Some time ago, a reader left a message to the editor: "Who was the first to get the posthumous title of Wumu ?" I found time to check the relevant information and had an answer to this. I will answer it here today, and by the way, I will talk about the hierarchy of posthumous titles of ancient military generals. What is the posthumous title of
for?
To put it bluntly, it is the final conclusion on a person. Of course, this person must have a high status, and ordinary people do not have it. Generally, only emperors, empresses and ministers of princes can do it.
posthumous title first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and was created by Zhou Gongdan . According to the "Book of Yi Zhou: Posthumous Laws and Examinations", "Dong of Zhou Dan Taigong was respected, and he inherited the king's career, and made contributions to the Mu field. He was finally buried, so he made a posthumous posthumous posthumous law, so he wrote the posthumous posthumous law."
Since Western Zhou , except for Qin Shihuang's posthumous title, "Son of the son discusses the father, and ministers of the ministers discusses the king", so Emperor Qin did not have a posthumous title, every emperor of other feudal dynasties had a posthumous title. Of course, the posthumous titles are given by the next emperor, so the king of a country that has fallen does not generally have posthumous titles unless given by the successor dynasty.
Posthumous titles are divided into two types: official posthumous titles and private posthumous titles. Official posthumous titles are evaluated and awarded by the court after death, while private posthumous titles are agreed upon by the deceased's relatives, disciples, and old officials.
official posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous post For example, Wen, Wu, Ming, Rui, Kang, Jing, Zhuang, Xuan and others are all beautiful posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumou The more special thing is Sun Quan . His posthumous title is "big". Judging from Sun Quan's achievements, this should be a positive posthumous title, but this is the only example in history, so later generations are a little inaccurate.
For the princes and ministers, although most of the time, the emperor gave the posthumous titles to commend the ministers, it was awarded from top to bottom to the nobles, so there were obviously more evil posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous
Private posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous post
hierarchy of posthumous title
In fact, before the Song Dynasty, there was no distinction between posthumous titles except for the posthumous titles, except for the posthumous titles, and the evil posthumous titles. However, in the eighth year of Taiping Xingguo, Zhao Guangyi revised the "Zhou Gong's Posthumous Posthumous Posthumous Title Law", which not only increased the number of posthumous titles, but also intentionally sorted the posthumous titles. Although it was not clearly stated that the top ranked is good posthumous titles, the ranking was obviously consistent with the evaluation of posthumous titles in people's minds, which made people have to think that this is the hierarchy division.
When I arrived in the Ming Dynasty, the "Da Ming Hui Dian" written in the 15th year of Hongzhi of Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty made a relatively clear classification of posthumous titles. For example:
The posthumous title of a civil servant begins with "wen", and the posthumous title is only one word "wen", and then the two words starting with "wen". For example, the "Wen" of Zhou Gongdan, Wang Anshi, and Zhu Xi, Fan Zhongyan , Sima Guang's "Wenzheng", Zhang Juzheng's "Wenzhong", Wang Shouren "Wencheng", etc.
posthumous title rating of military generals
According to the "Ming Hui Dian", the posthumous title of military officers begins with "Wu", and the single posthumous title of "Wu" is the highest. There are only two people in history, one is , the Western Jin , the Western Jin , the Western Jin , and the other is Chen Qingzhi, a famous general of Liang in the Southern Dynasty.
is followed by the posthumous title of the two-character character starting with Wu. According to the order of high and low, they are loyal, brave, Mu Gang, Delie, Gongzhuang, Ning Yi, Minhui, and Xiangshun Sujing.
The second-class posthumous title of military officer is "Wu Zhong", followed by "Wu Yong", and Wu Mu only ranked third.
In history, few people can get the posthumous title of "Wu Zhong" (don't confuse it with Zhong Wu), it seems that only Lee Sun-chen of the Lee Dynasty of North Korea once received this posthumous title.In addition, it is said that after Wen Tianxiang's death, Kublai Khan felt that he had no way to serve the country, and he was determined to help the Southern Song Dynasty's young masters try to restore the loyalty of the Central Plains, giving Wen Tianxiang the highest posthumous title "Zhongwu". However, historians do not want to mention this history, and strongly deny that they have always insisted that Wen Tianxiang's posthumous title was "Zhonglie" posthumously named by Emperor Daizong of Ming Dynasty.
There are only 2 military generals with the posthumous title of "Wu Yong" in history:
One is a Mongolian general in the Ming Dynasty Mao Zhong . According to historical records, Mao was extremely powerful, good at riding and shooting, often led cavalry to charge, acted as a "successful squad", and was famous for his "braveness". At the age of 20, he captured the King of Walafan, Yesaishi. Mao Zhong started his career as a soldier, and went through eight generations of emperors. He died on the battlefield at the age of 75. Emperor Xianzong of Ming Dynasty was moved by his loyalty and courage, so he gave him such a high posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous
Another is the general of the Ming Dynasty Jiang Gui . According to historical records, Jiang Gui was tall, powerful, and good at riding and shooting. In his early years, Jiang Gui started his army with the Yanshan Guards, and later participated in the Battle of Annan and the Expedition to the North of Mo. During the 2nd year of Xuande, Jiang Gui fought with Songpan for a long time, and was promoted from Right Governor to Pingman General and General Songpan General. After Ming Yingzong ascended the throne, he twice fought in Luchuan and made the first military achievements. He died at the age of 70 and was awarded the title of Duke of Jing.
There were seven military generals posthumously named "Wu Mu" in history. In chronological order, they were:
1, Li Guangbi
Li Guangbi, Tang Dynasty Anshi Rebellion , painted Lingyan Pavilion , as famous as Guo Ziyi Guo Laolinggong, later historical materials said that Li Guangbi "recommended the first in the revival of Zhongxing."
2, Ma Yin
Ma Yin, General Fu Bo Ma Yuan , the founding king of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Nan Chu . Ma Yin was a subordinate of Sun Ru, the commander of Zhongwu’s decisive commander, and was famous in the army for his bravery. Later, as the vanguard of Liu Jianfeng, he captured Tanzhou and became the commander of the Ma infantry and infantry. After Liu Jianfeng was killed, Ma Yin was promoted to the commander-in-chief, and then unified the entire territory of Hunan and was appointed as the governor of the Wu'an Army by the Tang Dynasty. Since then, he annexed the Jingjiang Army, seized several prefectures in Lingnan, and became a prince.
3, Gao Huaide
Gao Huaide, a famous general in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, born in a family of generals, his grandfather was white horse silver spear Gao Siji, and his father was five generations of famous generals Gao Xingzhou . After Gao Xingzhou's death, Gao Huaide played under the army of Chai Rong , Chai Rong in the Later Zhou Dynasty. He defeated , Northern Han and , Southern Tang , and made great achievements. Later, he followed Chai Rong to the Northern Expedition and defeated powerful enemies repeatedly. He was named the governor of Jiangning Army for his merits and later served as the commander of the horse army in the north camp.
4, Yue Fei
5, Cao Wei
Cao Wei, a famous general in the early Northern Song Dynasty, Zhaoxun Pavilion one of the twenty-four heroes. He also came from a general. His grandfather Cao Yun became the military envoy of the governor of the De Army. His father was the top famous general in the early Northern Song Dynasty, Cao Bin . Although Cao Bin has great achievements, he is not as good as Cao Wei in being a general. Cao Wei once defeated Zhang and buried his clan in Wuyanchuan, destroyed Zang and Pingliang, defeated Tubo and Sandugu. He was the first general in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty in terms of military achievements alone.
6, Liu Qi
Liu Qi was a famous general in the early Southern Song Dynasty. He was known as the four generals of ZTE together with Han Shizhong , Yue Fei, and Zhang Jun , but Liu Qi is far less famous than the other three. Liu Qi once followed his father, Liu Zhongwu, the governor of Luchuan, to fight against Xixia with his father, "many military achievements". Later, he defeated the Jin general Wanyan Zongbi in the Battle of Shunchang, and defeated the Jin army again in the Battle of Zhegao. He once sent troops to assist Yue Fei in the Northern Expedition .
7, Boluo Huan
Boluo Huan, a famous general in the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, Genghis Khan , after Wei Daer, the general under his command, followed Kublai Khan, and pacified Alibu Ge when he was young. Later, he participated in the battle to pacify Jiangnan, conquered Yangzhou with the army, and pacified Huaidong . In the following ten years, he quelled the rebellions of various tribes within the Yuan Dynasty many times and was deeply favored by Kublai Khan.
Other more famous posthumous titles include Sui Dynasty general Mai Tiezhan and Zhu Neng's "Wulie", Xu Da's "Wuling" in , Qi Jiguang's "Wuyi", Lu Bing's Wu Hui, Deng Yu's Wushun, Li Wenzhong's Wujing, etc., I will not introduce them one by one here.
What category does Guan Yu posthumous title belong to?
However, here I would like to mention Guan Yu’s posthumous title - Zhuang Miao. Many people have questions, saying how Liu Chan gave his "second uncle" such a "evil posthumous posthumous posthumous"? Actually, it is not the case. Zhuang means heroic and heroic, which is appropriate to Guan Yu's death. Moreover, Zhang He, , Xu Huang, Xu Chu and others of the same period were all posthumously named "Zhuang", so "Zhuang" is considered a better posthumous character.
What everyone is puzzled about is the word "Miao". How to interpret the word "Miao"? In the ancient saying, "Miao" means "Miao and the truth is called "Miao", "Miao and the truth is called "Miao", "Miao and the truth is called "Miao" and "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called "Miao and the truth is called
Considering that Guan Yu was careless and lost Jingzhou, the national strength of Shu Han was greatly reduced, this Miao was a bit like holding him accountable, so "Zhuang Miao" was not a bad posthumous title, but a posthumous title with a kind of sympathy and blame, which was considered a common posthumous title. For example, although Xiahou Yuan of Cao Wei has a deep connection with Cao Cao, once he was defeated and died, he would only get a "Min" posthumous title; , who had surrendered, even got a bad posthumous title - Li, which shows that the posthumous title during the Three Kingdoms was still relatively strict and fair.
In addition, Guan Yu did not have the halo of "Martial Saint" or "Guan Sheng Emperor", so it is not surprising to give him a simple posthumous posthumous such as "Zhuang Miao".
号号
In addition to the posthumous titles of civil officials and military generals, there is also a posthumous title for people who are both civil and military, or both civil and military, called "Tongshi". This posthumous title begins with the word "Zhong", which is Wu Ding Liejian, Su Yi Jingxian, Min Lie Jingxiang, An Mu Weiduan, Zhuang Xuan Yuguo, and Yonggang Huiqing.
Therefore, among the general posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous title, "Zhongwu" is the best, followed by Zhongding, Zhonglie, Zhongjian, Zhongsu, etc. For example, the prime minister of Shu Han Zhuge Liang , the former prime minister of the Qin Dynasty, the first military general among the twenty-four heroes of the Lingyan Pavilion, the Guo Ziyi who "recreated the Tang Dynasty", and the first hero of the Jingnan Battle, all posthumously titled "Zhongwu".
emphasizes that Yue Fei's initial posthumous title was "Wu Mu", but later it was changed to "Zhongwu". It can be seen that with Yue Fei's rehabilitation and gradual deification, his posthumous title was also improved.
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