The areas under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province have been considered as wilderness since ancient times, but for thousands of years, the ancestors of Heilongjiang area have created brilliant and splendid civilizations such as the Xianbei, the Bohai Kingdom, Jinyuan, and

The area under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province has been considered a wilderness since ancient times, but for thousands of years, the ancestors of Heilongjiang area have created brilliant and splendid civilizations such as the Xianbei, the Bohai Kingdom, Jinyuan, and the Jurchen. Among them, Xianbei civilization first entered the historical stage of the Central Plains. Siberia is Xianbei Leia. The Northern Wei regime was established in history and actively promoted China's historical process.

Xianbei is a descendant of Donghu . Donghu is an ancient nomadic people in northeast my country. Donghu is not its own claim, but because it calls itself Hu, it is located east of the Huns and becomes Donghu. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Xianbei" records: "Xianbei is also the branch of the Donghu. It is different from the Xianbei Mountains, so it is called it. Its language customs are the same as that of the Wuhuan. ... At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it was also defeated by Maodun and fled far away to the Liaodong border, connecting with the Wuhuan, and not always connected to China." After the Donghu was defeated by the Xiongnu in the early Han Dynasty, the remaining tribes fled, and a part of the Xianbei fled north to the Xianbei Mountains and used the name of the mountain as the clan name. House in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Huns split into two parts, the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and the Northern Xiongnu moved westward. The Xianbei then occupied the former land of the Huns and gradually rose to prosper, reaching its peak during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Among the Xianbei tribes, the Xianbei tribes are represented by the Xianbei in the east, the Xianbei in the Tuoba Xianbei , and the Xianbei in the west.

Eastern Xianbei: Affected by climate change, the Daxinganling area has become colder year by year, and Xianbei nobles have moved south one after another. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xianbei was enslaved by the Huns and joined forces with the Huns and Wuhuan to invade the northern borders of the Han Dynasty. In the 24th year of Jianwu of Emperor Guangwu (48 AD), the Huns split into the northern and southern Huns, and the Southern Huns were attached to the Han Dynasty. The Eastern Han government adopted the policy of unionizing the Xianbei to resist the Huns, which made the Xianbei gradually become stronger. This is the beginning of the Xianbei acceptance of the title of the Han Dynasty. In the third year of Yongyuan of Emperor He, the Northern Shanyu moved out of the Mongolian grassland and went west to Central Asia. The Xianbei took the opportunity to occupy the former land of the Huns. "There are more than 100,000 remaining species of the Huns, and they all called themselves Xianbei. The Xianbei gradually grew stronger." In order to adapt to the needs of ruling the Mongolian grasslands, solve the livelihoods of various tribes, coordinate the relationship between the various tribes, and the problems of trading with the Han area, military conquest, border robbery, etc., the political organization of the Xianbei also underwent certain changes. By the middle of the 2nd century AD, the Xianbei military alliance led by Tan Shihuai came into being. Tan Shihuai (about 157-181) was abandoned by her father in the wild and was later adopted by her grandmother's house. He has been brave and intelligent since childhood. When he grew up, he was elected as an adult, "casting spells, casting bans, straightness, and no one dared to violate them." During the reign of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty (146-167), the temple was built on the Danhan Mountain (near Shangdu County, Inner Mongolia) 300 miles north of Gaoliu (now Yanggao County, Shanxi Province) and was built on the Qiushui River (now Dongyang River). Later, "they occupied the former land of the Huns, more than 1,400 miles from east to west and more than 7,000 miles from north to south, and the salt ponds were collected." A powerful Xianbei tribe alliance was established. He divided the ruling areas into three parts: east, middle and west, about 60 towns, each with the ruling emperor as the leader, and under his jurisdiction. However, due to the limitations of the situation at that time, the Xianbei was not a unified nation. After Tan Shihuai's death, the alliance collapsed and the Xianbei collapsed into various tribes. During the Cao Wei period, the Kebineng Group, known as the small Xianbei, re-established the Xianbei Alliance in the southern desert area, but this alliance was not as large or long as the Tan Shihuai Alliance. Because Kebineng was assassinated, the alliance disintegrated. Later, the Yuwen tribe, Duan tribe and Murong tribe emerged in the Xianbei in the Eastern region. Among them, the Murong tribe established four regimes in the Central Plains: Former Yan, Later Yan , Western Yan and Southern Yan .

Tuoba Xianbei: The discovery of the stone chamber of the Xianbei ancestral temple in Gaxian Cave proves that the Daxianbei Mountains are in the northern section of today's Daxinganling , and Alihe Town, Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia. "Book of Wei·Preface" also records: Tuoba Mao was passed down to the fifth generation and reached the fourth generation. "Emperor Xuan's taboo was built on Yin. He moved south to the Great Lakes, more than a thousand miles, and the land was dull and dark and dull. He planned to move south, but he collapsed before he left." Puiba Yin was passed down to the eighth generation and arrived at the fifth generation and reached the fifth generation. He overcame the dangers and continued to move south, "and first lived in the former land of the Huns." When Emperor Shenyuan was Liwei (220-277), the Tuoba Xianbei began its third migration.Due to the attack of Putou, a western Xianbei, the tribes were separated, and the -strong investment was under the Dubin (Hedoulingbin) of the Luhui tribe. In 248 (the ninth year of Zhengshi, Cao Wei), Dou Binzi was killed and his many people were all paid and sent by the emperors, and their power was strengthened, and more than 200,000 people controlled the string. Starting from Liwei, the ethnic community of Tuoba tribes has made great progress, and the tribes in the Mongolian grassland have become new members of the Tuoba Alliance. In 295 (the fifth year of Yuanlian in Jin Dynasty), when Li Wei's young son Lu Guantong was imitated by the old system of the Xiongnu, he divided the people into three divisions: Central, East and West. In 307 (the first year of Yongjia), Lu Guan died of illness, and his nephew Yilu succeeded to the throne, taking the lead in three departments, becoming a powerful force in the northern border. In 310 (the fourth year of Yongjia), Yilu was granted the title of Da Shanyu and Dai Gong for his merits, and asked Jin to cede five counties north of Xingling (now Juzhu Mountain northwest of Dai County, Shanxi Province). The area was connected to Dai County in the east and connected to Xihe and Shuofang in the west, hundreds of miles in size, and 100,000 households were subsidized to fill it. The territory expanded and the power became increasingly fierce. In 315 (the third year of Jianxing), he was promoted to King of Dai, and appointed officials, and was appointed as the two counties of Dai and Changshan. The following year, Yilu was killed by his son Liu Xiu.

Then the descendants of the ruler group killed each other, internal chaos emerged, and power declined. Until 338 (the fourth year of Xiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Shiyijian, the king of Dai, changed the reign to "Kanguo" north of Fan (now Fanzhi County, Shanxi Province), and the internal chaos ended. Shi Yijian was a proton for 10 years in the Later Zhao Dynasty, and has a deep Chinese version. He has learned a lot of rules and regulations in the Central Plains. After ascending the throne, he used the Han people of Daijun, Yanfeng, and Xu Qian as the chief minister. His other official positions and names were mostly imitated by the Jin system. From then on, the regime began to take shape. Later, the capital was moved to Shengle , and the regime began to stabilize. At this time, the territory of the 1st generation of the country is now central and southern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and northern Shanxi Province. In 365 (the 28th year of the founding of the Kingdom of Dai), Liu Weichen, the Tiefu tribe, betrayed Dai State, and Shi Yijian led his army to attack, and Liu Weichen fled because of fear. In 374 (the 37th year of the founding of the Kingdom of China), Tuoba Shiyijian attacked Liu Weichen again, and Liu Weichen was defeated and fled south. In 376 (the 39th year of the founding of the Kingdom of Dai), Fu Jian sent Fu Luo to lead an army of 200,000 to attack Daiguo in separate ways to rescue Liu Weichen, and approached the southern border of Daiguo. Shi Yijian sent the Xianbei Bai tribe and Dugu tribe to fight against the Qin army, and they both failed. They also sent the southern commander Liu Kuren to lead 100,000 troops to fight at Shiziling and were defeated again. At that time, Shi Yijian was sick and no one could take on the heavy responsibility of the ministers, so he led his people to take refuge in Yinshan. As soon as the various tribes of Gaoche rebelled, Shiyijian was attacked from all sides, and then moved to the south of the desert. The Qin army retreated a little, and Shi Yijian returned. At this point, the country was destroyed.

83 War of the War of the White Water , the Former Qin regime overturned, and the north , unified by Fu Jian, fell into division again. In 386 (the eleventh year of Taiyuan, the eleventh year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Tuoba, the legitimate grandson of Shiyijian, took the opportunity to convene his old subordinates, held a tribal meeting in Niuchuan (now southeast of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), and ascended the throne. In April of the same year, it was renamed King of Wei and became the king of Jianyuan. In 398 (the first year of Tianxing), the country was officially named Wei, known in history as Northern Wei or Later Wei, and was moved to Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong City, Shanxi), and changed its reign to Tianxing, ascending the throne, which was the Emperor Dao Wudi . From then on, the Tuoba Xianbei officially moved into the Central Plains, and the Northern Wei regime gradually developed into a regime representing the north during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In 423 (the eighth year of Taichang), after Tuoba Sun and Tuoba Sizi Tao succeeded to the throne, they relied on the brave cavalry of the Xianbei to go out to fight in all directions, successively conquering Helianxia, ​​Feng's Northern Yan and Juqu Northern Liang, and sent troops to defeat Rouran, Tuyuhun, etc., and sent envoys to pay tribute to the tribes of the Western Regions. Since then, the north was unified, and the northern division and separatist state that had been in existence for more than a hundred years since the beginning of the fourth century, forming a confrontation between the north and the south with the Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties. The territory starts from western Liaoning in the northeast, reaches the eastern part of Xinjiang in the west, reaches the Qinling Mountains in the south, and reaches the Huaihe River in the south, and reaches the Mongolian grasslands in the north.Tuoba Tao 4 passed down to Tuoba Hong . It was established in 471 (the fifth year of Huangxing in the Northern Wei Dynasty). It was Emperor Xiaowen. During Tuoba Hong's reign, he carried out the famous "Emperor Xiaowen Reform" in history. In 493 (the 17th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty), he moved the capital to Luoyang . Soon he changed his surname to Yuan, so Tuoba Hong is also called Yuanhong, and Northern Wei is also called Yuanwei. In 557, Yuwen Jue abolished the Western Wei Dynasty and established the Northern Zhou regime, and the Northern Wei Dynasty officially perished. It has been in the country for more than 170 years.

Western Xianbei: Western Xianbei mainly refers to Tufa Xianbei and Longxi Xianbei. Tufa Xianbei is a branch of Tuoba Xianbei. Its ancestors came out together with the Northern Wei Dynasty. When it was the eighth-generation ancestor Tufapigu led people from the north to move to Hexi, so it was also called the Hexi Xianbei.

After the Tufa Xianbei moved westward, the main nomadic lands were "to the east of wheat fields and Qiantun, the west of Shiluo, the south of Jiaohe, and the north of Dashen", which roughly starts from Qiantun Mountain in the northwest of Pingliang County, Gansu Province, and the north of wheat fields in the north of Jingyuan County, to the west of today's Qinghai Lake east, to the south of today's Guide County in Qinghai Province, and to the north of the Tenggeli Desert. After Tufa Xianbei moved to Yong and Liang, ethnic minorities such as Xianbei were often confiscated as soldiers, or plundered as slaves or tenants, and at the same time they had to pay taxes, making ethnic conflicts increasingly acute. At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, the anti-Jin struggle among the northwest ethnic groups led by bald tree functional finally broke out. In 269 (the fifth year of Taishi), in order to suppress the riots caused by famine, the Western Jin Dynasty sent Hu Lie, who was "brave but unscheming, and more powerful than self-use" as the governor of Qinzhou, to comfort the Helong Xianbei. However, as soon as Hu Lie took office, he adopted high-pressure measures, which led to the "losing of the harmony between Qiang and Rong", which became the fuse for the outbreak of the anti-Jin struggle. Tufashu Ji was the grandson of Shoutian. After Shoutian died, he then ruled his subordinates and moved in the Anding and Longxi areas. It is known in history that he had "strong fruits and many strategies." In 279 (the fifth year of Xianning), Shu Ji Reneng broke through Liangzhou, occupied the main towns, and blocked the traffic between the Western Jin Dynasty and Hexi. The Western Jin Dynasty court was in great shock and sent the mighty prefect Ma Long to lead the army to attack it. The Ministry of Shujiyi Suoba Han and Wanneng led more than 10,000 people to surrender, and Ma Long "killed ten thousand people in front and behind and surrendered to the enemy." In December of that year, Ma Long fought with Shuji again, and Shuji was eventually defeated and killed because he was outnumbered. Although the Shu Ji Ren anti-Jin struggle failed, the Tufa Xianbei tribe did not disintegrate because of this. Several times it was reported to Tufawu and was isolated. It adopted an economic policy of fostering people and farming. It was politically politic, and it was a virtuous person to rectify politics and punishment, and it was good to make neighbors and not to fight. Over the past ten years, the Tufa tribe has gradually grown in the Guangwu area in the southeast of Liang after .

94 (the 19th year of Taiyuan, the sixth year of Linjia, Houliang), Lu Guang "sends envoys to be the champion general of the Fake Festival, the Xianbei prefect of Hexi, and the Marquis of Guangwu County." The following year, he defeated Yifu, Zhejiu and other departments and built Lianchuan Fort (now northwest of Minhe County, Qinghai Province) to live there. He conquered the Yiyun Xianbei tribes one after another. The Han gentry and gentry in Hexi, such as Zhao Zhen, a Guangwu native, defected to Wugu and acted as counselors. Seeing that he grew stronger, Lu Guang sent envoys to worship him as "Guangwu County Duke".

96 (the 21st year of Taiyuan), Lu Guang ascended the throne and changed the country's name to Daliang (known in history as Houliang). He sent an envoy to worship Wugu as the General of the Conquest South, the Governor of Yizhou, and the Zuoxianwang . Wu Gu decided to get rid of Lu Guang's control and refused to be awarded the title. The following year, he claimed to be the governor of most of the people, the general, the Great Shanyu, and the King of Xiping. The reign was Taichu and established a regime.

　　In 398 (the second year of Taichu), it was renamed King Wuwei.

　　In 399 (the third year of Taichu), he moved to Ledu (now Ledu County, Qinghai Province), so that the regime could be gradually improved and consolidated.

　　In August of that year (399), Wu Gu injured his wife due to a horse. His younger brother Li Lu Gu was the throne of Wuwei and moved the capital to Xiping. Nanliang began to flourish. In the first month of the following year, the reign of the country was changed to Jianhe.

　　In March of 402 (the third year of Jianhe), Li Lu was lonely and his younger brother Tan Li was renamed King Liang. He moved the capital to Ledu and changed the reign to Hongchang, which was known in history as Nanliang.

　　In 404 (the third year of Hongchang), because of the prosperity of the Later Qin Dynasty, Tan was called a minister of the Later Qin Dynasty last year.

　　In 408 (the tenth year of Hongshi), Tan defeated the Later Qin army and was renamed King of Liang, and changed the reign to Jiaping.

14 (the tenth year of Yixi), Nanliang did not take over for many years, and the upper and lower levels were hungry and bad. Tan led his army to attack Yifu Xianbei in the west, and left the prince Wutai to guard Ledu. Western Qin Qifu Chipan took the opportunity to attack Ledu, captured Wutai and others and more than 10,000 people moved to Han (now Linxia City, Gansu Province). Tan surrendered to Western Qin, and was later poisoned and killed, and Nanliang was killed. There are 3 main courses in total, 18 years.

Longxi Xianbei refers to the Xianbei that lives west of Longshan. Longshan is the southern section of Liupanshan today. There were many tribes of the Xianbei who lived in Longxi, and they moved in from other places. The time was different. Among them, the Qifu family developed the fastest and had the strongest strength. They gradually annexed other tribes and established their own regime to become the center of the Xianbei in Longxi. " Jin Shu " Volume 125 "Records of Qifu Guoren": "There were neighbors after that, that is, the fifth generation ancestor of Guoren. At the beginning of Taishi, he led 5,000 households to move to Xiayuan, and his tribes were slightly prosperous. The Xianbei deer had more than 70,000 landfalls and stationed in Gaopingchuan, and attacked each other with neighbors. The deer was defeated and rushed south to Lueyang . All the neighbors were combined with their own people, and they lived in Gaopingchuan. When the neighbor died, Zi Jie Quan established and moved to Qiantun. When Jie Quan died, Zi Lina stood up, attacked Xianbei Tulai on Wushu Mountain, and defeated Yuchi's horny power in Dafeichuan, and collected more than 30,000 landfalls. Lina died, and his younger brother Qi Li. When Qi died, Li Na Zi Shuyan established. When Xianbei Mohou was attacked, he attacked Xianbei. In Yuanchuan, it defeated it and reduced its population to more than 20,000, and it was still in Yuanchuan."

After the tribal alliance led by the Qifu family moved to Yuanchuan, its power increased, and it was located in the areas of Yuanchuan, the Warriors Chuan (east of Yuanchuan, now Dayingchuan area of ​​Yuzhong County, Gansu Province), and Qiantun Mountain (now northwest of Pingliang City, Gansu Province). During the Xianhe period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (326-334), Shu Yan died and Qi Zi was established in Dahan. At that time, the power of Zhao had extended into Qinlong, causing Qifu to be afraid of the cold and moved north to Wugu Mountain in Maitian (now north of Jingyuan County, Gansu Province).

　　The Great Cold Soldier, Zi Si Fanli. Previously, Qin Shihuang moved to Dujian Mountain (now Jingyuan County, Gansu Province).

　　In 371 (the first year of Xian'an), the Qin general Wang Tong came to attack, and Si Fan surrendered to Fu Jian of the Former Qin Dynasty, and was named Nan Shanyu, and was left as Chang'an .

　　In 373 (the first year of Ningkang), Fu Jian ordered Si Fan to return to the Warriors River in the town.

　　In 376 (the first year of Taiyuan), Si Fan died and Zi Guoren was established. Qifu Guoren inherited his father's business and was still the general of the Former Qin Dynasty. He took advantage of the power of the Former Qin Dynasty and gradually developed his own power.

　　In 383 (the eighth year of Taiyuan), Fu Jian defeated 时时. Guoren "collected all tribes, and some people did not attach themselves to him, and they all joined them, and the crowd reached more than 100,000."

　　In September of 385 (the tenth year of Taiyuan), Qifu Guoren claimed to be the Grand Commander, General, Grand Shanyu, and the governor of Qinhe Prefectures. He changed the reign to Jianyi and built a city of Warriors and capitalized it.

　　In 388 (the fourth year of Jianyi in the Western Qin Dynasty), Guoren died. His ministers said that Guoren's son Gong's mansion was young, and he promoted Guoren's younger brother Qian to be the Grand Governor, General, Da Shanyu, and King of Henan. The reign was changed from the Warriors City to Jincheng (now Lanzhou City).

　　In the first month of the 400th year (the thirteenth year of Taichu of the Western Qin Dynasty), Qian Gui's residence collapsed in Jingmen, south of Jincheng, and returned to Yuanchuan. In May, the Later Qin Yao Xing and the Later Qin Yao Shuode commanded 50,000 troops and attacked the Western Qin. Qiangui was defeated, surrendered first and then Liang, and then returned to the Later Qin. The Western Qin destroyed the country for the first time.

　　In 409 (the eleventh year of Hongzhi of Later Qin), Qian returned to the country with Chipan, and regained 30,000 people to Dujian Mountain (now west of Jingyuan County, Gansu Province). He took advantage of the internal and external troubles of Later Qin and gradually weakened, and reiterated the Qin King's restoration of the country and changed the era to the new era.

　　In June of 412 (the fourth year of Gengshi in the Western Qin Dynasty), Qian Gui and his sons were killed by the mansion of Qifu, the son of the country.Chi Pan, who was stationed in Yuanchuan, moved his civil and military officials and more than 20,000 households to the capital, defeated the Duke's Mansion, attacked the throne in August, changed his reign to Yongkang, and claimed to be the general and the king of Henan.

　　In 414 (the third year of Yongkang), Chi Pan sent troops to destroy Nanliang and was called King of Qin again.

　　In 428 (the ninth year of Jianhong), Chi Pan died, and the prince Mu Mo ascended the throne and changed his reign to Yonghong .

　　In 431 (the fourth year of Yonghong), the Xia Lord Helian Ding killed 500 Qifu Mumo and his clan, and the Western Qin Dynasty was destroyed. There are 4 main courses in total, 47 years.

　　References:

　　　"Book of the Later Han", China Book Company, 1965 edition

　　　"Book of Wei", China Book Company, 1974 edition

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