20th century World War broke out: World War I ended in 1918, and World War II broke out in 1939. Why have all mankind been involved in world wars twice in just about 20 years? In fact, there is a saying in the international historical community that , the first battle and the second world war are essentially divided into the same war fought twice. In other words, World War II is actually a continuation of World War I. After the end of World War I, the victorious country signed the "House of Versailles" with the defeated country. When the French marshal Foch pointed out incisively: "This is not peace. This is a truce for twenty years."
The outbreak of the battle in one is essentially caused by the rise and fall of the powers. For most of the 19th century, Britain was the world hegemony similar to the United States today, while France was the number one hegemony on the European continent and the second strongest in the world. In 1871, France lost its position as a continental overlord after losing in Franco-Prussian War. The victory over France, the Prussian unified German other states formed the second empire of Germany. After the unified Germany only took 40 years to complete the industrialization journey that Britain had taken 80 years. In the early 20th century, Germany's industrial output value ranked second in the world and its army strength ranked first in the world.
This has had a big impact on the geopolitical pattern of Europe and even the whole world. When Germany rose as a rising imperialist country, the world had basically been divided up by old powers such as Britain and France. At this time, Germany strongly demanded that the colonies, spheres of influence and trade markets be divided around the world again according to their strength. This triggered a new round of competition among the great powers in trade, arms, colonies and other aspects. In this kind of competition, of course, everyone wants to win over more allies as much as possible to stand on their own side. In 1879, Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire signed an alliance treaty against France and Russia.
1882 The joining of Italy turned the alliance between Germany and Austria into the alliance between Germany, Austria and Italy. France and Russia saw that their opponents formed an alliance and concluded an alliance treaty in 1894. The British-French Agreement in 1904 and the British-Russian Agreement in 1907 were signed one after another. The British, French and Russian Agreement was officially formed. So far, the six major European powers have each joined the two hostile alliance systems. June 28, 1914 Heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Grand Duke Ferdinand His wife was shot dead by Serbian nationalist Principe, which quickly triggered a full-scale war between the two hostile camps.
44 years of World War I destroyed the Second German Empire, Austria-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Turkish Empire, tsarist Russia. New countries such as Hungary, Czechoslovakia , Poland , Finland , Iraq , Syria and other places were born on the ruins of these empires. Today's world geopolitical pattern is to a certain extent shaped by these changes after World War I, but the most core contradiction that led to the outbreak of World War I did not disappear. The outbreak of World War I was essentially caused by the demands of emerging imperialist countries such as Germany to re-dividate the world according to their strength.
German's failure in World War I curbed its ambitions, but Germany's ambitions were not fundamentally eliminated. Germany's situation in World War I and World War II was very different: the army of the victorious country did not set foot on Germany's land. Germany actually did not want to continue fighting to preserve its strength. Although Germany signed a surrender letter after World War I, Germany did not suffer serious damage like World War II. After the end of World War I, the victorious party held the Versailles Conference and the Washington Conference in 1919 and 1921 respectively.
The world pattern created by these two conferences is called the Versailles-Washington system. As the defeated side, Germany lost nearly 1/7 of its land and all overseas colonies under this system, and carried huge compensation of up to 132 billion Jinmak , and was strictly restricted in political, economic, military and other aspects. Therefore, Germany hates the Versailles system formed after World War I.Italy and Japan are also dissatisfied with the Versailles-Washington system. Although Italy and Japan were victorious countries, they were both dissatisfied with their gains in the war.
Italy formed the Three Kingdoms alliance with Germany, Austria-Hungary before World War I, but after the start of World War I, Italy switched to the Allied camp. Italy, which turned against the battlefield, almost played a role in World War I: Italy's only contribution to the battle situation during World War I was that the Austrian army initially withdrew two divisions from the Russian front, and later took away eight to ten divisions throughout the summer stage of the battle situation. Since Italy's role in World War I was really limited, Italy's demands were not met when it was divided up after the war. Italy is therefore dissatisfied with the Versailles system.
Japan is an island country located at the junction of the Asia-European plate and the Pacific plate. The harsh environment of barren land, scarce resources, and numerous volcanic earthquakes made the Japanese develop a complex of external expansion very early. Before the outbreak of World War I, Japan had invaded Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula and other places. After the outbreak of World War I, Japan took the opportunity to seize Germany's privileges in China and Shandong and Germany's colonies in the Pacific. Japan's aggressive and expansionary behavior triggered resistance from the Chinese people, and also intensified the contradictions with the United States and Britain. In order to curb Japan's expansion, the Washington Conference in 1921 asked Japan to return the occupied China, Shandong, Qingdao and other places to China.
During the Washington Conference, the United States, Britain, Japan, France and Italy, the " Five-Nation Naval Treaty " concluded by the five countries, stipulates that the total tonnage limit of the main ships of the five countries is 525,000 tons each of the United States and Britain; 315,000 tons each of Japan; 175,000 tons each of France and Italy. Japan has actually become the third naval power in the world after the United States and Britain. The navies of the United States and Britain need to safeguard global interests, so Japan actually has a certain relative advantage in this specific local area of the Western Pacific. But what Japan is thinking is why can you have 525,000 tons in the United States and the United Kingdom, while I can only have 315,000 tons in Japan?
Germany, Japan and Italy, three countries that were dissatisfied with the world pattern formed after World War I, were eager to try to break the post-war international system.
After World War I, Germany, which was under heavy pressure to compensate, had not had time to recover from its own inflation, and Germany, which had formed a worse situation in the face of the global economic depression. The living standards of German people fell sharply under the impact of the economic crisis of . At this time, the greatest wish of the Germans was to get rid of the economic crisis internally and improve their living conditions; and to free the constraints of the Versailles system externally. It was in this context that the Nazi Party led by Hitler vigorously advocated racism - the call to break the constraints of the Versailles system and develop the national economy and improve people's livelihood has attracted widespread attention.
What Hitler advocated and promoted was exactly what catered to the tastes of the German people at that time. Hitler once promised: "We must make milk and bread on the dining table in every household in Germany." It is conceivable how attractive this propaganda slogan would be to the German people who were in a difficult situation at the time. In 1928, the Nazi Party led by Hitler still had a support rate of 2.6% in the general election. However, in September 1930, the Nazi Party became the second largest party in the parliament with a support rate of 18.3%. In July 1932, the Nazi Party, which won 37.2% of the vote and 230 seats, became the largest party in the parliament.
1931 at around 10 pm on September 18, 1931, Lieutenant Kawamamoto's Guard commanded several subordinates to blow up a section of the rail of the South Manchurian Railway near the Liutiao Lake , about 800 meters south of Beidaying in Shenyang.Afterwards, the Japanese Kwantung Army spread rumors that the incident was caused by the Chinese army. The Second Battalion of the Japanese Independent Garrison immediately launched an attack on the Northeastern Army of China on this grounds. The September 18th incident that shocked China and the world opened the historical prelude to the fourteen-year war of aggression against China. After the 226th Mutiny in 1936, the fascist strength, led by the military headquarters, grew stronger and stronger in Japan.
So far, the two origins of wars in Europe and Asia have been formed. But the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union and other countries did not concentrate on attacking Germany and Japan, the two fascist countries: when the Japanese fascists invaded Northeast China, when Italy invaded Ethiopia, when Nazi German troops entered the Rhineland, when the Japanese army launched the Lugou Bridge Incident, and when Nazi Germany annexed Austria, no major power came out to intervene. After success in testing, the fascist forces finally decided to let go and launch a world-wide war.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-