Since the end of the nineteenth century, a few insightful European politicians have already doubted Europe's competitive landscape and traditional codes of conduct, and have begun to express concerns about the prospect that Europe will fall into a vicious cycle.
1897, when the situation in Europe became increasingly antagonistic between the two camps and the meaning of fighting between the two sides became stronger and stronger, he expressed his thoughts on the European crisis in this way: "In this part of the world, countries are constantly suffering from fear and scourges of war, and are constantly bearing the heavy burden of armed peace, which makes them worried and feel that the prospects are dim. To get rid of all this, the only hope is that Europe will take joint action (if we can maintain this joint action). The European Federation is our only hope."
At that time, Salisbury's suggestion seemed a bit too high and low. People are busy preparing for the final battle, and only regard this idea as an imaginative animation.
However, after World War I , the situation changed. Not only did it gradually increase ideas like Salisbury, but it also became serious; and after World War II broke out, the situation became even more different. Almost all European politicians began to talk about this topic and saw the path as the only way for Europeans to escape the nightmare of war.
This is not surprising. The destructive power of war has suddenly caused Europe, which is difficult to find, to have unprecedented common interests - they all urgently need a stable living environment.
Reality and Dreams Since Frank Kingdom , the dream of uniting has always lingered with Europeans and cannot be removed. Europe's unique geographical environment and social development world line has enabled the political concept of "unification" to constantly change between European people's real life and ideals in the interpretation of European history for more than a thousand years, and thus has become the eternal theme of European political development.
However, it is worth noting that in Europe, the political concept of "unification" does not have its usual meaning and connotation, and it does not include this general purpose. Recalling the national emotions that are usually essential. On the contrary, in Europe, the concept of “unification” is anti-nationalist because it means internationalism and supranationalism in Europe; at the same time, the concept of European unity does not contain the political significance of national unity that it usually has.
In fact, in Europe, it refers to an order, a code of conduct maintained by the principle of unity and the pan-European peace formed by the result. This special meaning of the concept of European unification is caused by Europe's special historical development curve.
This point, we can clearly feel by sorting out the historical evolution of the concept of "unification" in Europe. We find that in the process of European political evolution, there are very strange phenomena; whenever a crisis occurs in the European order, Europeans will think of solving the crisis by achieving unity; and once the crisis passes, this idea will naturally weaken. After the fifteenth century, European society entered an era of fierce change, and was also facing the massive invasion of the Ottoman Empire. It was a frequent and turbulent period of crisis.
Therefore, the idea of achieving European unification is becoming stronger, deeper and more systematic. In short, in the historical development of Europe, whether Europeans themselves have destroyed the balance of order in the transformation or were impacted by foreign invasions, they will think of establishing some form of pan-European unification to overcome the crisis.
The demise of the Roman Empire was the chaotic era at the beginning of European history, and it was also an era that urgently needed to establish a new order. This determines that European history began with a large-scale unification movement. As a result, the Frank won the final victory and established the Holy Roman Empire , giving Europe a symbol of political unification of historicism .
However, this first and only real political unification achieved by the Holy Roman Empire in Europe. It collapsed in less than a hundred years. This is obviously related to the low level of development in European society at that time.The medieval society in Europe neither needed political unity nor had the means to maintain this unity.
In fact, European politics realized by the Franks. Unification, in addition to being driven by human desire to conquer, serves God and realizes God's will. Later historical developments show that the true significance of the Holy Roman Empire to Europe was not because it achieved the brief political unity of Europe, but because it introduced Christian culture and order to Europe. In fact, in the years that followed, it was not the Holy Roman Empire that truly maintained the order of Europe, but the Roman Christian Church.
If the establishment of Protestantism in the seventeenth century is regarded as a historical dividing line, then the unified order established by the Roman Christian Church in Europe has been maintained for almost a thousand years: and the Holy Roman Empire is just a political form, a large roof of European unification. However, this form of existence is already important enough for Europe.
Because it creates a special political pattern and organizational model, it not only removes the nationalist components in the concept of "unification", but also removes the concept. The political meaning of the country. Unification is more manifested in Europe as a form of order, rather than a political form in a specific sense: the unity of order and political inconsistency can coexist, and it is the norm of European political life. It is from this special historical experience that the concept of European unity has its own unique meaning and connotation.
Around the fourteenth century, the Christian order in Europe began to shake, and European society entered the eve of transformation. Italy, which is at the forefront of European social development, has truly felt the competition and bloody development trend that absolutism countries may bring to European politics and society.
This made the sensitive Italian poet Dante (Dante 1265 -1321) think that absolutism should be avoided to guide Europe towards competition and cruelty by achieving European unity. His dream was to restore the Roman Empire and to establish a unified dynasty on the basis of Christianity to form a national alliance, but to retain the personalities of each member state.
He believes that such a kingdom can maintain peace, and the absolute sovereignty of the countries and the marquis can only bring chaos to Europe. After the fifteenth century, the Ottoman Empire's threat to Europe became more and more serious. European countries united to resist the invasion of the Ottoman Empire, which has become a realistic political need, especially for European front-line countries in the east and southeast.
This prompted Bohemia King Bodiebrad (Podiebrad 1420-1471) to propose the establishment of a European Union. This alliance should take the Assembly of Member States, the International Court of Arbitration, a unified governance and a unified finance (the responsibility of the Church's Finance Center) as the political basis for its existence, and when making resolutions, it should be based on the principle of simple minority obeying the majority. But like Dante, he advocated that in such a coalition of states, the respective characteristics of the member states should be retained. According to the same research result funded by EU , four important unificationists appeared in Europe during the 30 Years War that caused the collapse of the Roman Church's unified order and in the years that followed. They are French national scholars Crucés (1623) and Jule (Sully1638), Czech educator Carmenius (1645), and British William Perth (1693). Cruchez's European unification proposal is based on maintaining the status quo in Europe.
He believes that the war in Europe will never have a winner. Therefore, the status quo in Europe will last forever. However, the problem in Europe is that the size of the country is not the same. This is the root cause of political conflicts in Europe. To eradicate this root cause and maintain the status quo in Europe, we can achieve the goal through two ways: first, establish an arbitration court to resolve the dispute; second, establish a federal system based on small provinces and communities in Europe.
This not only facilitates administrative management, but also truly realizes community freedom in small political units. At the same time, it also solves the political problems caused by the different sizes of European countries.The EU-funded research report pointed out that, "He not only created the European idea of the community, but also created a democratic European unification model that is close to the citizens."
Cruces' European unification proposition also "contains measures to protect trade freedom and oppose the budding countries of trade protectionism. He even suggested that the standard be unified in ." "Ju Lei was contrary to his claim. He advocated the establishment of a completely detached from the current situation at that time. 1. This is an obvious supranational view, which was extremely rare in the seventeenth century when nationalism prevailed, especially for aristocrats like Julei, Bishop Carmenis's plan to unify Europe focused on cultural and religious unification .
He advocated that the first thing to do is to establish an international academic in Europe, improve textbooks under the leadership of this academic institution, and unify knowledge through a unified teaching plan. This is the basis for further cooperation in Europe under the leadership of an international institution. Carmenis believes that in European political cooperation, the free exchange of information is a fundamental prerequisite for Europe to achieve integration. William Payne is British.
By the great impact of the Thirty Years' War, it was recommended to establish a European National Alliance, including Sirche and Russia. The purpose of this alliance is to achieve peace, and the means to achieve peace is fairness. However, justice can only be guaranteed by a democracy.
What he suggested is uniquely reflected in: First, the number of representatives of the alliance countries in the alliance should be linked to tax contributions and imports and exports; second, the alliance's resolutions should be 3/4 of the majority made; thirdly, to avoid a struggle for power in the meeting, he envisioned a circular conference hall; fourthly, he suggested that only two languages be used in the alliance, Latin and French.
Latin is used for legal affairs, while French is the language of men with status.
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