On February 19, 1963, Zhongnanhai held a unique meeting. All the wise men arrived at this meeting, and founding fathers such as Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, and Zhou Enlai participated. However, when Lieutenant General Zhang Guohua and Lieutenant General Zhang Guohua and arrived at the venue, Mao Zedong used his generous hands to hold him down and then let him sit among the founding leaders to report on his work.
Zhang Guohua has been in war for a lifetime, and he never knows what timidity is when facing the enemy. But this time, facing the honor, Zhang Guohua seemed a little restrained and not natural enough...
1. Chief Liu Deng chose Zhang Guohua to march into Tibet
After careful consideration, Mao Zedong decided to hand over the task of liberating Tibet to the Second Field Army. At the same time, Mao Zedong also suggested that Liu Bocheng, Deng Xiaoping and He Long of the Southwest Bureau: "We should immediately decide on the troops entering Tibet and the responsible cadres who lead Tibet, and immediately set out to arrange everything."
This is an emergency telegram with four "As". Although the Kuomintang reactionaries were in a desperate situation at this time, the imperialists were drooling in Tibet, and the upper-level Tibetan groups were also ambitious and tried to resist the liberation of the People's Army. For Mao Zedong, liberating Tibet was an extremely urgent issue.
Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping dared not neglect, so they held negotiations overnight. Liu Bocheng said: "As for the question of the candidates for marching into Tibet, I originally wanted Du Yide to go, but he was not healthy."
Deng Xiaoping thought for a moment, and then had a sudden idea: "I have thought about this for a long time. How about letting the "landlord" go?"
Deng Xiaoping mentioned the landlord was the commander of the 18th Army - General Zhang Guohua. In 1950, Zhang Guohua had just turned 36 years old, just when he was young and strong. Zhang Guohua's military career was very distinctive. He took the Liberation War as the boundary and mainly engaged in political work before the Liberation War.
Joined the Red Army team in the early days, Zhang Guohua served as a young officer, party branch secretary, political instructor and other positions. Except for the instructor of the 9th Battalion of the 5th Regiment of the 2nd Division of the First Army, he became a company commander for a short period of time due to the company commander's sacrifice, he mainly did political work for the troops during the rest of the time. When the War of Resistance Against Japan ended, Zhang Guohua was the deputy political commissar and director of the political department of the first column of the Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and Henan Field Army, and the deputy political commissar of the seventh column.
However, during the War of Liberation, Zhang Guohua "changed" to engage in military work. By the end of the Liberation War, Zhang Guohua had become the commander of the 18th Army. Therefore, Zhang Guohua is a famous general who is indispensable and has both military and political integrity. Just as Xu Jie, the chief staff member of the Yellow River Detachment of
"Zhang Guohua made decisive decisions and was a political worker who had been tested for a long time. At the same time, he is also an excellent commander, with the ability to organize battles and a brave and tenacious fighting style." It is not difficult to liberate Tibet by force. But as the saying goes, "Attacking the city is the best, and attacking the heart is the best." To solve the Tibet issue, politics should be far greater than military. Zhang Guohua emphasized discipline and the united front, and required the troops to show military authority, stabilize the situation, open up the situation, and support the masses. He is both principled and flexible, and is both civil and military. He is a general who can stand on his own.
Because Zhang Guohua is good at discovering talents and gathering talents, he also has the nickname of "Talent Landlord"
After hearing this, Liu Bocheng slapped: "Zhang Guohua! It coincides! It's great. It's decided that I will immediately ask the office to notify Zhang Guohua and come to Chongqing to receive the task."
When Zhang Guohua received the call, the 18th Army had just completed the task of liberating Chengdu and was about to march to southern Sichuan. After receiving the notice, Zhang Guohua went to Chongqing to accept the task without stopping.
From then on, Zhang Guohua formed an indissoluble bond with Tibet.
2. Entering the snowy area
Zhang Guohua immediately found that the first problem he had to do was to do the work of the officers and soldiers of the 18th Army. The original plan of the 18th Army was to take over the wealthy southern Sichuan, and Zhang Guohua had been appointed as the director of the southern Sichuan Administrative Office.
could have eaten rice in Sichuan, but now I have to go to Tibet, which is cold on the plateau to drink the northwest wind. Some commanders and fighters couldn't make a turn. After learning about the news of entering Tibet, many officers and soldiers of the 18th Army were unacceptable. After so many years of life and death, they finally settled down and started a family and a career, and the determination to enter Tibet was not easy. Some people choose to leave without saying goodbye and become deserters. Some classes even have only squad leaders and deputy squad leaders in one day, which makes cadres so anxious that they take turns guarding the gate at night and dare not sleep.
Zhang Guohua was so angry that he stared at him: "Go, catch them all!" The Bing caught them, but the problem was still not solved. Zhang Guohua thought about it again, arresting people and treating symptoms but not the root cause. The soldiers must overcome their fear of difficulties from the bottom of their hearts, and they must be sincerely willing to enter Tibet.
For this reason, Zhang Guohua, who is good at political work, organized a growing mobilization meeting. At the conference, Zhang Guohua said passionately:
"It is a very glorious thing to liberate Tibet, go to Tibet to establish a party organization, and complete the great cause of reunification of the motherland."
Then, Zhang Guohua said emotionally:
"If Tibet is divided by imperialism, our southwest border retreats to the Jinsha River, I am afraid we will not be able to sit steadily in Sichuan! It is indeed painful to march to Tibet. Can the People's Liberation Army, which takes it as its mission to relieve the suffering of the people, watch the suffering of the people without paying attention?"
Zhang Guohua's speech greatly encouraged the affairs of the officers and soldiers of the 18th Army, causing them to give up their plans to settle down in southern Sichuan. Determination and blood letters were sent one after another, asking to go to Tibet.
In fact, for Zhang Guohua, what a difficult choice it is to enter Tibet! His five-year-old beloved daughter, Difficult, died of pneumonia the moment she was about to enter Tibet. And his wife was just pregnant, and it was the time to need comfort and care. However, now is not the time for parents to have a short time for love.
Zhang Guohua touched his cute daughter's cold little hand, said goodbye to his wife, and embarked on the journey to Tibet.
Listen to the teachings of the leader, Zhang Guohua led the 18th Army to climb ice and snow, cross mountains and ridges, overcome the plateau reaction, and planted the red flag onto the snowy plateau. They fight bandits, build roads, raise supplies, and do mass work. In Tibet, resupply is quite difficult. In order not to disturb the people, the 18th Army implemented the principle of "not eating the place" and relied on digging wild vegetables and catching loaches and hiding them to satisfy their hunger.
Tibetans regard eagles as heavenly Bodhisattvas, fish as water Bodhisattvas, and rats as earth Bodhisattvas. The troops stipulate that it is strictly forbidden to fight eagles, fish, and catch mice. The commanders and fighters said: "We would rather starve to death than violate military discipline and ethnic policies."
is really easy to shake the mountain, but it is difficult to shake the 18th army.
In Chamdo, Zhang Guohua fought a battle with the armed forces of the upper class of Tibet. During this battle, our army wiped out more than 5,000 main forces of the Tibetan army, , with less than 200 casualties. This battle was not only the last battle of New China on the mainland, but also greatly promoted the peaceful liberation of Tibet.
On May 23, 1951, the Tibetan representative signed the "Agreement on the Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet" in Beijing. On the afternoon of the day the agreement was signed, Chairman Mao specially met with Zhang Guohua, a great hero. This is the first time Zhang Guohua has seen a great man.
As soon as we met, Mao Zedong said humorously: "You are a cousin in Jiangxi!" Zhang Guohua said excitedly: "I am from Jiangxi?"
"When did you start working? Which troops have you worked in?" Mao Zedong asked again.
When Mao Zedong heard that Zhang Guohua was working in the army of Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo, he couldn't help but be overjoyed: "You are still a Jinggangshan!" ”
From then on, Mao Zedong affectionately made Zhang Guohua "Jinggangshan" on many occasions. Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base is the first revolutionary base established by Mao Zedong. He has a deep affection for every grass and tree there. It is said that when Mao Zedong returned to Jinggangshan, he said with deep emotion:
"There were many people who fought in Jinggangshan back then, including Zhu De, Luo Ronghuai, Chen Yi, , He Changgong, Peng Dehuai, Tan Zhenlin. Chen Zhengren, Jiang Hua , Xiao Ke, He Zizhen, etc.Yuan Wencai and Wang Zuo are gone. Zhang Guohua, who is currently working in the Tibet Military Region, was originally a soldier of Wang Zuo's army and was a very capable comrade. "
Zhang Guohua's outstanding work in Tibet left a profound impression on Mao Zedong and also won the admiration and respect of this great man.
3. The God of War in Snow
In Tibet, Zhang Guohua focused on military construction and carried out military production. In the first year, he achieved a bumper harvest, harvesting 200,000 kilograms of grain. By 1954, the grain hoarded by the troops stationed in Tibet reached more than 200,000 kilograms of grain. Not only that, the recipes run by the soldiers also provided sufficient vegetables to the army. Zhang Guo Hua's military farming operation greatly reduced the burden on the local people and the central government in Tibet.
In 1955, Zhang Guohua was awarded the rank of lieutenant general.
However, it is worth noting that although Tibet has been peacefully liberated, it is not peaceful. In 1959, the Tibetan upper group launched a full-scale armed rebellion. Zhang Guohua was in charge of Tibet and eventually annihilated all the rebels.
The reason why Tibet had rebellions is actually the backstage boss of the Tibetan upper group - India. Pass. India was once a British colony, while Britain had privileges in Tibet through unequal treaties. After India's independence, it had always wanted to pull Tibet to its own side and inherit the British colonial privileges. But with the People's Liberation Army's entering Tibet , India's conspiracy was also shattered. Indian anti-China forces were unwilling to fail, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also launched the so-called "forward policy", that is, to advance along the illegal McMahon Line, trying to maximize the land silkworm eating our Tibet territory.
Chairman Mao is very talented It is natural that India will not succeed. In 1962, India ignored our country's repeated tolerance and fired more than 40 people in the border guards, killing more than 40 people. It is impolite to come but not to go. Mao Zedong finally decided to teach India and Nehru a lesson.
In October of that year, Mao Zedong presided over a meeting in Zhongnanhai to discuss the issue of the war against India. He Long, Liu Bocheng, Zhou Enlai and other leaders attended.
Mao Zedong asked Zhang Guohua, who had traveled thousands of miles away from Tibet: "Is this battle sure? I heard that the Indian army still has some combat effectiveness, can we win if we fight? ”
Zhang Guohua said confidently: “If you can win, please rest assured, Chairman, we will definitely win. ”张国华对印军的情况很清楚，他们的装备还不如我们，士气也不高，顶多相当于国民党中等部队的水平。
毛泽东一生从不轻敌，他说：
“也许我们打不赢，那也没办法。 If you can’t win, don’t blame the world, just blame us for being incompetent. The worst outcome is nothing more than India's invasion of Tibet. But Tibet is the sacred territory of China, which is well known to everyone. It is natural and there will never be no shortage of change. One day, we will take it over. "
It is obvious that Mao Zedong was lifting the burden on Zhang Guohua. Before marking the large map of the Indian army stronghold, Mao Zedong waved his arm and said loudly, "Sweep him! "
Zhang Guohua just finished the meeting in Beijing and took a plane back to Lhasa the next day. At this time, Zhang Guohua's body was already a little uncomfortable. You should know that on the plateau, a common cold may be fatal. However, Zhang Guohua worked hard despite his physical illness and worked hard. He organized the front-line command post with a high fever. Under the altitude reaction, Zhang Guohua felt that his head was about to explode. Because of the high-rise route, the guards proposed to carry Zhang Guohua up the mountain with a stretcher. But Zhang Guohua said: "This is a war, so the soldiers will see what impact it will have! "
So the guards had to support him while walking and survey the terrain. When the troops heard the news, their morale was immediately boosted.
How to fight the first battle? The commanders believed that for the sake of safety, they should first annihilate an enemy battalion. However, Zhang Guohua considered repeatedly that for the long-term stability of the border, the Indian army must be hurt. If you want to eat, eat it. It will be boring. After eating one battalion, it will be unpleasant.
Mao Zedong praised Zhang Guohua's adventure spirit after receiving Zhang Guohua's combat plan: "He is the front-line commander, let him fight! If you can't fight well, start over."
On October 20, Zhang Guohua led 14,000 PLA secretly to the Kronje Valley where the Indian army was stationed, and even inserted troops behind the Indian army.
At 7:30 in the morning, dozens of artillery of our army roared at the same time, smashing raindrop-like shells on the heads of the Indians. The fortresses built by the enemy were reimbursed one by one. When the enemy was still in shock, At that time, the number-man of the department blew a loud charge, and our soldiers rushed out of the bunker and launched an unstoppable offensive against the enemy. Seeing this, the enemy hurriedly retreated, but ended up encountering the interspersed troops of our army. In a very short time, the 7th Brigade of the Indian Army stationed in the Kronge Valley was wiped out and his brigade commander, Brigadier General Daville. Zhang Guohua sighed: "I have been in the army for decades and have never fought such an easy battle. "
The weak Indian army is one aspect, and more importantly, because of Zhang Guohua's exquisite command. Zhang Guohua did not underestimate the enemy because of the weak Indian army. As the saying goes, the lion fights with rabbits must use all its strength. If it were not for Zhang Guohua's comprehensive arrangement, our army would not have won so quickly. After the great victory of
Kron Festival, Zhang Guohua led his troops to advance south rapidly, defeated three brigades of the Indian army in succession, annihilated more than 7,000 enemies, basically recovered all lost ground, and removed all the Indian army's invasion strongholds. When our army achieved complete victory and fully grasped the initiative in the battlefield, Zhang Guohua resolutely implemented the decision to proactively ceasefire and retreat on the Sino-Indian border, and organized troops to retreat in batches and stages from December 1. The Chinese border defense forces showed their military power and won the long-term stability of the Sino-Indian border.
4. Mao Zedong asked Zhang Guohua to sit in the middle
On February 19, 1963, Mao Zedong held a meeting in Zhongnanhai. In addition to the leaders of the party and the country such as Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, and Zhou Enlai, there were leaders of major military regions, military branches, secretaries of various provincial party committees and leaders of central departments.
At the meeting, Zhang Guohua personally reported on the situation of the just-concluded self-defense counterattack on the border of the Sino-Indian War. As soon as the speech was finished, Mao Zedong held Zhang Guohua's hand and must let Zhang Guohua sit next to the central leaders. Zhang Guohua was never timid in front of the enemy and in the face of difficulties. But in front of this honor, he seemed a little restrained.
Speaking of the battle between our army and the Indian army, Mao Zedong said happily: "The Indian army is defending in front, not behind, and it's over.前面也可以打进去，古今中外，谁都怕抄后路。 "
When Zhang Guohua reported that a large number of heroic and exemplary deeds appeared in the participating troops, Mao Zedong said emotionally: "In the past, Yue Fei said that civil officials don't need money, military officials are not afraid of death, and peace in the world is coming." "I will not rob food when I starve to death, and I will not demolish houses when I freeze to death. "The first two sentences are one-sided. At that time, Jin Wushu said it is easy to shake the mountain, but it is difficult to regret Yue's army. We say that it is easy to shake the mountain, but it is difficult to shake the People's Liberation Army.
After the counterattack against India, the Sino-Indian border maintained a relatively peaceful period for decades, and it has continued to this day. Zhang Guohua also dragged his illness and devoted himself to the democratic reform of Tibet. He served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of China's Tibet Autonomous Region Committee, First Political Commissar and Commander of the Tibet Military Region; 1969 In 2018, he was elected as a member of the 9th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and a member of the Central Military Commission.
When Zhang Guohua was appointed as the first political commissar of Chengdu Military Region, Mao Zedong also specifically instructed him to to to Wuhou Temple to learn the "attacking the heart" of late Qing Zhao Fan :
"If you can attack the heart, you will lose your side. From ancient times, you will know that soldiers are not warlike, and if you don't judge the situation, you will be lenient and strict, and you will be wrong. Later, you must think deeply about governing Sichuan. ”
This is not only a great man’s spur to Zhang Guohua, but also a valuation for him.
1971, Zhang Guohua took office as the first secretary of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee. However, after long-term high-intensity work on the snowy plateau, Zhang Guohua’s originally strong body was severely damaged. Zhang Guohua was not too old, but his physical condition was getting worse and worse. It can be said that Zhang Guohua dedicated his health and youth to Tibet and the people there. On February 20, 1972, Zhang Guohua presided over a meeting as usual. But halfway through, Zhang Guohua collapsed in the venue like a giant mountain.Upon hearing the news, Premier Zhou personally arranged an expert team to fly to Chengdu overnight, but still failed to regain his life. That night, 58-year-old Zhang Guohua passed away suddenly.
His death caught the central leadership off guard. At Capital Airport , Zhou Enlai personally welcomed Major General Zhang Guohua's ashes. Zhou Enlai only personally welcomed the ashes of two comrades in his life, one was General Chen Geng who had been with him for a long time, and the other was Zhang Guohua, who he admired very much.
The beloved prime minister said sadly: "When the central government was about to reuse him, he left too early." After hearing this, the leaders present were moved, and some even cried out.
For the New China, Zhang Guohua is both military and political, young and strong, and has many years of experience in border governance. He is a rare talent who can stand alone. If he had not died early, he would have been appointed by the central government, which is really a pity.
Mao Zedong couldn't help but feel sad when he heard that Zhang Guohua, whom he always valued, had passed away. Not long after, Beijing held a meeting on the Sichuan issue. Someone asked Mao Zedong whether to meet with the delegates. Mao Zedong generally rarely refused such requests. But Mao Zedong patted the sofa's deputy and sighed, "I'm gone, I won't see Zhang Guohua even if I'm goodbye." After saying that, Mao Zedong couldn't hide his pain and said nothing for a long time.
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