According to the spread on the Internet, when Vietnam was drawing their early history maps, their territory once occupied a large area of southern China. Their basis is that Yue Guo and the Yue ethnic group once occupied large tracts of land in southern China. But this statement is very absurd, because after the demise of the Yue Kingdom, although the Yue people were separated, most of them still lived on Chinese soil, and formed part of today's Han in ethnic integration, and only a small part of them migrated to the Honghe area. Around. If you forcibly imagine the territory of southern China as the territory of Vietnam, it simply doesn't make sense. Moreover, the Vietnamese area has been under the rule of the Central Plains dynasty, and it was not under the Central Plains dynasty until the wars in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
1. The dominance of Goujian
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, in 482 BC, Wang Fuchai called the princes in Huangchi to establish his dominance. But he did not expect that when he expanded his dominance in the Central Plains in full swing, the backyard caught fire. How humble was his defeat, Yue Wang Goujian , and even willing to taste his feces to diagnose his condition. Now Gou Jian took advantage of the time when King Wu was heading north, and took the whole nation to attack Wu and killed the prince Wu Guo . Four years later, the Vietnamese army sent troops again to encircle Gusu (now Suzhou), the capital city of Wu, and finally encircled Wu and died in Wu for three years.
Fucha
After the death of Wu, the Yue Kingdom logically inherited the hegemony of Wu and became the last of the Spring and Autumn Five Hades . At that time, the Yue Kingdom could have expanded its territory north to Henan and Shandong like Wu, but the Yue King Goujian made a move that puzzled many people. "Historical Records" records: "Goujian has gone, crossed Huainan, to the Huai land and Chu, returned to Wu invaded the Song land in the Song, and Lu Si a hundred miles east.When that was the case, the Yue soldiers ran rampant in Jiang and Huaidong, and the princes Bi He, known as the king. ”_Strong14strong At that time, the force of the Yue State was rampant in the Central Plains, but Goujian gave back the territories occupied by the State of Wu in the Central Plains to the various countries.
Goujian, the King of Yue in the film and television drama
He even vomited out after eating it in his mouth. Gou Jian was actually unwilling, but he judged the situation and had to do so. Because the lesson of "the mantis catches the cicada, the oriole is behind" is right in sight. He took advantage of Wu's forces to go northward and scattered all over the place to destroy Wu. , There is also an enemy that is eye-catching, that is Chu. At this time in southern China, the only major powers are Yue and Chu. Before Wu's death, Chu and Yue had always been an alliance against Wu. Now, the more Wu is taken. Instead, Chu is naturally very vigilant. Both countries may be looking for opportunities to swallow each other. Chu did not participate in the hegemony alliance held by the Yue State in the Central Plains. Knowing the situation in the Yue State, it will be able to Understand Goujian's abandonment of large tracts of land in the Central Plains.
But the Yue country did not give up its ambition to dominate. "Yue Jueshu" records: "Gou Jian defeated Wu, dominated Guandong, and watched from Langxie. , Taizhou Qili, looking to the East China Sea. _Strong14strong In order to maintain its supremacy, the Yue State once crossed the sea northward, bypassing the Huaisi area controlled by the Chu State, and built a new capital near Ganyu City in Lianyungang. In its heyday, the Yue State started from Langya in Shandong in the north. Coastal and south, including most of Jiangsu today, all of Zhejiang, Anhui , southern Anhui, eastern Jiangxi, and south of Fujian.
The borders of Vietnam during its heyday
2. The crisis of Vietnam
In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Yue State was still a big country. Mozi said: "The princes conquered, the South has the King of Chu and Yue, and the North has the King of Qi and Jin. All this is to fortify its troops and attack. Conquer and conquer the world._Strong14strong It can be seen that Mozi believed that Chu, Yue, Qi, and Jin were the four great powers at that time. The Yue State moved to Langya in the capital, and the focus was placed on the north to manage the hegemony. When the Yue King Zhu Weng, he successively destroyed Teng State and Tan in southern Shandong. The country weakened the country of Ju. However, the country of Yue still ignored the true enemy of Chu in the south. In the early years of the Warring States period, Chu actively used troops to the east to annihilate the small countries such as Qi and Cai. The country did not respond in a timely manner until Chu. _P2p
So the two countries continued to friction in the Jianghuai generation, and finally war broke out. "Mozi" once recorded that the two countries broke out on the Yangtze River, and Chu was upstream and Vietnam. The country is downstream, and the country of Yue goes upstream, and the country of Chu goes downstream. When the situation in the country is unfavorable, it is very convenient to escape downstream, but it is very difficult for the country of Chu to retreat upstream. Therefore, the war often wins and defeats Chu. Later Luban arrived. The state of Chu invented the "hook and rejection" for the state of Chu. It can be hooked when the overtaken ship escapes, and obstacles can be set up when the overtaken ship pursues, so that the war situation in the two countries can be reversed.
Luban in the film and television drama
At the same time, the contradictions within the Yue country are becoming more and more obvious. Because the Yue country is committed to the northern hegemony, and neglects the control of Wudi, the rebel forces and restoration forces in Wudi are becoming more and more arrogant, and the king of Yue Yi established a new capital in the old capital of Wu, Gusu. But in Xindu, a coup took place in the court of the Yue Kingdom, the prince killed the prince, and the ministers killed the prince. In the end, "Wu people set the wrong branch as the king" , It can be seen that the Wu people's power in the Yue country at that time has become more and more powerful. After that, the Wu power and the Yue power continued to fight around the throne, the Yue State court coups repeated, and three consecutive generations of the Yue Kingdom were killed.
Warring States Period , with the reforms of the countries in the Central Plains, it is difficult to maintain the hegemony of the Yue country in the Central Plains. In particular, the Wei and Qi countries took the lead in reforms and their national power is strong. Qi and Yue are directly bordered, and the two countries have frequent wars. The capital of Langya is also unsustainable.
Yuewang Palace
Third, the collapse of the country and Baiyue discrete
After decades of adjustments and recuperation, the power of Vietnam has gradually become stronger. Wujiang inherited the last wish of the former king and actively participated in the war for hegemony. "Span5span History Records" records: "When Wang Wuqiang, the Yuexing Division expedition to the Northern Qi, and the Western Expedition to Chu, striving for power with China." At that time, it was just in time for the last major international event, Qi and Wei, "Xuzhou King" , Calling each other respectfully the king, 齐国 This move triggered a joint crusade by Zhao and Chu. When Qi State was defeated, the Yue State began to conquer. In fact, this was a wise move, because Qi was relatively isolated at the time, and relations with the Sanjin and Chu were very tense. If the Vietnamese army continued to fight, it might really achieve hegemony.
However, the lobbyist culture prevailed during the Warring States Period. At this time, Qi State sent lobbyists to do ideological work for Wujiang. The envoy of Qi State said to the King of Yue: First, Chu State is currently the most powerful country in China. Second, although Chu is strong, it is surrounded by enemies on all sides, and all countries have conflicts with Chu, and Chu's forces are scattered across the borders. If Chu is the first to attack Chu, the world will respond with one call, and all countries will respond and destroy Chu. .
The image of the lobbyist of the Warring States Period
It sounds so reasonable, the monarch of the Yue Kingdom listened to the words of the envoy of the Qi state and turned to launch a large-scale war against Chu. However, what Yue encountered at this time was Chu's very capable king of Chu Wei . Chu quickly mobilized a large number of troops from the northern border to fight back against Vietnam in two routes. Yue Guo took the initiative to attack Chu, but he did not expect that the situation would not respond as expected, and Yue Guo would soon be defeated. After repelling the Vietnamese army, the State of Chu continued to fight. The "Historical Records" recorded: "The king of Chu Wei thrived and defeated him, defeated the Yue, and killed the Wang Wuqiang. He took all the old Wu to Zhejiang, and the north broke at Xuzhou_ span6span. And the more the tribes are scattered, the tribes will be kings or kings, standing on the south and seas of the Yangtze River, and subordinate to Chu."
The Chuwei King in "Miyue Biography"
After Wujiang died,The territory of Vietnam was occupied by Chu. The country of Yue can only retreat to its homeland, but the country of Yue still keeps attacking the country of Chu, causing Chu to be exhausted on the eastern border. When he arrived at Chuhuai King , he once again used large-scale troops on the ground. After fighting for 5 years, the more severe the blow was, the more he perished the country.
The King of Chuhuai in The Legend of Miyue
The demise of the Yue State is a major event for the peoples of southern China. Because during the war, many royal families in Vietnam led their tribes to more remote places such as Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi, Vietnam, and some even moved to small overseas islands to avoid disaster. These Yue people who migrated are called "Baiyue" in history books. In the subsequent historical period, the Yue people established multiple ethnic regimes such as Minyue, Nanyue, Dongou, Xiou, Luoyue and so on. Some Yue people fled into the mountains and forests, called "Shan Yue". These regimes of the Yue nationality belonged to the Central Plains dynasty during the Qin and Han dynasties, and merged into the historical torrent of the Han nationality.
Baiyue Map
Wen Shijun said
Yue Wang Goujian is the last hegemon of the Spring and Autumn Five Hegemony, and once established the capital in Central Plains in pursuit of hegemony. However, the State of Yue and the State of Chu are both big countries in southern China, and the State of Chu poses a strong threat to the hegemony of the State of Yue. During the Warring States Period, Yue Wang Wujiang blindly obeyed the words of Qi State lobbyists and rashly used troops against Chu State. As a result, the country was defeated and the separated Yue people moved to the vast area in the southernmost part of China. History has great influence. After the long historical period of the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms, and Tang Dynasty, these separated Yue nationalities finally completed their integration with the Han nationality, and the name of the Baiyue nationality disappeared.
References
[Han] Sima Qian: "Historical Records · Yue Wang Goujian Family", Zhonghua Book Company, 1974.
Meng Wentong: "A Collection of Yue History",People's Publishing House, 1983.
Xin Deyong: "Analysis of the Evils of the Yue King Goujian's Migration to Langxie", "Wen Shi" 2010, Issue 1.
(Author: Hao Ran Cohen Literature and History · bad people)
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