uses natural secondary fermentation technology in solar greenhouse to cultivate Agaricus bisporus, which has the characteristics of low cost, easy operation, and large yield increase. The relevant technology will be introduced as follows.
(I) The appearance and construction of the solar greenhouse are generally slope-shaped, 50-60 meters long and 8-10 meters wide, bamboo and wood structures or bamboo, cement pole structures, or cement prefabricated skeleton structures. The surrounding walls are all made of soil, and are east-west. The two soil walls on the north and south sides have vents with a diameter of about 40 cm every 1-1.5 meters. The door can be left on the east-west gable or north-west soil walls. The shed film uses PVC dropless plastic film (see picture).
solar greenhouse diagram
(II) Raw materials and treatment
Raw materials are mainly made of wheat straw, the formula is: 100 kg of wheat straw, 30-50 kg of chicken manure or pig and cow manure, 1 kg of calcium superphosphate, 1 kg of gypsum, 2 kg of lime, and add water to pile and ferment. When stacking materials, first prewet the wheat straw, choose a flat ground and spread it flat width 1.2 meters and about 30 meters long. Spread a layer of wheat straw and sprinkle a layer of prewet chicken manure. Sprinkle the chicken manure evenly. Lime, gypsum, and superphosphate dissolve it with water and mix it into the wheat straw material, and pile it up to 1.5 meters high. When building a stack, the upper bottom should be as wide as the lower bottom, and the stack should be covered with straw curtains or film to facilitate insulation and moisturizing. After 7 to 8 days, the first pile is carried out. The material temperature reaches 60 to 80℃. Turn the material in the middle to the periphery, and the material up and down and around it to the middle, which is the "cooked and raw" pile method. After 5 to 6 days, the second turnover will be carried out, the temperature inside the pile is 60 to 65℃, and the third turnover will be carried out during 4 to 5 days. It will be about 18 to 20 days. The raw materials have basically fermented. At this time, the material can be sent into the shed for secondary fermentation.
(III) Natural secondary fermentation in the greenhouse
The appropriate period for fermentation is from the end of August to the end of September. If it is too late, the natural temperature will drop and the temperature in the greenhouse cannot rise to about 55℃. If the optimal season is missed in production, the external hot steam method can be used for secondary fermentation. Before feeding, first seal the greenhouse tightly, level the ground in the greenhouse and sprinkle quicklime, spray a small amount of water on the ground to make the ground wet, and then move the fermented raw materials into a long pile shape, with a pile width of 1.2 to 1.5 meters and a pile height of about 1.5 meters. The moisture content of the material reaches 60% to 65%, and water droplets can be seen in the gap between the fingers of the hand. If water is short, water will be added in small amounts. After the stack is built, it is covered with plastic film. In this way, the temperature of the sunlight greenhouse and the shed is collected by the temperature of the plastic film. In sunny days, the temperature of the shed can reach above 45℃ and the temperature of the material can reach 55~65℃. At this temperature, it will naturally ferment for 3 to 5 days, which will promote further decomposition of the raw materials. At the same time, it can fully kill the pests and mixed bacteria in the material and the shed, which can greatly increase the yield of mushrooms.
(IV) Cooling and sowing
Raw materials are put into the shed for 3 to 5 days under 55-65℃. The vent of the greenhouse can be opened to cool down. The greenhouse film is covered with straw curtains and the pile of materials in the shed will be dispersed to reduce the material temperature to below 30℃ and then sowing can be started. Spread the fermented material flat on the bed in the shed. The width of the bed is about 1.2 meters. The length depends on the length of the shed. The thickness of the material is about 15 cm and 15 kg/m2. After laying the material, the material is evenly spread into the wheat grain seeds. One bottle of bacteria is used per square meter. After sowing, use a wooden board to flatten the material surface to make the bacteria and the material closely combine to facilitate bacterial colonization. It is covered with old newspapers or agricultural mulch to keep warm and moisturizing to facilitate bacterial growth.
(V) Bacteriological stage management
00 After sowing in early September, the temperature in the shed is above 25℃. The bacterial species germinate early and grow fast, but it is necessary to prevent high-temperature sterilization. The temperature should not exceed 32℃. When high, ventilation and cooling should be carried out in time. The entire mycelium growth period will be dark, the relative humidity of the air is about 70%, and the ventilation is good to prevent excessive water loss on the material surface. The mycelium can grow to 2/3 of the thickness of the material in 15 to 20 days. During this period, the material surface should be prevented from losing water. If too much water is lost, spray water can be used to replenish it, but not spray too much water. During the development of mycelium, miscellaneous bacteria appear on individual surfaces. They should be removed in time and treated with bactericidal agents to prevent the spread of miscellaneous bacteria.
(VI) Soil covering and mushroom production management
Soil covering should be selected with water-absorbent, breathable and humus-rich loam. Add 4 kg of gypsum powder, 3 kg of lime powder, 4 kg of superphosphate, and 5 kg of fermented wheat bran into each cubic meter of soil. Mix the material well 3 to 4 days before covering the soil, spray 800 times DDT and 200 times formaldehyde solution, pile it into a square pile and cover it with a film, seal it for 24 hours before dispersing the pile and use it. The first soil covering is carried out 15 to 20 days after sowing, and is 1.5 to 2 cm thick, so that the soil layer is uniform, slightly higher in the middle, and keep the soil layer moist. Ventilate for 30 to 40 minutes every day. Generally, young mushrooms can be seen in 10 to 15 days. If sowing in early September, mushrooms will start to grow in early October. Due to the climate characteristics of Henan, the temperature outside is suitable for the growth of Agaricus bisporus at this time. During the mushroom production period, the main focus is to regulate the moisture and breathability in the shed, spray water twice a day and ventilate 3 times.
(VII) Harvest and post-harvest management
After harvesting the first batch of mushrooms, clean the bed surface in time, remove dead mushrooms and residual roots, and then cover the soil, fill the pit concaves and thinner soil layers, and cover the soil thickness 0.5 cm. Every time a crop of mushrooms is harvested, a thin layer of soil must be covered so that the soil covering layer finally reaches about 3 cm.
