Jiangxi place name research
Follow us to get more place name information
Follow
Nanchang , it is an ancient city in Jiangnan with a long history, and another heroic city with a glorious tradition of revolutionary struggle. Regarding the pre-Qin social and economic conditions of this region, the relevant historical documents only have a few words, and even no mention of a word; the changes and development of Nanchang City after the Han Dynasty are not detailed in the literature. Although there are some explanations in some local chronicles and cultural collections, they are also suffering from chaos and dispersion. In order to understand the changes and development context of Nanchang ancient city, we will provide some historical materials for today's formulation of the overall development plan of Nanchang city. This article intends to give a brief overview of the changes and development history of ancient Nanchang city based on the research of previous generations, based on relevant documents and combined with some new archaeological data.
(I) The geographical situation of "winding rivers and lakes"
The geographical location of Nanchang is unique and the situation is dangerous. The land is at the intersection of the north and south of the Yangtze River and the upper and lower reaches, and is surrounded by the lake, bordering the Wuling River in the south, Xuanyang in the north, Jingchu in the west, and Minyue in the east. 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分类 7 未分
(II) The earliest primitive settlement
According to archaeological discoveries after liberation, Neolithic sites were found in Qichenggang in the eastern suburbs, Qingyunpu in the southern suburbs, and Xishan in the western suburbs. If the ruins in Nanchang, Xinjian and even Fengcheng and Jinxian are included, there will be dozens of sites. These ruins are the primitive settlements of ancient times. The establishment of many primitive settlements is of great significance to the subsequent creation and development of Nanchang City.
The earliest residential areas in Nanchang that can be accurately pointed out are two near Qichenggang and Qingyunpu brick and tile kiln factory. The Qichenggang site has a thick cultural accumulation. After scientific excavation, a large number of production tools such as stone
stone arrows and net pendants shows that they also used bows and arrows and fish nets to hunt wild animals and catch fish and shrimps. Based on the level of productivity and the situation of social organizations at that time, they were generally in the late stage of the matriarchal clan society, or the transition to the paternal clan.
(III) " Yangzhou Domain" and "Southern Chu Domain"
Nanchang during the Shang and Zhou dynasties was extremely poor in ancient documents, and it was simply and generally called "Yangzhou Domain". In the writings of old historians, Nanchang is depicted as a "barren hinterland" with ignorance and backwardness, just like other regions in the south of the Yangtze River. However, is the truth of history really true? In recent years, the discovery of the Shang Dynasty ruins in Wucheng, Qingjiang, Jiangxi has finally solved this "historical mystery".
According to the preliminary investigation by archaeologists, more than 20 Shang and Zhou dynasties similar to Wucheng were found in Nanchang area, such as Qichenggang, Qingyunpu, Liantang Doumen Mountain, Xiaolanli Mountain, Shengmi, Changtouling and some platforms around Aixi Lake. This shows that more than three thousand years ago, the distribution of ancient residents was relatively dense around the urban area of Nanchang today, especially from Aixi Lake in the northeast suburbs to Qingyunpu in the southern suburbs.
Based on the cultural relics unearthed from these sites, we can initially outline the general outline of the social life of ancient residents in Nanchang during the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
Although no slave tomb has been found yet, from the perspective of the development level of social productivity and the manufacturing of bronze weapons, Nanchang region has crossed the threshold of class social from primitive society at least three thousand years ago.
Previous people discussed the situation in Nanchang during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and were known as the so-called "Wu Head and Chu Head". In terms of specific ownership, there are many people saying this.
"Records of the Grand Historian·Biography of Merchants": "I'm the Jiangnan, Changsha, this is the Southern Chu."
" Tongdian ": " Hongzhou , which belonged to Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period."
"Records of the Grand Historian·Zhengyi": "Jiangnan refers to Hong, Rao and other states. Spring and Autumn Period and Autumn Period and the East of Chu."
"Wenxian Tongkao": "Hongzhou and Jiangzhou , which belonged to Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period." This shows that most scholars since the Han and Tang Dynasties believe that Nanchang during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period belonged to Chu. However, some scholars believe that it belongs to Wu. For example, Song Leshi's "Hangzhou, the land of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Warring States Period belongs to Chu." Because of the different research of ancient scholars, each of them followed suit when compiling local chronicles. The "Nanchang Prefecture Chronicle" of the Qing Dynasty said: "First belong to Wu, second second, second second, and later after Chu." In the 54th year of Qianlong, when the "Nanchang Prefecture Chronicle" was re-revised, he also read the "Tongdian" of Du You of the Tang Dynasty.
In fact, from the entire historical investigation of the annexation between Wu, Chu and Yue at that time, the Wu and Yue forces arrived in Nanchang for a short time. During the 550 years of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Nanchang was basically the eastern territory of Chu. Sima Qian, Du You’s statement is correct. Because Nanchang has long been a member of Chu, it has more characteristics consistent with Chu in economic and cultural aspects. In recent years, the tombs of the mid-Warring States Period excavated in the newly built Changyi have unearthed relics such as copper spears, copper spears, and copper swords. In particular, the combination of pottery such as tripods, duns, and pots are more obvious in the style of the Chu culture. Since the liberation of
, bronze tripods (cooking instruments), copper cakes (military instruments) from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, as well as a large number of copper tools and weapons, etc., have been unearthed in Xiaolan, Luojiaji , Changtouling, Xishan and Meiling. These bronze ware, shiny and shiny, are casting fine, reflecting that the bronze casting technology at this time has been further improved and developed on the basis of the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
The Spring and Autumn Period, during the Warring States Period, was a period of great changes in our country's social system. Judging from the iron axe model (model) unearthed from the newly built Datang Chian Mountain Warring States site, the use of iron should be no later than that of the Warring States Period. Due to the emergence of iron farm tools, the entire social productivity has developed to a new stage, and the class relations in society have also undergone fundamental changes. The slavery production relations gradually transitioned to the feudal system.
(IV) The earliest Yuzhang City— Guanying City
When did Nanchang Juejing become a city? Since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, Nanchang has had relatively developed agriculture and handicrafts, and has gradually entered a class society, but there is no evidence to show that cities have been established at that time.
According to relevant documents, the creation of Nanchang City was closely related to Emperor Gao of Han, Liu Bang, and Yuzhang County ("Han Shu·Geography"). It is generally believed that in the sixth year of Emperor Gao of Han (201 BC), when the general Guanying led the army to pacify "Dingwu, Yuzhang, and Kuaiji County" (Volume 95 of "Han Shu ", "Biography of Guanying", he began to build territory in the Nanchang area, commonly known as Guanying City or Guancheng. The "Shui Jing Notes" by Emperor Daoyuan of Yan said, "In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu of Han, Guan Ying was ordered to be the governor of Zhang County, which was built by Guan Ying."In this way, the earliest Yuzhang City has a history of more than 2,180 years. Since then, Nanchang has been the center of politics, economy and culture in the region.
However, the guan area more than 2,000 years ago was not in today's urban area, but in the southeast of the city, starting from Huangcheng Bridge (Huangcheng Bridge) 15 miles outside the gate of Huhua in the east and Xingfuzhuang outside the gate of Huhua in the west, extending for several miles, that is, the Huangcheng Temple area about four kilometers southeast of today's South Station. Liberation first belonged to Huangcheng Township, and later belonged to Xiaofang Township, and now belonged to Hufang Commune.
It is said that in order to build the guan area, Guanying appointed a local name called Zhang Wen's people were in charge of building the city pavilion.
There are tall rammed earth walls around Guanying City, with a total of ten miles and eighty-four steps around it. There are six gates: the south gate and the Songyang Gate in the south: the Gaomen and Changmen in the west; the two gates in the northeast were named after the square. At that time, Yuzhang City was rich in camphor trees. There were large camphor trees inside and outside Songyang Gate, which were as high as 17 meters high and forty-five circumferences. "The branches and leaves are lush and the shade is several acres" ("Taiping Huanyu Ji" quoted "Yuzhang Ji"). Therefore, many writers have always believed that Yuzhang should be named after this tree, as Ying Shao said in "Han Guanyi": "I Zhangzhang Tree is born in the courtyard, so it is named as the county. " Li Daoyuan "Shui Jing Notes" and Chen Hongxu's "Famous Records of Jiangcheng" both agree with their statement: In fact, it is not the case. It should be named "Yu Zhang Shui". "The Records of the Later Han County and Kingdoms" says: "Gan You Yu Chapter Water ", and Lei Cizong said it more clearly in "Yu Zhang Ji": "It seems that because water is its place name, although the ten rivers flow equally, this source is the farthest, so it is named only. "
Since Yuzhang City was created in the early Western Han Dynasty, it has been continuously renovated and expanded for more than 500 years in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty. For example, in the second year of Wuwufeng in the Three Kingdoms (254 AD), Yuzhang Prefect Zhang Jun built two round buildings in the southeast of the county city, four feet high ("Xingdi Ji"), which was the more famous high platform building in the south at that time. The so-called "If the gust of Yuzhang is high, the tiger in Changsha eats people" refers to this round building. However, during these five hundred years, the scale of Nanchang City was basically the scope of Guanying City in the early Han Dynasty. "Taiping Huanyu Ji" quoted "Yuzhang Ji" and said: "First it was the camphor tree (referring to the big camphor tree in Songyang Gate. Trees - Author's note) are both withered, and the water is rich and once it is flourishing, the Jin Dynasty thinks it is auspicious for the rejuvenation. Although this is about the camphor tree in the south of the city, it also shows that in the late Western Jin Dynasty, when Emperor Huai of Jin Sima Chi , Nanchang City was still in Guanying City in the Han Dynasty and did not move westward.
The northwest of Guanying City in the Han Dynasty, which is today's main urban area in Nanchang. At that time, it should be a swamp water network area, with a larger lake called Taihu (the predecessor of today's Jiahu). The terrain around the lake is slightly higher, with mountains and hills and some villages scattered. In 1973, a civil water well from the Western Jin Dynasty was found in Dunzitang, which is a powerful evidence. The well is round and has 64 cm inner diameter.
html The well walls built with net-shaped bricks are still retained near the bottom of the well. There are copper basins, celadons, pots, bowls and deer antlers from the Western Jin Dynasty from the Western Jin Dynasty, which should have been left behind by residents when they fetched water. On some mountain terraces around the village, the Han and Western Jin Dynasty were also the base burial areas. After liberation, archaeologists successively excavated Western Han Dynasty tombs outside Laofushan, Ding Highway, and Yonghemen; in Duzitang, Dusiqian, Jingshan, Qixing Street, Xinxiqiao, rope Jinta, , Xujiafang, Qingyunpu and other places, the base burials from the Eastern Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms and Western Jin Dynasty were excavated five or six meters below the surface.Taihu Lake in the Han Dynasty and the Nanyuan Rebirth of the Jin Dynasty are connected to Nantang located southwest of Guancheng. I followed the river , so the river rises, and the lake rises, and the river retreats. During the Yongyuan period of the Eastern Han Dynasty (89-105 AD), the prefect Zhang Gong of Yuzhang organized the masses to build embankments and repair ponds to defend the river. People called Nantang Water. This is the earliest water conservancy project to develop Donghu Lake in history.
Since Yuzhang's founding, ships have been shuttled and bustling in Ganjiang River. It is located on the southwest of the county city (outside the bridge gate later), which was the place where boats were moored at that time (just like today's wharf). Anyone who came and went from south to north, got on the boat. The reason why it was called "Nanpu" was to "Jiu Songs Hebo" that "the son fought to seize the east and sent his predecessors to seize Nanpu".At that time, this was used to refer to the place of farewell. For example, the writer at the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, Jiang Yan wrote in " Farewell Fu ": "The grass and beasts in spring are colored, the spring water is green, and the water is green, and what are the injuries?"
During this period, the administrative organizations of below counties and counties had the township and li.
Since the Han and Jin Dynasties, there have been five major surnames in Yuzhang: Xiong, Luo, Lei, Chen, and Zhang ("Madam Huanyu Ji"). In 1973, a tomb of the powerful landlord Yuzhang of the Western Jin Dynasty was excavated in Shangyao Bay, Laofu Mountain. Based on a copper seal unearthed in the tomb, it was learned that the base owner was surnamed Chen. More than 30 pots, iron, jade, stone, lacquerware and gold and silver utensils were unearthed in the tomb, reflecting the luxury of the landlord class of , and at the same time, it is enough to prove the development of the feudal economy in the south during this period.
(V) Eastern Jin Changes of Yuzhangcheng
When did Yuzhangcheng move from Guancheng to today's Nanchang city? Local chronicles often record: "In the 11th year of Zhenguan (Tang Dynasty) (637 AD), it was moved from Guancheng to the west of Taiyiguan in the East Lake" but what is the basis? It is unknown that some other local historical records may be said before the Lord or are not detailed. In 1980, when we were writing "Nanchang Historical Talk", we also followed the old saying. After some in-depth research, Mr. Huang Changchun proposed the theory that Nanchang City was "built in the Jin Dynasty" today, believing that "this new city is west of Donghu Lake, north of Nantang, and east of Ganjiang River." This statement is very inspiring. Although it cannot be concluded at present and needs further in-depth discussion and research, I think Mr. Huang’s statement is credible when reviewing the relevant ancient documents and referring to some archaeological materials. Moreover, it is very likely that it was in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, not in the Western Jin Dynasty. As for whether the old Guancheng was still under the jurisdiction of Nanchang County after the county town moved westward? Did the Nanchang County Bureau move to Xincheng during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty or earlier? This is another question worth studying.
The reason why Nanchang City was built in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Judging from the literature, Lei Cizong, a native of Nanchang, said in "Yuzhangji" in "Yuzhangji": "There is a big lake in the east of the city in the north, and the city is in the north, and the city returns to Nantang with the city." Here, the city refers to the city of Jiangzhou. Because in the first year of Yuankang in the Western Jin Dynasty (291 AD), such as "Yangzhou Yuzhang, Poyang, Luling, Linchuan, Nankang, Jian'an, Jin'an, and Jingzhou Wuchang, Guiyang, and Ancheng were established because of the name of water." Jiangzhou was established in Yuzhang County. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, that is, the Yuan Dynasty (317-323 AD), Jiangzhou once moved to Wuchang, but soon moved back to Yuzhang. In the sixth year of Xiankang (340 AD), Yuzhang "transfered to Xunyang . Yuyi again, and returned to Xunyang." The newly established Jiangzhou governed the ten counties. Although its prefectures have been relocated several times, they are mainly still in Yuzhang County. Therefore, from the late Western Jin Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Nanchang City was both Yuzhang County and Jiangzhou County. "There is a big lake in the east of the city" means that the city is west of the lake, not the old Guanying city west of the lake. Northern Wei Dudaoyuan "Shui Jing Zhu·Gan Shui Tiao" says: "The Gan River is also far north of the ancient city of Nanchang County." When Emperor Gaozu of Han built Zizhang County in the sixth year, he also established the Nanchang County Office in Yuzhang City. Since Li Daoyuan called Guanying City the old city, there must be a new city at that time. In "Shui Jing Zhu·Gan Shui Tiao", Bu Daoyuan also said: "The east is the lake with ten miles and two hundred and twenty-six steps, the north is the city, and the south is back to Nantang." This is exactly the same as what Lei Cizong said.
In addition, we can provide two evidences:
First . At the end of the Han Dynasty, Buddhism began to spread gradually in our country. By the Wei and Jin Dynasties, especially the Eastern Jin Dynasties, because Buddhist disciples catered to the popular metaphysics and talk styles among the rulers at that time, Buddhism gradually became sinicized, and Buddhism became the common belief of princes, nobles and aristocrats and landlords of aristocrats. As the buildings of Buddhist temples in various places increased rapidly, Yuzhang Ancient City, located in the south of the Yangtze River, was no exception. According to the evidence now, there are ten palaces and temples built outside the Star of Yuzhang City from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties, and six buildings were built over the past century, such as Da'an Temple, Chanju Temple, Liuli Temple, Jiande Temple, Ziji Palace, Guanyin Temple, etc.It is particularly worth noting that the initial locations of these buildings are all within the area of today's Nanchang city. For example, Chanju Temple was built by the house of the Wuchang prefect Xiong Minghu in the fourth year of Long'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (400 AD). Later, it was renamed as Puxian Temple. It was changed to Longxing Temple at 7 pm in the Tang Dynasty. It was also located in Huimin Gate: Liuli Temple. "When Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty ascended the throne, some people from the county who farmed in the Gen corner of the East Lake and obtained a statue of Liuli, which was three feet high and had a different appearance. The guards opened the temple and ordered the temple to be used to settle it." Later, they were repeatedly renamed Yanqing Temple, which was extended to the Qing Dynasty, and the address was within the Huehua Gate. In addition, Ziji Palace is located outside Huimin Gate Da'an Temple (Zengming Dong Temple, Xuanming Temple, Puji Temple) and Jiande Temple are also located in the urban area. Since most temple buildings in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were built around the Great Lakes, it was obvious that Yuzhang City had moved to the west of the Great Lakes at that time. If the county towns or prefectures and counties were still in Guancheng at that time, the layout of the above-mentioned temples and temple buildings would be difficult to understand.
2. After the liberation, especially since the 1970s, archaeologists have cooperated with civil defense projects to clean and excavate dozens of tombs from the Western Han Dynasty and Eastern Jin Dynasty in Laofushan, Shengjin Tower, Dusiqian, Dusitang, Yonghemen, etc., most of which belong to the Western Han Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms and Western Jin Dynasty. Currently, it is confirmed that they are tombs from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, only one in Jingjiashan (now in the canned brewery), and outside Yuzhang County City in the past. Of course, these tombs were discovered by chance, and the information reflected was incomplete, but the distribution of these tombs that had been cleaned also provides some clues for us to discuss the changes in Yuzhang Ancient City.
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with the rapid development of the economy and culture of the Dajiang River Basin, Yuzhangcheng also expanded and flourished.
Especially due to the relocation and construction of the county town, it is closer to Yuzhang River. The lake, which was located in the northwest outside Guancheng, is now located in the east of the new city and is close to the new city. This is not only conducive to "staying dangers with the river", but also "blocking the river to make a city" and "storing the lake to make a pond". Because of this, after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, more attention was paid to the rectification of the riverside and the large lake areas. In the first year of Jingping (423 AD), Yuzhang Prefect Cai Gu, mobilized the masses to carry out a large-scale transformation and management project. In addition to building embankments and digging small ponds in the large ponds, the main purpose was to deal with the water gate (water gate) between the Nantang and the Yuzhang River. When the river water rises, the water gate will be closed, and when the inner lake water is too high, the door will be opened to excrete. Since then, the water disasters in the lake have been greatly reduced, and after the rectification, the lake has "clear water, and the scales are plump" (quoted by "Xingdi Jisheng" in "Yuzhangji"). Li Daoyuan said in "Shui Jingzhu": "The water reaches the clear source, and the fish are very plump." It became an important natural aquatic farm in Nanchang at that time.
In the riverside area seven miles northwest of Yuzhang City, the silt sand from the river rushes down from the river extends for five or six miles, stretching like a dragon. Therefore, it is called Longsha or Beisha. It was the highest place outside Yuzhang City back then, and the old custom was the place to climb the heights on the Double Ninth Festival. "Shui Jing Notes" records this historical material: "In the past, someone got the old thorn in this sand, and wrote an additional title: Go to the west to the river seven and a half miles. Divination says it is auspicious and divination says it is bad, but now this tomb is heavy and divination is too heavy. It is called divination short and long. "Although it is covered with a layer of magical color, the materials themselves provide us with valuable clues for discussing the changes in the river channel of Zhangjiang.
Author: Peng Shifan
Source: Nanchang City Master Plan - Compilation of Papers of Academic Symposium
Selected manuscript: Jiangxi Place Name Research Group
Editor: Wu Xuefei
Proofreading: Ji Mengfei
Review: Luo Shuping
Editor: Wu Xuefei
Welcome to submit manuscript! Welcome to communicate!
Please indicate the source for reprinting: "Jiangxi Place Name Research" WeChat public account
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-