movement", which is somewhat similar to the concept of "displacement" in physics. The original meaning of losing is to transport. Therefore, the two words "transport" have similar meanings, but "transport" emphasizes the movement of position, while "transport" implies the purpose of "sending" based on the movement of position. Taken together, transportation means the orderly, useful and valuable action of transporting people or things from one place to another.

It should be noted that transportation companies in a broad sense include: 1) passenger transport companies and freight companies that transport people and goods by road on land; 2) railway companies, high-speed rail companies, and subway companies that transport people and goods by rail on land; 3) Shipping companies that transport people and things on the water; 4) Airlines that transport people and things by plane in the sky; 5) Pipeline transportation companies that transport liquids, gases and other flowable objects through pipelines; 6) Carriers such as rockets An aerospace company that transports satellites, spacecraft and other objects into space. Ordinary people often come into contact with common road transport passenger and freight companies, as well as airlines. The objects discussed in this article are limited to cargo transportation companies.

(2) Cargo transportation company

The objects transported by transportation companies generally include two categories, one is people, called passenger transportation; the other is objects, called freight. On land highways, the company responsible for freight transportation is the freight transportation company.

Cargo transportation companies, referred to as freight companies, are the largest and most common type of transportation company, and are also the type of company with the largest participation of private enterprises. The object transported by a cargo transportation company is "cargo", which excludes everything except "people", including living animals and plants, processed products of animals and plants, mineral products, processed mineral products, etc. The transportation routes of freight transportation companies are limited to transportation on land roads, or are mainly transported on land roads. The means of transportation of a cargo transportation company are generally trucks, trucks with trailers, oil tankers, concrete tankers, etc.

(3) Logistics company

As mentioned before, transportation is an important part of logistics. Of course, transportation is not all of logistics.

Logistics refers to the flow of physical objects, which is relative to the flow of funds. Physical circulation, in addition to transportation, also includes sales and delivery, cargo loading and unloading, cargo warehousing, and use and consumption of goods. Check Baidu, it is like this: Logistics is the physical flow process of items from the supply place to the receiving place. According to actual needs, the functions of transportation, storage, loading and unloading, packaging, circulation processing, distribution, and information processing are organically combined to realize user required process. This summary is very comprehensive and reliable.

Logistics company is a company that operates logistics business. It can operate the entire logistics link or a part of the business. In this sense, cargo transportation companies can also be called logistics companies.

2. Accounting notes related to cargo transportation companies

(1) Business characteristics of cargo transportation companies

Cargo transportation companies are engaged in freight business. The business process is: 1) Undertake freight business; 2) Perform transportation tasks, including loading, transportation, and unloading. and other services; 3) Settlement price. The business nature is relatively simple and the facts are not too complicated, so it is easy to understand as an accountant.

(2) Relevant accounting bills of cargo transportation companies

In addition to the bills of regular business, the accounting bills of cargo transportation companies have the following characteristics:

1. There is a large proportion of transportation vehicles in fixed assets, and bills for purchasing transportation vehicles, Such as vehicle purchase invoices, vehicle purchase tax invoices, vehicle modification and decoration fee invoices, etc., are relatively large and important;

2. Accounting notes for daily repair, maintenance, and insurance of transportation vehicles, as well as payment of vehicle and vessel tax Vouchers and other bills are relatively numerous and important;

3. Fuel costs are high, and fuel invoices are larger in number and larger in amount than companies in other industries;

4. Due to the business characteristics of freight companies, accounting bills There are a large number of toll invoices and parking fee invoices;

5. It is common in the freight industry that individual drivers and vehicles are affiliated with the company. In this case, there are a large number of individuals who go to the tax authorities to issue service fee invoices to the transportation company.

3. Accounting treatment of cargo transportation companies

(1) Accounting treatment of regular business

Like other types of companies, freight companies also have shareholder investment, bank borrowing, purchase of goods, payment of wages, payment of travel expenses, payment of office expenses, etc. , its accounting treatment is the same as that of general enterprises.

As mentioned above, freight companies may have many transportation vehicles. Fixed asset-related businesses such as purchasing transportation vehicles, recording them into fixed assets, and accruing depreciation on a regular basis will be a more important part of the accounting business of a freight company. In addition, the accounting treatment of business expenses such as fuel costs, maintenance fees, and tolls for transportation vehicles is also one of the highlights.

(2) Accounting treatment of freight business

Freight business is the main business and typical business of a cargo transportation company. The accounting treatment of freight business mainly involves these two aspects: the recognition and accounting treatment of business income; the recognition and accounting treatment of business costs.

1. Recognition and accounting treatment of business income

As mentioned before, the process of freight business generally involves signing a contract first, then collecting the deposit, then executing the transportation business, and collecting the balance after completion. Accounting processing can be done according to this process and combined with accounting bills.

① Collect deposit (advance payment)

Debit: bank deposit

Loan: account received in advance

② After execution, confirm business income

Debit: account received in advance

Loan: main business income

Taxes payable - value-added payable Tax (output tax)

③Collect the balance

Debit: bank deposit

Credit: advance receipt

Note that if the transportation business is short and is a single business (not continuous round-trip transportation), the payment may be collected in one go; When an advance payment is collected at the beginning of the transportation project, the advance payment account will continue to be used for subsequent collections, and there is no need to use an additional accounts receivable account; if the transportation operation does not span multiple years, invoices can be issued together with the account after the business is completed. To recognize business income, if transportation operations are carried out across multiple years, the transportation business income should be recognized in installments according to a certain method.

2. Recognition and accounting treatment of business costs

The business costs of cargo transportation mainly include the following items: 1) driver wages and salaries; 2) fuel costs, tolls, parking fees, insurance premiums, maintenance fees, etc.; 3) Depreciation of transportation equipment.

Because the transportation business often lasts for a period of time, the revenue recognition of the transportation business and the occurrence of costs and expenses are often out of sync. Therefore, the costs and expenses incurred during the transportation operation need to be collected first in the " labor cost " account, and then When the transportation business ends and the transportation labor service revenue is recognized, the costs of transportation labor services collected in the labor costs for the current period will be transferred to the " main business cost " account, as follows:

① Daily collection of transportation costs , Expenses

Debit: Labor cost

Credit: Bank deposits, employee wages payable, accumulated depreciation and other accounts

② At the end of the period, the costs are carried forward while confirming the transportation labor income

Debit: Main business cost

Credit: Labor cost

Note, The above-mentioned main business costs should correspond to the main business income. For example, if the transportation services completed in the current period are 3 projects, the labor costs corresponding to the 3 projects should be carried forward at the end of the period.

The transportation labor fees paid by the cargo transportation company to the affiliated individuals should also be included in the labor costs, and be allocated and carried forward to the main business costs together with other transportation costs.

4. Tax practices related to cargo transportation companies

Cargo transportation companies mainly involve value-added tax , vehicle and vessel tax, corporate income tax, personal income tax and other taxes. Among them, the value-added tax is calculated and paid based on the income from transportation services. The applicable tax rate for general taxpayers is 10%, and the applicable tax rate for small-scale taxpayers is 3%. The vehicle and vessel tax is calculated and paid based on the number of transport vehicles and the net tonnage of each transport vehicle. The tax rate is a fixed rate, which differs among provinces and cities; corporate income tax and personal income tax are the same as those for other enterprises.

(It is not easy to be original, please forgive me for reprinting)