Introduction
Aisin Gioro Dorgon , an outstanding politician and military strategist in the early Qing Dynasty, a very important and special figure in the history of the Qing Dynasty .
He not only led the Eight Banners Cavalry to open Shanhaiguan and enter the Central Plains, and realized the ambitions that the two generations of rulers failed to realize.
and he was also the only regent in the Qing Dynasty who performed imperial power in the past three hundred years. Prince Gong Yi Xin, who was later in life, was appointed as the king of political affairs, but the difference was a thousand miles away. He was constrained by Cixi and died of depression.
The last regent Zaifeng although it is called Regent, Qing fell apart, and Zaifeng only has his name.
Only Dorgon firmly controls the imperial power and stirs up the world with his own strength. It’s a pity that he had the chance to sit on the dragon throne, but he missed it twice, and it was a fate!
Dorgon's youth: "Mergen Daiqing" who stands alone
1612, Dorgon was born in Hetuala, the left guard of Jianzhou (Xinbin County, Liaoning Province). His name is , Manchu , meaning "badger".
at that time, Manren had a low cultural development level, and there were really not many elegant words to name. Because Manren originated among the white mountains and black waters in the northeast, it was not uncommon to name all things in nature.
Dorgon's biological mother is Abahai, who is 31 years younger than Nurhaci. Abahai is young and beautiful, and has a lot of scheming, and has won Nurhaci's favor.
Nurhaci loves the house and the Ukrainians, and he has a son in his old age, so he naturally likes Dorgon very much.
1620, Nurhaci deposed the position of crown prince by Nurhaci for having an affair with Abahai and for believing his wife's slander and beating his ex-wife's son Shuotuo.
At the same time, it is established Amin , Mangguertai , Huang Taiji, Dege , Yuetu , Jierharang , Ajige , Dodo and Dorgon are the true and discuss the country's politics.
From then on, Dorgon, who was eight years old, joined the ranks of participating in the national affairs. If the child born is placed at the starting line of life, we have not started yet and they have reached the end.
However, Dorgon was unfortunate again. Nurhaci died of illness in 1626, and his mother Abahai was forced to be buried alive. The fourteen-year-old Dorgon lost his parents at the same time and could only be raised by his royal brother Huang Taiji.
However, Dorgon did not sink into decline, but became more mature. The following year after his mother died, he followed Huang Taiji to Chahar, Mongolia and showed excellent military talent. In this battle, he defeated the enemy. Huang Taiji was happy and gave him the beautiful title of "Mergen Daiqing" (meaning the smart commander).
In the following five years, Dorgon led his army to conquer the Ming Dynasty many times, fighting bravely, and defeating the Ming army repeatedly. In 1631, Huang Taiji established six ministries, and Dorgon was in charge of the Ministry of Personnel. He was only 19 years old that year.
1635 Dorgon successfully recruited Chahar, who had been enemies with Later Jin for many years, and received imperial seal from the period of the Yuan Dynasty to present it to Huang Taiji, which created excellent external conditions for Huang Taiji to become emperor.
Fierce competition for imperial power: retreat as advance, support Fulin to rise to rank
1636, Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor in Shengjing, and his country was named Qing Dynasty. He rewarded him in terms of merit. As a younger brother who was raised since childhood and a contributor to the imperial seal, the reward will naturally not be low.
immediately named him Prince Shuorui , ranking one of the six major iron hat princes, second only to Prince Li Dabei Daishan, who was only twenty-four years old at the time.
In the following five years, Dorgon accompanied Huang Taiji to attack North Korea, captured the family of the Korean king, cut off the flanks of the Ming Dynasty, relieved the Qing Dynasty's worries, and participated in the Songjin battle with the Ming Dynasty. Both sides each invested more than 100,000 troops to fight. After two years of fierce fighting, the Ming army ended in a crushing defeat. The commanding generals Zu Dashou and Hong Chengchou surrendered one after another. The Ming Dynasty was only Ningyuan left to the east of Shanhaiguan, and Dorgon's prestige in the army increased day by day.
2 In 1643, Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty died of illness. Because he did not make a crown prince during his lifetime, the candidates for heirs could only be discussed by all the princes and princes. Among the relatives of the Eight Banners
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Among them: Dai Shan is Huang Taiji's eldest brother, in charge of Zhenghongqi and erected red flag. Although he is strong, he is over 60 years old. Yue Tuo and Sahalian , the most talented among the philosophers, have passed away and have long stopped paying attention to the government.
Haoge is Huang Taiji's eldest son, three years older than Dorgon, in charge of Zhenglan Banner, and has outstanding military achievements. He has been supported by Huang Taiji's Zhenghuang Banner and Inlaid Yellow Banner .
, coupled with Huang Taiji's centralized measures and feudal reforms during his lifetime, made him inclined to him, including Jirgalang's Inlaid Blue Flag and many princes and court ministers, so Haoge was Dorgon's real competitor.
and behind Dorgon are Zhengbai Banner , the Inlaid White Banner and the two brave and warlike brothers Ajige and Duoduo as strong backings.
Soon after, Prince Li Daishan, Prince Zheng Jirgalang, Prince Yu Prince Yu Duoduo, Prince Rui Dorgon and others jointly held a meeting to decide the ownership of the throne.
The contradictions are mainly concentrated on the two yellow flags headed by Haoge and the two white flags headed by Dorgon. Both sides do not give in to each other, and they are tense and have a strong smell of gunpowder.
Since the two yellow flags and two blue flags did not support themselves, Dorgon was obviously at a disadvantage. After weighing the pros and cons, Dorgon proposed that Huang Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, who was only six years old, succeeded to the throne. This proposal was supported by Dai Shan.
Although Dai Shan was deposed as the crown prince by Nurhaci, he had a deep experience and still had the strength of the two red flags, and his attitude influenced the development of the situation.
1643, Fulin ascended the throne under the auspices of Dai Shan, and was the Shunzhi , Prince Zheng Jirhalang and Prince Rui Dorgon jointly assisted the government.
The youngest son came to power and the prince assisted the government was proposed by Dorgon after he failed to win the throne, and it was the result of the compromise between the forces of all parties.
Although Jirgalang is the representative of the Haoge Group, he is just Nurhaci's nephew, not a legitimate child, has a soft and unintentional personality, and has no ambition to compete for power with Dorgon.
Shortly after Shunzhi succeeded to the throne, Jirhalang told the ministers to report to Dorgon in advance, and the title of the book was Dorgon first. Dorgon himself took a step towards the peak of power.
Uncrowned Emperor: From the emperor's uncle Regent to the temple name Emperor Chengzong
1644, Dorgon joined hands with Wu Sangui to defeat the peasant army of Li Zicheng at Shanhaiguan, and drove straight into the pass, realizing the dream of the two generations of kings Nurhaci and Huang Taiji to work hard for it. At the end of April, Li Zicheng withdrew from Beijing and fled west, and the Qing army officially took over Beijing.
After Dorgon entered the capital, he strictly prohibited looting, and mourned for Emperor Chongzhen , winning the favor of the Han gentry, and then welcomed Shunzhi to the capital to ascend the throne.
Two months later, the Qing Dynasty moved the capital from Shengjing to Beijing to achieve its ambition to dominate the Central Plains, unify the nine states, and build a career that will last for thousands of years.
In September of that year, Dorgon was granted the title of regent of his uncle and was given a marten python court garment, while Jirhalang, who was also the regent minister, was appointed as the regent of the regent of the regent of the Xinyi regent.
One is "regent" and the other is "responsible". Although the difference is one word, the power is great but the judgment is determined. From then on, Dorgon overcame the kings and took over the highest power of the Qing Dynasty in the name of regent.
At this time, the Qing Dynasty was facing a situation of fragmentation. Although Li Zicheng withdrew from Beijing, he firmly controlled the northwest regions such as Shanxi and Shaanxi. Zhang Xianzhong unified the entire Sichuan and established Great Western Country in Chengdu.
The remnant Ming forces supported Fuwang Zhu Yousong was the emperor, established his capital in Nanjing, and controlled half of the rich country in southern China. The three major forces together constituted an obstacle to the Qing Dynasty's unification of China.
In this regard, Dorgon's strategy was to resolutely eliminate the peasant army, while the Southern Ming regime was to "be polite first and then army."
From October 1644 to May 1645, the Qing army advanced westward and southward in two groups. The Western Army conquered Shanxi and Shaanxi, killed Li Zicheng in Hubei, and eliminated the Dashun Army.
The Southern Route Army successively occupied Shandong and Jiangsu. After Li Zicheng failed, he conquered Yangzhou , and died of martyrdom. Then, the Qing army crossed the Yangtze River and occupied Nanjing. Zhu Yousong was captured and the Hongguang regime was destroyed.
1645 Dorgon was promoted to the regent of the emperor's uncle, and his power was extremely powerful. The ambition of politicians often starts with the etiquette system. For example, during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the sign of the change of imperial power was the title of kings and the addition of nine tins.
After Dorgon was granted a title, he would go to the hunting and military service to give him great gifts, and all the princes and nobles would "go to the ranks to kneel down" Dorgon. If the New Year's Day celebration gifts were met, the civil and military ministers would go to the court to congratulate Shunzhi after congratulating Dorgon. When
went to court, Dorgon got off the sedan chair inside , the Meridian Gate , and the kings had to get off the sedan chair outside the Meridian Gate. All the subtle changes in etiquette showed Dorgon's restless heart.
1646, Dorgon took a step further and moved the emperor seal to his mansion on the grounds of convenient deployment of troops and generals. Since then, the types of ceremonies used were the same as those used by the emperor, all of which were 20, while Jirgalang, who was also the auxiliary king, had only 15 types of ceremonies.
All this shows that Dorgon is not only inferior to one person, but also the gap with the emperor is getting smaller and smaller.
What is more excessive is that after 1647, if an official’s memorial describes “the emperor’s uncle and regent” in his memorial, he will be dismissed if he loses the words and misses them.
and it was stipulated that Dorgon would no longer have to salute Shunzhi, but Jirgalang was dismissed from his position as a minister of regent because of the exceeding the rules of the Construction Office.
1648 Dorgon arrested Haoge for concealing his subordinates' reward and provoking the criminal's brother and was sentenced to death. At this point, Dorgon cleared all obstacles and finally realized his ideal that had not been realized ten years ago step by step.
11648, Dorgon took another step forward and was promoted to the regent of the emperor's father. He used the ceremonial guards, music, the people and etiquette and etiquette as the emperor.
, and did not obey the Shunzhi orders, but they all claimed that the edict was issued, just like the emperor, and there was no longer any humble request for instructions in all government affairs.
1650 In August, Dorgon condemned his biological mother Abahai as "Xiao Lie, Gong Min, presented Zhe Ren and Praise Tianli Shengwu Empress". Seeing this, if someone still thinks that Dorgon is a loyal minister, he must have been brainwashed by Qing Palace Dramas.
Just when Dorgon was approaching the throne, he fell off his horse while hunting in Beigukou three months later, and died of illness soon at the age of 38.
Shunzhi issued an edict to respect Dorgon as the emperor of "Master virtue, practice Taoism, broad work, and determination of merit, and stability of the people, and sincerity and justice". The temple name is Chengzong, and the funeral is in accordance with the emperor.
Things that Dorgon did not complete during his lifetime, but after his death, he let his nephew realize his dream.
postscript
Looking at Dorgon's life, it is both brilliant and lamentable. Although he unified China and had a hero for a lifetime, he never had the will of an emperor. He had no strength for the first time and no time for the second time.
was shortly after his death and was enthroned by Chengzong, and he was liquidated by his political enemies. The leader was Jirgalang. They exposed Dorgon's crime of great rebellion, and Shunzhi, who had endured for many years, went with the flow, announced Dorgon's fourteen crimes, seized all the seals, destroyed the tomb and dug up corpses.
His followers were deprived of their posts and imprisoned. The forces they had cultivated for many years collapsed in an instant. A few years later, some officials praised Dorgon's merits, but were scolded by Jirgalang and exiled to Ningguta .
It was not until 1778 that the verdict of Qianlong overturned the case that Dorgon's evaluation was concluded. After all, Dorgon's unparalleled contribution to the Qing Dynasty was by no means concealed by his political opponents.
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