Duanping entered Luo, which occurred in the first year of Duanping (1234) of Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty. After joining forces with Mongolia to destroy the Jin Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty sent troops to regain the former Kaifeng Prefecture of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty in Henan. A military operation in the three capitals of Xijing, Henan Prefecture and Nanjing Yingtian Prefecture was ultimately defeated by the Mongolian army due to insufficient food and grass and a lack of cavalry. This operation also became the trigger for the full outbreak of the Mongolian-Song War. Was the Southern Song Dynasty's "Duan Ping Entering Luo" really a stupid military operation?
Therefore, many people in later generations were highly criticized, believing that the Southern Song Dynasty took the initiative to provoke powerful enemies, overestimated its own capabilities, and lost troops and generals, which provided an excuse for Mongolia to launch a large-scale attack on the Southern Song Dynasty, brought border troubles to the Southern Song Dynasty early, and was one of the major reasons for the final defeat of the Southern Song Dynasty.
So, was the Southern Song Dynasty's "Duanping into Luo" really a stupid military decision?
In fact, Duanping's entry into Luo was very necessary at the time. It can be said that Duanping's entry into Luo was a political battle as well as a military battle. It enhanced Song Lizong's prestige, ensured part of the security of the Southern Song Dynasty, and reduced the damage caused by the Mongols to Jiangnan.
First of all, it is necessary to consider a question, what was the political situation of the Southern Song Dynasty during the period when Duanping entered Luo? What kind of emperor was Song Lizong?
It can be said that the political situation of the Southern Song Dynasty was in a mess at that time, and Song Lizong was also an emperor who was not in the right position. At that time, the Southern Song Dynasty not only faced external threats, but also had hidden dangers of internal civil strife.
Lizong of the Song Dynasty was not a biological son of Ningzong of the Song Dynasty, nor was he even the prince he originally supported. He ascended the throne entirely because Shi Miyuan had a conflict with the original prince, who was later King Ji, and helped him to ascend the throne in order to maintain his power.
After Song Lizong came to the throne, there were still people who were dissatisfied and supported King Ji's ascension to the throne and launched a mutiny. Although the mutiny was put down, the people of the Southern Song Dynasty had a very bad impression of Song Lizong, thinking that he was just a usurper and not a son of the late emperor. He was just an estranged clan member and was not qualified to ascend to the throne.
Song Lizong faced this situation, what should he do? At the beginning of his rule, he was determined to rejuvenate and implement a series of reform measures. He also chose the Northern Expedition to destroy the Jin Dynasty. He forced Jin Aizong to death, seized his body, and used his skull to make a paint bowl to wash away the shame of Jingkang to consolidate his throne.
But this is only the first step. Entering Luoyang in Duanping is the second step. What Song Lizong wants is to regain Luoyang and Kaifeng . Even if it cannot be occupied for a long time, it can be recovered even for one day. What he wants is to be able to worship the tombs of the late emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty and repair the damaged tombs of his ancestors. In this way, he has achieved a great feat that no emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty has accomplished, and has become the filial son and grandson of Taizu of the Song Dynasty.
Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty, knowing that he might be defeated, still asked Meng Gong to send cavalry guards to go to the Northern Song Dynasty imperial mausoleum to worship the emperor on his behalf. This shows what his real purpose was.
In addition, even if the Southern Song Dynasty did not launch the Northern Expedition, wouldn't Mongolia invade the Southern Song Dynasty? It will be the same, and Mongolia had massacred the people on the Sichuan-Shaanxi frontline in the Southern Song Dynasty when the Jin Kingdom was still there, and occupied the five states outside the Pass. It was known in history as the Baoqing Incident, also known as the Dinghai Incident.
If the Southern Song Dynasty had not made the Northern Expedition, Mongolia would have bloodbathed Xiangyang , Huaixi after a short rest. However, if the Southern Song Dynasty had made the Northern Expedition, even if it only regained one state, it could use it as a barrier to protect the Southern Song Dynasty, and it could also use it to collect refugees from the Central Plains to expand its manpower.
In fact, although the Southern Song Dynasty lost Luoyang and Kaifeng when Duanping entered Luo, it also regained more than one state. The territory of the Southern Song Dynasty basically maintained Haizhou, Sizhou, Tangzhou, and Dengzhou in the north.
It can be said that although Song Lizong did not restore the Central Plains, he basically got back the territory of the Southern Song Dynasty during the Shaoxing Peace Conference through Duanping's entry into Luo, and got back the few states that Zhao Gou had ceded to the Jin Kingdom.
Therefore, consequentialism is undesirable. The Southern Song Dynasty did perish in the end, but does this mean that everything the Southern Song Dynasty did was wrong?
If someone had been born during the Song Lizong era and sat in his position, he might not have done as well as him. In fact, among the emperors of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lizong certainly had the shortcomings of having a love of pleasure and being close to treacherous ministers in his later years, but when it came to matters, Lizong was by no means a fool. Lizong at least understood that as the emperor of the Song Dynasty, he should avenge his shame, regain the Central Plains, and fight the Mongols.
Although Lizong was suspicious of Meng Gong, he could always trust him and reuse him. What about Song Renzong versus Di Qing, Song Gaozong versus Yue Fei? He was not in the right position, but he knew what he should do as the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, which was to prove himself and unite the scattered people of the Southern Song Dynasty. Although he was not an opponent of the Mongols, he did his best to win the territory that the Southern Song Dynasty could win.
He should not be blamed for the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. It was a mistake for Emperor Gaozong to miss a good opportunity and kill Zhongliang and only save half of the country; it was a mistake for Emperor Xiaozong to have great talent but not enough talent, and he mistakenly appointed Zhang Jun for the Northern Expedition; it was a mistake for Emperor Ningzong to recognize Emperor Jin as his uncle and pay three million in compensation; it was a mistake for Emperor Lizong to do it; what should he do when it came to Lizong? He has tried his best. If he were another person, faced with his situation, I am afraid that the Mongols would not be able to stop him, and his throne would not be guaranteed and he would be overthrown.
Lizong was able to overcome the difficult situation of his unfair position, unite the scattered people around him, and continue the Southern Song Dynasty for two more generations. It was already unusual for him to delay his demise until his nephew and grandson.
Duan Ping enters Luo. It is not a question of whether to fight, but how to win. It can be said that Song Lizong's decision to fight Duan Ping and enter Luo was not wrong at all. The only mistake is that since he decided to fight, he had to work together to win.
There was nothing wrong with the Northern Song Dynasty's strategic decision to destroy the Liao Dynasty. What was wrong was that the decision was made, but in reality the life-and-death battle was treated as a joke.
Without joining forces with Jin to destroy Liao, and just waiting for Jin to swallow up Liao and stabilize it, could the Northern Song Dynasty keep frightening Jin? If they don't enter the Luo Ping Dynasty, will Mongolia continue to destroy the Song Dynasty after destroying the Jin Dynasty?
When Mongolia destroyed the Jin Dynasty, they had already passed through Sichuan once. The window paper had already been pierced. Even if they had not borrowed the passage, when the Jin Dynasty was beaten to the ground by the Mongols, they went to beat the Southern Song Dynasty and compensate for the losses by robbing the Southern Song Dynasty. Don't these Mongolians know?
After the Southern Song Dynasty generally realized that "the Tatars are worse than gold thieves", they pushed the defense line as far as possible to the Central Plains area to keep the upcoming war away from the country's elite ruling areas. Using the Huanghuai defense line as the front line of resistance was actually a strategic choice to prepare for a rainy day.
It can be said that Duanping's entry into Luo was an action taken by the Southern Song Dynasty court after repeated thinking. A war between the Southern Song Dynasty and Mongolia was inevitable. The ruling class of the Southern Song Dynasty was very accurate. There was no problem in the Southern Song Dynasty's choice of preemptive strategy, but it was a pity to implement the specific tactics.
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