Since ancient times, those in power who can decide the lives and deaths of thousands of people with a single word, if they ignore the fact that sudden changes in the situation will cause panic among the public when making decisions, big things will happen!
For example, Zhao Kuo of during the Warring States Period and Ma Di of the Three Kingdoms Period. These two people's views on the art of war and their professionalism in strategic and tactical research are impeccable.
Zhao Kuo and the King of Zhao discussed war.
Zhao Kuo discussed the art of war, quoting from classics, and was eloquent. Zhao Guo All the famous ministers and generals, including King Zhao, had to bow down.
Zhuge Liang's Southern Expedition
Ma Su's strategic insights coincided with Zhuge Liang, and he was regarded as a genius.
It can be said that before the two were defeated and died, they were fully worthy of the title of ancient military experts.
Therefore, these two people are superb in theory.
However, both of them had a common fault: they ignored the key factor of psychological panic among the public after grassroots soldiers suddenly fell into an "unexpected situation."
When panic spreads, resentment will breed. However, it seriously weakens the morale of the army and reduces its combat effectiveness to less than ten, leading to the final outcome of the army being overthrown and killed.
one: Zhao Kuo's Changping Battle .
After Zhao Kuo succeeded Lian Po and became the commander-in-chief of the Zhao army on the Changping front, he immediately overturned Lian Po's sound strategy of building fortifications and commanding the army to leave the camp and launch a full-scale attack on the Qin army.
Some mature and prudent people advised him: If the army advances in such a hasty manner, it must be careful not to be blocked by the Qin army.
Zhao Kuo said lightly: I have 400,000 soldiers, why should I fear that the Qin army will come to steal my retreat? How many people can he come? As long as he dares to come, I will gather my elite troops to attack him and defeat him immediately.
Such an inference is correct in the theory of art of war.
Because the enemy's roundabout troops taking the rear route are destined to be small in number, no more than 10,000 to 20,000 at most, perhaps only a few thousand.
How can a 400,000-strong army concentrate its elite troops to attack a defense line consisting of only 10,000 people and not be able to break through it?
However, it is actually too taken for granted!
General Qin Army Bai Qi had been waiting for this moment. When the Zhao army attacked across the board, the Qin army pretended to be defeated and retreated step by step in a planned way, luring the Zhao army to gradually penetrate deeper.
While the Qin army retreated, a Qin army of more than 20,000 men and horses detoured back to the rear of the Zhao army and cut off the Zhao army's food route. Five thousand Qin cavalrymen, equipped with strong bows and crossbows, penetrated directly between the Zhao army and the rear camp. They chose the terrain to build strong fortifications and hammered them into the main road like nails, completely cutting off the Zhao army's connection with the rear.
At this time, it was Zhao Kuo's turn to practice his theory of "concentrating elite troops to destroy the Qin army's defense line with one blow".
However, facts have proved how ridiculous this theory seems in the face of reality!
What the aloof Zhao Kuo doesn't know is:
The fear of unexpected situations is human nature. However, the Zhao army's retreat was cut off by the Qin soldiers, known as the tiger and wolf divisions, and they fell into an unexpected situation.
As a result, the soldiers had already started to beat the drum in their hearts. Everyone was in panic and lost seven points of their strength. The elite soldiers at this time have actually become "shock soldiers".
used a group of already frightened "elite soldiers" to attack the Qin State tiger and wolf soldiers who were inspired by the military merit and nobility system and everyone ignored life and death. The result is conceivable.
The Qin army fired thousands of crossbows, and arrows rained down like rain. The Zhao soldiers organized attacks many times and were defeated repeatedly. The Qin army's defense line remained motionless.
At the same time, the Qin army in front of them no longer retreated. The troops divided into multiple directions and began to launch a counterattack against the Zhao army. The offensive and defensive positions on the battlefield changed. The Zhao army was unfavorable in several battles, and panic pervaded the entire army.
Only then did Zhao Kuo realize that something was wrong, and was forced to order the entire army to stop the attack, build barriers on the spot, and switch to defense. At this point, the Zhao army, which was advancing rapidly, had become stuck waiting for help.
However, at this time, the Qin State entered into full-scale mobilization and recruited all people in the country over the age of 16 and under the age of 60 to rush to the front line. The Qin Army's encirclement was improving day by day, and it was bound to swallow up the Zhao Army.
All traffic from Zhao to the front was blocked by the Qin army. How could Zhao Kuo get any help?
260 BC, the ninth month of the lunar calendar.
The besieged Zhao army has been without food for more than forty days. A large number of Zhao soldiers either starved to death or died fighting in failed breakthroughs. The soldiers in the camps have no fighting spirit and will have no fighting spirit.
Zhao Kuo, who did not believe in evil, failed to attack the Qin army's defense line every time, but he still did not give up. He searched the entire army and formed several commando teams with the remaining sergeants who were still capable of fighting. They took turns to launch attacks on the Qin army. Of course, the result was a bloody attack.
So Zhao Kuo personally led the attack, but was shot to death by random arrows from the Qin army. Hundreds of thousands of Zhao troops in the Changping encirclement collectively abandoned their weapons and surrendered.
In order to weaken the Zhao State to the greatest extent, the Qin army made an extremely cruel decision. Except for 240 young soldiers who were left and returned to the Zhao State, all the rest were killed.
This battle greatly damaged the vitality of Zhao Guo.
Zhao Kuo's problem was that he underestimated the enemy and advanced rashly, relying on his own army of hundreds of thousands, without fear of being surrounded by enemy troops. He ignored the fatal factor that when the army is surrounded and its retreat is cut off, the soldiers will panic, which will shake the morale of the army and seriously damage the combat effectiveness.
I have to say that this and Warring States era military theory expert was divorced from reality, and the consequences were that it harmed the country and the people!
2: Ma Su lost his street pavilion.
Ma Su's disease is similar to that of Zhao Kuo, in that he also ignores the impact of panic on the overall situation.
Ma Su of the Three Kingdoms has been familiar with the art of war since he was a child. When he grew up, he was full of strategies and had extraordinary knowledge. Zhuge Liang was greatly appreciated. During Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition , he gave Ma Di the important task of unifying the army alone, garrisoning the street pavilions, and blocking the Wei army's westward advance.
Of course, Zhuge Liang knew that although Ma Di was a great talent, he had never directly led troops in battle and was not familiar with grassroots troops. Therefore, a deputy with rich military experience was specially assigned to Ma Su, namely the veteran Wang Ping.
In addition, Zhuge Liang also specifically explained the street pavilion terrain, how to deploy the troops, how to arrange defense and other combat policies, all clearly explained.
How to guard the street pavilion?
is nothing more than seizing the city and cutting off the road. With the skills of Shu soldiers, they can rely on the terrain and strongholds to hold on for a period of time, allowing Zhuge Liang to complete the integration of the occupied areas.
In fact, wars have been fought since ancient times. On the battlefield, there have never been any clever strategies.
The ingenious plan is only in the planning stage of the Chinese military account. When it comes to the stage of direct combat on the front line, the only way is to prepare for a head-on confrontation. This is the so-called "fortify the stronghold and fight to the death" in the art of war. Strictly guard against the enemy and wait for the opportunity to annihilate the enemy. This is the way to win.
It can be said that as long as Ma Su acts according to the predetermined policy, there will be no defeat of Jieting.
However, Ma Su violated Zhuge Liang's planned strategy and betrayed his trust and trust!
Ma Su is undoubtedly an excellent professional consultant. He is very good at seeing the overall situation, can analyze the situation in writing, compare the advantages and disadvantages, and make suggestions for decision-makers as a reference. This is an ancient professional soldier, with a very strong theoretical level!
However, Ma Su has not been trained by the grassroots military career, especially the practical experience of fighting hand-to-hand with others. Therefore, I talked about strategies and tactics in detail, but I was unfamiliar with the hand-to-hand combat of charging into battle.
When the smart-aleck Ma Di took control of the army, he may have thought that fighting a tough battle was a stupid way.
So after arriving at the street pavilion, he modified Zhuge Liang's plan without authorization. Based on the written military theory that "one can defeat the enemy from a high position", he decided to abandon the planned policy of seizing the city on the road and guarding it to death, and moved the troops to the mountains in an attempt to win by cleverness.
This met with the firm opposition of Lieutenant General Wang Ping. Wang Ping advised him that if the troops were driven to the mountains and were surrounded by Wei troops on all sides and the water source was cut off, the blow to the morale and morale of the troops would be fatal.
Wang Ping insisted that we should guard the city honestly and guard against it.
However, Ma Su, who was familiar with military art and had a self-righteous character, finally used his power as a general to overwhelm Wang Ping's sophistication. Then, Ma Di ignored Zhuge Liang's pre-war plan and led his army up the mountain without authorization.
However, what Ma Wei, who had never experienced hand-to-hand combat, never expected was:
Once the elite soldiers of the Shu army who had climbed up the hill found themselves surrounded by the Wei army, the mood, confidence, morale, and combat effectiveness of the battalion soldiers immediately underwent subversive changes.
General Wei Zhang He led his troops to the foot of the mountain. When he saw that Ma Di did not seize the city, he pulled the troops up the mountain. Immediately ordered to surround the Shu army on all sides and cut off the water source of the Shu army.
As a result, the Shu army officers and soldiers on the mountain panicked.
When people's hearts are in chaos, their combat power is halved!
No matter how condescending the Shu army was, they could not break through the encirclement built by the Wei army at the foot of the mountain with strong bows and crossbows.
Ma Di organized his troops several times to try to rush down the mountain to break through the Wei army's barriers, but they were all thrown off their feet by the violent storm of arrows fired by the Wei army. The expected condescending attack turned out to be a complete joke!
Several attacks failed, and the already frightened Shu soldiers became more and more frightened. No matter how Ma Di waved the red flag, no one of the sergeants was willing to fight again. There was nothing they could do!
In this way, the result of the battle of Street Pavilion was that the Shu army's water source was cut off, panicked and morale plummeted. In the end, the breakout failed, the will of the soldiers was broken, the whole army collapsed, and the street pavilion was lost.
This completely destroyed the good situation created by Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition.
summarizes the two defeats of Zhao Guo Changping and Shu Han's Lost Street Pavilion. The common features are:
The generals are all experts who are proficient in the art of war, and their troops are all powerful soldiers with strong weapons.
The general is not unwise, and the soldiers are not unyielding, but why is it still a complete defeat?
is because expert generals are often not grounded and believe too much in theory and lose touch with reality.
will ignore the fact that people's hearts will change differently in different situations, and that panic in dangerous environments will seriously damage morale. As a result, the development of the situation completely deviated from the expected track and headed towards a crisis of total collapse.
As the saying goes: Once the ideal is divorced from reality, it looks plump, but the reality is all skinny!
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