During the Yuan and Mongolian period, the Mongolian army had three westward marches, and the iron cavalry traveled all over the Eurasian region. It was invincible and invincible wherever it went. But what is less known is that the Mongolian iron cavalry was defeated by an Egyptian army. Cavalry, historically called this battle "Battle of Ain Jalu" .
In July 1251 AD, when 蒙哥, the grandson of Genghis Khan, became the Mongolian Khan, he ordered his mother and brother Kublai Khan to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. On the other hand, Xu Liewu continued to lead his army to the west. In 1252 AD, Xu Liewu ordered 馬的不花 as the vanguard and led 12,000 cavalry to clear the way. The following year Xu Liewu took a large army to the west.
Like the previous western expeditions, the Mongolian cavalry drove and decayed, and no one could stop it. In 1258, the Mongolian cavalry attacked Baghdad (now the capital of Iraq), and the Arab empire was destroyed; in 1260, Damascus, the largest city in Syria, was cowardly destroyed. The Ayub dynasty that ruled Egypt, Syria, and Yemen was destroyed. So far, only in the Islamic world The remaining Egyptian Mamluk cavalry have resistance.
Mamluk originally meant "slave". It was originally a slave soldier serving the Caliphate of the Arab Empire and loyal to the Ayub dynasty of Egypt. Later, the power continued to expand and formed a unique noble group power. The Mamluk cavalry adopts a life-long training system with rich combat experience and well-equipped. Each soldier is equipped with a world-famous Arabian horse, wearing a chain mail and an iron helmet. The weapons are a spear and a helmet. Zhang Qiang bow, a shield and a Damascus scimitar.
In terms of equipment alone, the Mamluk cavalry is not inferior to the Mongolian cavalry, or even better, but the number is small, only a thousand people, otherwise the Mongolian army would have been driven out of the Islamic world.
On September 3, 1260, the Mamluk cavalry and the Mongolian army fought in a decisive battle on the Ain Jalu Plain near Nablus, Palestine. If the Mamluk cavalry loses , The Mongolian army will completely conquer the Islamic world, so it can also be said that this battle is related to the survival of the Islamic world.
According to historical records, the number of Mongolian troops participating in the war was about 20,000, part of which was a mixed force recruited from the local area. The main force of Mongolian cavalry was no more than 10,000; Egypt was dominated by Mamluk cavalry, plus The remaining armed forces of the Arab Empire and the Ayub Dynasty are about 120,000 (some experts believe that the number is about 20,000).
After the start of the battle, the two sides fought violently on the Ain Jalu Plain. What was surprising was that the invincible Mongolian army was defeated, and the general was not afraid to die. , All 20,000 Mongolian troops were killed. This battle was also the first time in the history of Mongolia's Western Expedition that was wiped out by an opponent in a field battle, becoming the end of Mongolia's Western Expedition.
Why did the invincible Mongolian cavalry lose so badly? There are three main reasons:
First, Xu Liewu returned to China and took away the main Allied force . In 1259, Mongolian Great Khan Meng Ge attacked the Southern Song Dynasty and died after being injured in the Diaoyu Mountain in Chongqing. Mongolia fought for the throne of the Great Khan. In order to support his brother Kublai, Xu Liewu returned to China with the main force of the Western Expedition, leaving only cowardice. It did not spend a small amount of forward troops, so it was exploited by the Mamluk cavalry.
Second, the Mongolian army is enemies on all sides, isolated and helpless . The Mongolian army destroyed dozens of Islamic countries and killed countless people. They were regarded as "demons" by the locals. The locals all had blood and deep enmity with them. Although they surrendered on the surface, they hated the Mongolians. The Mongols will not be spared if there is a chance.
Three, the arrogant soldier will lose . As the only remaining armed force in the Islamic world, the Mamluk cavalry bears the heavy responsibility of saving the Islamic world. Therefore, all of them can only fight to the death. However, due to the long-term victory of the Mongolian army, the heart of underestimating the enemy. The so-called arrogant soldiers must lose. This truth.
After the defeat of the Mongolian army, the commander died timidly without fighting, and the rest of the soldiers alsoNone of the troops died on the battlefield. After this battle, the myth of the invincibility of the Mongolian army was completely broken, and the Mongolian army did not continue its western expedition.
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