前言
In 197 AD, in order to expand the territory, Cao Cao began to use Zhang Embroidery soldiers entrenched in Nanyang Wancheng. The ending was unexpected. Zhang Embroidery surrendered without a fight, and Zhang Embroidery's surrender was very strange. Why did you surrender Cao Cao without moving a single soldier? There is no clear record in the history books, and it is not easy to speculate, but you can first take a look at why Zhang Xiu was in Wancheng?
Zhang Xiu is the nephew of the Xiliang warlord Zhang Ji. After Dong Zhuo died, the Xiliang army had no leader and did nothing to fight. Zhang Ji led the army to Jingzhou to attack Liu Biao in order to survive, mainly because Zhang Ji had no food to eat. Wanting to grab some food to survive, Zhang Ji died in battle, so his nephew Zhang Xiu took over Zhang Ji’s army. In order to survive, Liu Biao actively recruited Zhang Xiu and made peace with him. Liu Biao provided the city and food, Zhang Xiu and Liu Biao formed an alliance to guard the northern part of Jingzhou for Liu Biao. Zhang Xiu had no base, and he brought an army. He was worried about how to solve the food problem. Now Liu Biao has solved it for him. Of course, Zhang Xiu can't help it.
Although Zhang Xiu agreed, but there is still a sorrow in his heart. His uncle died in Rangcheng. In other words, Liu Biao was Zhang Xiu’s enemy who killed his uncle, but this is not important anymore. For the sake of political interests and his own survival, Zhang Xiu can only temporarily depend on Liu Biao. Counting from the 192 years when Zhang Xiu and Liu Biao formed an alliance, Zhang Xiu has guarded the northern Xinjiang for Liu Biao in Wancheng for 5 years. If you are happy with Liu Biao, Zhang Xiu should resist Cao Cao's attack.
1. Jia Xu’s role
At that time, Cao Cao had taken the emperor to make the princes, and nominally represented the orthodox court of the Han Dynasty. Although not the strongest, it was also considered the most powerful in the entire Central Plains. It stands to reason that Zhang Xiu’s surrender to Cao Cao is normal, because it’s better to hug the thighs. Although Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu and others are stronger than Cao Cao who held the emperor to make the princes, as long as you have a unique vision and see clearly Anyone in the situation will know that Cao Cao is a very promising force. Zhang Xiu obviously doesn't have this vision, but Jia Xu has it.
At this time, Jia Xu has already taken refuge in Zhang Xiu. Judging from Jia Xu’s consistent style, he will definitely plan for Zhang Xiu’s future, including this surrender. From the perspective of Zhang Xiu’s plan, basically every time Zhang Xiu encounters a major event, Jia Xu’s figure is in it. So Zhang Xiu surrendered to Cao Cao without a fight in 197, which looks a lot like Jia Xu’s trick. And it was a fraudulent surrender, the purpose was to hit Cao Cao.
Jia Xu was a very smart person in the Three Kingdoms period. Although he was the latest to join Cao Cao as one of his five great advisers, from the perspective of Jia Xu’s life, he is best at two points:
One is that Jia Xu has a good understanding of human nature and can see through the minds of others. For example, Jia Xu left Duan Xuan because he was suspicious after seeing through Duan Xuan, and he would be jealous of himself after seeing through Duan Xuan, so he left Duan Xuan with an excuse and took refuge in Zhang Xiu.
Secondly, Jia Xu is good at odd tricks, and it is considered exhaustive. For example, Jia Xu persuaded Zhang Xiu to chase after Cao Cao failed for the first time, and he asked Zhang Xiu to pursue it again. As expected, Zhang Xiu won a big victory. Apart from that, none of Jia Xu's strategies appeared in the history books failed.
So Zhang Xiu's surrender to Cao Cao must have been recognized by Jia Xu, because Zhang Xiu's surrender also marked Jia Xu's surrender. There is no reason why Jia Xu surrendered to himself without considering risks and future prospects. Judging from his personality, he must have participated in Zhang Xiu's surrender, and it may even be the initiative of Jia Xu. Taking Jia Xu finally persuaded Zhang Xiu to join Cao Cao, he was very able to recognize the situation and seize the opportunity. Even if Zhang Xiu killed Cao Cao’s eldest son, nephew, and love general Dianwei, he still could not prevent Zhang Xiu from surrendering to Cao Cao. Sometimes politics It was really interesting. Zhang Xiu dared to take refuge in people who had enemies with him, while Cao Cao had the ambition to accept murderous enemies.
2. The influence of Cao Cao’s marrying Zhang Xiu’s aunt on the whole thing
During the Three Kingdoms period, it was normal to marry a woman. At that time, the status of a woman was also very high. The status of women who are defeated or surrendered is even lower. The history books do not record what conditions Zhang Xiu surrendered to Cao Cao. Since Zhang Xiu surrenderedCao Cao, logically speaking, Zhang Xiu’s aunt should also belong to Cao Cao’s men, but women are not casually able to show her face. Zhang Xiu’s aunt is a widow, and she does not participate in Zhang Xiujun’s political affairs. There is no reason why Cao Cao would discover it. Knowing that Zhang Xiu has a very beautiful aunt, the only reason is that Zhang Xiu took the initiative to tell Cao Cao, or intentionally or unintentionally let Cao Cao discover that he has a beautiful aunt.
That is to say, Zhang Xiu might deliberately use his very beautiful aunt as a bait to lure Cao Cao into making mistakes by deceiving Cao Cao and beautifying Cao Cao. If he beats Cao Cao for another year, he will be caught off guard , think If Zhang Xiu really surrenders to Cao Cao, if Zhang Xiu really surrenders to Cao Cao, will he turn against Cao Cao for a woman? Is surrendering a child's play? Although this woman is Zhang Xiu’s aunt, her status is actually very low, and there is no such thing as Cao Cao’s aunt who accepted Zhang Xiu’s and Zhang Xiu was insulted. Cao Cao was 43 years old at the time, and Zhang Xiu should be younger than Cao Cao. Cao Cao's marriage to Zhang Xiu's aunt is supposed to be a high stick. Why would Zhang Xiu, who was born in Xiliang, rebel against Cao Cao because of this? This is not justified by the incident itself.
We must look at this issue from the perspective of that era. The tradition of Cao Cao marrying widows has a long history. Political figures can enter into political marriages when they marry. This was an unwritten rule at the time. Now that Aunt Zhang Xiu can form a political marriage with Zhang Xiu, how can she insult Zhang Xiu? Before that, Cao Cao married He Jin's daughter-in-law as a concubine, and he was raised with He Jin's grandson He Yan. This is normal. Why did Zhang Xiu rebel?
According to the record of "Fu Zi", Zhang Xiu rebelled because Cao Cao used a lot of money to buy Zhang Xiu's fierce general Hu Chaer, which made Zhang Xiu feel insecure. He thought that Cao Cao was going to act on himself, so Zhang Xiu simply went ahead. If Cao Cao really wanted to buy Hu Che'er, he should be vigilant about Zhang Xiu's. Besides, Zhang Xiu mobilized the army, actually applying to Cao Cao. After passing, Cao Cao agreed, but judging from Zhang Xiu's sneak attack on Cao Cao, the eldest son Cao Ang, nephew Cao Anmin, and love general Dianwei all died in battle, Cao Cao had no defense at all and was completely defeated. So looking back again, Cao Cao accepted Zhang Xiu's aunt, no matter how she looked like Zhang Xiu deliberately set a trap to lure Cao Cao into fools.
3. The real reason for Zhang Xiu's rebellion
The root cause of Zhang Xiu's surrender is that Zhang Xiu's surrender is very unreasonable.
Zhang Xiu has Jia Xu joined, so many of Zhang Xiu’s actions have been made by Jia Xu. At the same time, Jia Xu will also consider the future of himself and Zhang Xiu. As for Liu Biao, obviously Jia Xu knows Liu Biao. What kind of person? Liu Biao is just a person who has no ambitions and no future, and just wants to keep one acre of one-third of his land. Liu Biao cannot rely on, so Zhang Xiu and Jia Xu have to find someone who will be reliable in the future. It can only be Cao Cao.
That is, the root cause of Zhang Xiu's fraudulent surrender to Cao Cao is not to attack Cao Cao, but to increase the bargaining chip to surrender Cao Cao. How do you say this? This is similar to the reason why no one cherishes free things. If a person with weak ability surrenders to Cao Cao, he will obviously not be taken seriously. If a group with weak combat power surrenders to Cao Cao, it will not be reused. Surrendering to Cao Cao smoothly without moving one soldier and one soldier would not be appreciated by Cao Cao. For example, Zhang Lu was like this. When Cao Cao hit Hanzhong, Zhang Lu wanted to surrender, but a man named Yan Pu stopped him. Yan Pu said " If he is forced to surrender Cao Cao, he will not be reused." Why? The reason is that if you do not have the patience, you will not be reused if you surrender Cao Cao. This is the reason.
So Zhang Xiu caught Cao Cao by surprise and killed Cao Cao’s eldest son, nephew, and Dian Wei. It is possible that Zhang Xiu did not know them, or it was possible that Zhang Xiu did this deliberately. These are not important. Because Jia Xu had already seen Cao Cao thoroughly and knew how to gain the trust and reuse of Cao Cao. On the eve of the battle of Guandu, Jia Xu persuaded Zhang Xiu to surrender Cao Cao again. This time it was very different from the last time, because this time it was true. Surrender, and surrender a person with enemies.
This surrender not only gave Zhang Xiu and Jia Xu a generous return, but also Cao Cao performed very well.It was a great honor for Zhang Xiu. Zhang Xiu was named General Yangwu. A few years later, Zhang Xiu had 2000 households, which surpassed all the civil servants and generals under Cao Cao. Ranked first, you must know that Xiahou Dun, who Cao Cao trusted the most at the time, had only 1,800 food towns at the same time. No one would have thought that the reward of a surrender would be so large. This is all Jia Xu's credit, so Zhang Embroidery surrendered twice, in fact, the final investment obtained a huge return, although the risk is a bit big.
Summary
Zhang Xiu’s two surrenders, the first one was a surrender, in order to show Cao Cao that he is a capable person, and gave Cao Cao a way to express himself The opportunity for strength is called trespassing, and Zhang Xiu’s patience is quite good. Under Jia Xu’s plan, he finally achieved the goal in a few years. It is not easy. Jia Xu lived 77 years old and held a high position. But his death in Cao Wei showed that his choice was correct.
The surrender of Zhang Xiu and Jia Xu is actually very much like a long-term investment, showing ability---showing influence---expanding strength, and finally obtaining huge returns. Although the cause of Zhang Xiu’s death has been disputed in history, Some people say that Zhang Xiu was killed by Cao Pi. In fact, Cao Pi had no criminal motive, no profit, and a problem. So Cao Pi couldn't kill Zhang Xiu, nor did he commit it.
If you look at it this way, history is actually very interesting. Many things are not what you and I see on the surface, but there are many secrets hidden under the surface. At least the surrender of Zhang Xiu is one of them.
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