The formation of the Russian unified state centered on the Principality of Moscow has a close relationship with the rule of the Mongolian aristocracy and has a deep historical origin.
1. The Mongols conquered the Rus and established the "Golden Horde".
At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan established the Mongolian regime. After that, he personally led the army to the west. In the process of 1223, Genghis Khan ordered Zhebye and Subutai to lead the Mongolian army into the Caucasus.
Zhebie (left) and Subutai (still photo)
When the Mongol army advanced to the grassland on the northern shore of the Black Sea, the princes of Southern Rus joined the Borovits to fight Mongolian army.
On the Kalka River that flows into the Sea of Azov, the Mongol army defeated the allied forces of Prince Rus, killed all the soldiers of Rus, and hanged all the princes. Only Lord Garic escaped the disaster. The Battle of the Kalka River was the first battle for the Mongols to conquer Ross.
In 1235, the second son of the Great Khan School of the Mongolian Wokuotai School of Juchi Put all the army on the west march . In 1237, the Mongol army entered Northeast Rus, first eliminated the Principality of Ryazan, and then captured Moscow and Vladimir.
In 1243, Batu was centered on the Volga River, from the west of the Irtysh River in the east; to the northwest of Oros (now Russia) and Ukraine in the west; from the west of Lake Balkhash, the north of the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea in the south; North to the vast area near the Arctic Circle, the Qincha Khanate was established, Europeans called it "Golden Horde".
Golden Horde Territory
The Qincha Khanate ruled Northeast Russia, Northwest Russia and parts of Southwest Russia.
2. Under the rule of the "Golden Horde", the Principality of Moscow rose.
The Principality of Moscow was developed with the help of the Mongol Khan during the rule of the "Golden Horde".
Moscow was originally a possession of Rostov Suzdal. In 1147, Yuri, the sixth son of the Grand Duke of Kiev, Vladimir Monomakh, met with Chernigov in Moscow. This year became the era when the Principality of Moscow began to exist.
Yuri Long (image)
In fact, Moscow Principality at the time, was nothing more than a wooden structure 離單堡.
From the end of the 13th century to the beginning of the 14th century, the Principality of Moscow began to enter the political arena. At that time, the Duke of Moscow and Duke of Tver fought desperately for the position of the Grand Duke of Vladimir in Russia.
In 1328, Ivan I, the prince of Moscow, nicknamed "Kalida" (purse), was canonized as "Vladimir and the Grand Duke of Russia" through the slavery of the Mongol prince and the Golden Horde.
In the 14th century, the power of the Principality of Moscow continued to grow, but the "Golden Horde" was declining in . This provides favorable conditions for the Principality of Moscow to get rid of Mongolia's rule, .
Third, get rid of the rule of the Mongolian aristocracy and establish a Russian regime.
During the reign of Ivan Kalida’s grandson Dimitri (1362-1389), the Principality of Moscow took advantage of the infighting and division of the "Golden Horde" to expand its territory and consolidate its own Domination and seek opportunities to get rid of the rule of the "Golden Horde".
1. Battle of the Wocha River, the first victory over the Mongols. In order to curb the power development of the Principality of Moscow, Ma Mai Khan of the "Golden Horde" took Bejiqi as his commander in 1378 and dispatched an army to attack the Principality of Moscow.
When Beguiqi led his army to invade the Ryazan area, Dmitry Ivanovich, Duke of the Principality of Moscow, led the Russian coalition forces against the Mongolian army.
On August 11, 1378, the two armies fought on the Wacha River (Oka River)A tributary on the right bank). As a result, the army of the "Golden Horde" was defeated, and Beji was killed in battle.
The desperate Biejiqi (still photo)
This is the first time the Rus defeated the Mongols in a regular war. For the Ross people, this is an event of great historical significance.
2, the battle of Kurikovo, victory over the Mongols again. Ma Maihan was not reconciled after his defeat in the Battle of the Wacha River. Therefore, he tried his best to mobilize troops and horses, preparing to fight the Principality of Moscow again.
While gathering 50,000 to 60,000 troops, Ma Mai Khan and Lithuanian Grand Duke Yagelo established an alliance and met on the Oka River to jointly attack the Principality of Moscow.
Mamaihan marched out (picture)
In the summer of 1380, Mamaihan led his army north along the Don River to join forces with Lithuania to attack the Principality of Moscow. After the Battle of the Wacha River, Dimitri was also fighting hard. He assembled sixty to seventy thousand soldiers, ready to respond to Ma Maihan's counterattack.
In order to fight for the initiative in the war, the army of the Principality of Moscow arrived at the upper reaches of the Don River on September 6 and selected the Kurikovo Plain as the battlefield.
On September 8, 1380, the Russians used thick fog to cover, crossed the Don River and attacked the Mongolian army. As a result, Ma Mai Khan commanded the Mongolian cavalry to counterattack the Russian "pioneer team."
Because the Mongolian cavalry had a great advantage, as a result, the "pioneer team" of the Rus was almost wiped out. Later, although the "big team" of the Rosses barely withstood the attack of the Mongols for a while, under the powerful offensive of the Mongol cavalry, they had to gradually retreat.
Mongolian cavalry (picture)
Just as the Mongolian cavalry drove straight in, the Russ "ambush regiment" suddenly attacked the side and rear part of the Mongolian cavalry. As a result, the "big team" of the Ross people was able to take advantage of the situation to turn to the counterattack.
The Mongolian army, which had also suffered heavy losses, was unable to reorganize a powerful offensive, and then collapsed across the board, and Ma Mai Khan fled alone. This is a decisive battle for the Principality of Moscow to get rid of Mongolian aristocracy.
3. The Battle of Ugra River ended the Mongols. In 1382, the "Golden Horde" broke away and conquered Moscow again, resuming control of Rus, until 1480.
In the summer of 1480, the Ahema Khan of the "Golden Horde" once again conquered the rebellious Principality of Moscow, and Ivan III Chen Bing the Oka River area to meet the invading enemy.
Ivan III who fought against the enemy (still photo)
Ahema Khan moved westward in order to join forces with Poland and Lithuania. As a result, the army of the Principality of Moscow assembled on the Ugra River to prevent the enemy from joining forces.
Later, due to Crimean Khan’s attack on the southern part of Poland, Poland did not dare to advance eastward; at the same time, Ahema Khan heard that Crimean Khan was about to attack the rear of the "Golden Horde". As a result, Ahema Khan had to withdraw his troops, and then Ivan III won.
So, the Mongolian nobles' rule over Rus for more than two hundred years ended.
After got rid of the rule of the "Golden Horde" , the Principality of Moscow sought opportunities to conquer the scattered Mongolian khanates, and regained the land of Southwest Russia occupied by Poland and Lithuania. Then, a unified Russian regime centered on the Principality of Moscow was gradually established.
Main references: "The Chronicles of Past Events" (Nestor), "Selected Works of General History of the World" (Guo Shoutian)
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