1: Basic situation of wars
1.1 Diaoyu City, a dangerous place with great military value
Diaoyu City, located in the Diaoyu Mountain (the relative height of about 300 meters), 5 kilometers east of the city of Hechuan District, Chongqing City, has both mountain and water risks. There is also convenient transportation; Jialing River, Qujiang River and Fujiang River converge in Diaoyu Mountain, creating Diaoyu Mountain surrounded by water on three sides (south, north and west), with dangerous terrain and outstanding military value.
Diaoyu City was first built during Peng Daya's post as deputy envoy of Sichuan Province (1239-1240), and Gan Run was responsible for specific affairs. In
1243, Yu Jie adopted the joint discussion between Ran Jin and Ran Pu brothers to rebuild the Diaoyu City, and Ran brothers were responsible for the operation.
On the overall structure, the Diaoyu City consists of an inner city and an outer city. The outer city was built directly on the cliffs, and the walls were formed from blocks of rocks; the inner city was a patch of fields and abundant water sources. These characteristics make Diaoyucheng have long-term persistence, easy to defend and difficult to attack objective conditions.
1254, the Southern Song Dynasty general Wang Jian further perfected the fortifications of Diaoyucheng, making Diaoyucheng a strong defense fortress.
1.2 The Battle of Diaoyu City
The Battle of Diaoyu City, also known as the Battle of Hezhou.
In 1259 AD, the Mongolian Great Khan Mengge led a Mongolian army (known as hundreds of thousands of horses) to besiege the Southern Song Dynasty Tongchuanfu Road Hezhou Diaoyu City in an attempt to capture the Diaoyu City, and use this as a breakthrough to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty. However, the Mongolian army not only failed to break Diaoyucheng as expected, but also paid the price of Mongolian Great Khan Mengge's death.
1258 At the end of the year, Mengge Khan led an army to invade Sichuan, but was blocked at the Diaoyu Town of Hezhou on Tongchuanfu Road.
Mengge sent people to surrender. The defending general Wang Jian not only refused directly, but also killed the envoy who persuaded the surrender; therefore, Mengge decided to solve it by force.
The battle of Diaoyucheng kicked off.
Two: Introduction to the main players
2.1 Pierzhijin·Mengge
Pierzhijin·Mengge (1209-1259), Mongolian sweat, known in history as "Meng Khan", is the grandson and drag of Genghis Khan The eldest son of Lei, the temple name is Xianzong, and the posthumous name is Emperor Huansu. After
succeeded to the throne, he committed himself to destroying the Southern Song Dynasty, Dali and other countries, and at the same time sent troops to the Western Regions.
died in 1259 at the foot of Diaoyu Mountain in Sichuan.
2.2 Wang Jian
Wang Jian (1198-1264), a famous general in the Southern Song Dynasty, from Dengzhou (now Dengzhou, Henan).
In the first year of Kaiqing (1259), the Mongolian great Khan Mengge led a large army to besiege Hezhou. Wang Jian and his deputy Zhang Jue stood firm in the war, repelling the Mongolian offensive many times, and the Mongolian army was unable to achieve results and Mengge sweated profusely. He died and was forced to withdraw.
3: The battle of the Diaoyucheng battle passed through
3.1 The Song-Mongolian War began in the beginning of the Song-Mongolian War
The Song-Mongolian Total War began in 1235 and ended in 1279. It lasted for about half a century. It was the most time-consuming encounter since the founding of Mongolia. , The most labor-intensive war, and the battle of Diaoyucheng in 1259 was a significant and influential battle in this national movement war.
In 1235, the Mongolian army launched simultaneous attacks on the Southern Song from multiple directions, and the Song-Mongolian nationwide war broke out.
1242, Song Lizong dispatched Yu Jie to govern Sichuan to resist the Mongolian offensive and reverse the passive situation in Sichuan. After taking power in Sichuan, Yu Jie created a mountain city defense system according to local conditions and realized the systemization of fortifications. Diaoyucheng is the core part of the mountain city defense system.
3.2 The plan of the Mongolian army to capture the fortress
In 1251, Meng Ge Khan succeeded to the throne, and then he actively planned to destroy the Song War.
1252, Kublai Khan was ordered by Brother Meng to quell Dali. So far, the Southern Song Dynasty was in the double circle of the Mongolian army.
In 1257, when everything was ready, Meng Ge Khan launched the battle to destroy the Song Dynasty and marched into the Southern Song Dynasty from multiple directions at the same time:
1. Kublai Khan was responsible for attacking Ezhou (now Wuchang), and Tachaer and Li Zong attacked Lianghuai;
2 . Wulianghetai sent troops from Yunnan, and then took the road to northwest Guangxi;
3. Sichuan is the main attack direction, and the main Mongolian army commanded by Mongolia is in charge.
Meng Ge chose Sichuan as the main attack direction, mainlyIt is because the Mongolian cavalry is good at land combat, while water warfare is the weakness of the Mongolian cavalry. Meng Ge's overall combat plan was to first capture Sichuan, then follow the river eastward, then join forces with offensive forces from other directions, and finally join forces to capture the Song capital Lin'an (now Hangzhou) and destroy the Southern Song Dynasty.
3.3 War advances
In the autumn of 1258, Meng Ge led an army of 40,000 to march into Shu in three routes. If the Mongol army stationed in Shu and other mobilized troops are added, the total strength of the Mongol army against Shu is far more than 40,000.
The Mongolian army successively captured Langzhou Dahuo City, Guang'an Daliang City and other cities and approached Hezhou. Mengge Khan immediately sent people into the city to surrender, but Hezhou defender Wang Jian refused to surrender and killed the persuasive envoys who entered the city.
So, Meng Ge Khan decided to solve it by force.
On February 2nd of the first year of Kaiqing (1259), Mengge Khan led his army across Quhui and set up a camp at Shizishan; on the 3rd, the siege began, and Mengge was in charge of the war.
On the 7th, the Mongolian army chose to attack the Diaoyucheng city wall (also known as the horizontal city wall), which can not only hinder the offensive of the enemy outside the city, but also facilitate the support of the defenders inside the city, and can form an angled attack with the outer city wall.
On the 9th, the Mongolian army began to concentrate its firepower on the west gate of the town, but under the tenacious resistance of the soldiers and civilians defending the city, the attack failed for a long time.
In March, the Mongolian army tried different siege directions, attempting to attack Dongxinmen, Qishengmen, and the small fort of Zhenximen, but all had no tangible results.
On April 22, the Mongolian army adjusted its siege strategy, redeployed its siege forces, and focused on protecting the country. By the night of the 24th, after days of offensive, the Mongolian army was finally able to ascend the outer city, and fierce battle with the Song army defending the city was inevitable. However, under the stubborn resistance of the soldiers and civilians defending the city, the Mongolian army failed to gain the initiative and did not stabilize its position. The offensive was finally repelled by the Song army.
In May, the Mongolian army has been attacking Diaoyucheng for several months, but it has not been able to break Diaoyucheng. Therefore, the battle of Diaoyucheng has become a real tough battle that Mengge led his troops into Shu. Although the Mongolian army possesses sophisticated siege equipment, facing the dangerous terrain of Diaoyu City, these sophisticated equipment cannot play their due role.
3.4 Diaoyucheng military and civilian arrogant resistance
Mengge led his army to reach Diaoyucheng, persuading the surrender failed, self-supporting troops and strong horses, decided to take the city directly by force, ignoring the disadvantages of climate and geography.
Although the Mongolian army launched continuous strong offensives, the soldiers and civilians who defended the city were not afraid of the Mongolian army's strength. Under the leadership of the general Wang Jian, they fought stubbornly, causing many attempts by the Mongolian army to attack the city to fail.
In the middle of the night on April 23, 1259, the Mongolian army initially broke through the Yizi City from the north of the city to the side of the Jialing River, but it was quickly recaptured by the warrior regiment led by Wang Jian.
During the Mongolian army’s attack on Diaoyucheng, the Song army who supported the Diaoyucheng failed to reach Diaoyucheng due to the Mongolian army’s obstruction. However, despite the lack of support from external forces, the soldiers and civilians defending the city are still very ambitious, and even directly cast a statement to the Mongolian army, saying that even if there are 10 years, the Mongolian army will not be able to conquer the Diaoyu City, and the soldiers and civilians will fight to the end with all their heart. . During the
period, Wang Jian repeatedly attacked the Mongolian army camp at night, causing panic in the Mongolian army camp.
Due to the Mongolian army's long attack and no results, Wang Dechen decided to try to persuade the city to surrender, but was hit by flying rocks thrown from the city, and soon died in the Jinyun Mountain temple. In this situation, Mengge Khan was furious and ordered the army to build a high platform outside Dongxinmen for a decisive battle. On July 21, the Mongolian army launched a general offensive. Meng Ge Khan came to the scene to supervise the battle. During the period, he was hit by a flying stone from the Song army and the Mongolian army had to stop the offensive. On the 27th, Meng Ge, who was wounded by the flying stone of the Song army, died in the camp (there is also a saying that "did from illness").
So far, the Mongolian army expedition to Shu land ended the offensive and retreated to the north.
4: The influence of the Battle of Diaoyucheng
The battle of Diaoyucheng, the death of Meng Ge, had a significant impact in many aspects:
1. The Mongolian battle over the Song Dynasty collapsed and the Southern Song Dynasty survived for 20 years.
1.1 The Mongolian troops who attacked Sichuan were forced to withdraw their troops and escorted the Mongolian coffin to the north;
1.2 has successfully broken through the natural dangers of the Yangtze River and surrounded Kublai Khan in Ezhou. In order to fight for the supreme rule of Mongolia, they also withdrew to the north;
1 .3 Out of Yunnan, through Wulianghetai on the northwest of Guangxi, he had already marched under the city of Tanzhou (now Changsha), but under the support of the army sent by Kublai Khan, he also crossed the river and returned to the north;
2. MongoliaThe army's third westward march was stagnated, and Mongolia's large-scale expansion operations also went to a low ebb.
1252, Mungo dispatched Hulagu to launch the third west expedition and conquered a large area of the Arabian Peninsula. However, after the death of Meng Ge, Hulagu had to suspend his plan to enter Egypt. Apart from leaving a small number of troops to continue fighting, the main force returned with Hulagu.
3. It provided a good opportunity for Kublai Khan to control the supreme power of Mongolia, and this had a significant impact on Chinese history.
Meng Ge is a conservatism adherent and implements a traditional rule of governance. Kublai Khan was one of the few powerful ruling factions in the highest ruling group in Mongolia that admired the Han culture of the Central Plains. During his management of the Monan Handi, he vigorously recruited Han celebrities and actively implemented the Sinicization policy, with remarkable results. After Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne, he continued to vigorously promote the Sinicization policy, and at the same time gradually changed the Mongolian army's combat policy, so that the economic situation and culture in southern China were not further destroyed.
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