Friends who like to listen to audio can move to Himalaya . Search for "Popular History of Tibet". Lao Bu's accent full of big-broken smell will come to his face!
Hello everyone from Himalaya, Lao Bu from Tibetan Shideyun Club is here again!
The previous few issues of Lao Bu briefly talked about the background of the first four times of the Tang and Tibets alliance . Strictly speaking, Heyuan in 714 and Liangzhou in 736 can only be regarded as demarcation and cannot reach the level of the alliance. htmlThe Shenlong Alliance in 7706 and the Chiling Alliance in 733 are considered to be a complete alliance.
But when it comes to Tang and Tibet Alliance research results generally do not divide alliances or demarcate, so we also talk about the alliance.
Judging from the background of the first four alliances, both sides have their own confidants, all without saying a word, all kinds of intrigues and various tricks of the foreign yin. Moreover, the interests of the ministers and border generals are not consistent. They often talk here and fight over there.
In addition, other factors also seriously influenced the process of the Tang-Tibet Alliance. The first two times were the and the Turkic in the north, and the last two times were the Turkic qishi that shocked and the Western Regions .
Sometimes I even think that without the serious threat from these two forces, whether Tang and Tibet could complete these alliances is a problem.
But even if the alliance is completed, the foundation is not solid. There is often a turbulence, and the results of years of hard negotiations will be ruined.
Heyuan Alliance came to an abrupt end in the attack of Tubo , and the Chiling Alliance was also quickly torn down under the attack of the Tang army. This situation of hard-earned gains and easy destruction just shows that the Tang-Tibet War was a naked game of fighting for survival space. A game like
is basically a situation that will never end. It will not end until both sides are exhausted and want to vomit when they hear the word war.
At this stage, Tang and Tibet are still holding back their energy, and there is still nearly a hundred years to go before they are exhausted. Especially in this period, the Tang Dynasty has reached its second peak period. The abundant national power has made the Tang army full of desire to launch an attack.
Therefore, we can see in Xuanzong that the number of active attacks by Tang army has increased significantly, and the results achieved are more obvious.
occurred in March of 737 (the 25th year of Kaiyuan). The attack on the alliance of the governor of Hexi Cui Xiyi is a typical example of this situation.
Let’s take this case out and analyze it, and see how the results of the alliance have been destroyed after working hard to negotiate. Should Cui Xiyi, the unlucky child, take the blame?
733 in September and June 734, the Tang and Tibet set up swearings on Chiling twice, and after the second swearing, they sent a message to Jiannan and Hexi prefectures and counties. "From now on, the two countries have reconciled and will not invade each other."
This is already a clear national will, and all prefectures and counties must act according to the orders.
But it was only a few months since Hexi that Cui Xiyi led his troops into the Tubo realm for more than 2,000 miles. Why didn't he take the oath seriously?
If you want to figure out this matter, we still have to look at the historical background first.
The Chiling Alliance between the Tang and the Turkish Republic began to talk about in 730, and it was finally concluded in 734. During the discussion, there were two key links that have always been the focus of debate:
, one is the status issue of the Jiuqu in Hexi;
, the other is the issue of contacting Tuqishi.
I still remember that in May of the sixth year of Kaiyuan (718), in the letter of nationality sent by Tubo, both sides began to argue about the issue of Tuqi Shi. At that time, Tubo's attitude was that if the Tang Dynasty did not contact us, we would not contact us. You all contacted us, why didn't you let me contact us? !
As a result, the peace talks broke down directly. In the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), the national letter sent by Tubo did not mention Tuqishi, nor did the Tang Dynasty mention it. But it is not mentioned in the letter of the country, which does not mean that this matter is gone.
From the 20th year of Kaiyuan to the 24th year of Kaiyuan (733-736), Li Longji wrote seven consecutive imperial edicts to Chi Daizhudan. The full text of these imperial edicts are recorded in volumes 284-285 of " Complete Tang Wen ". In these letters, Li Longji questioned and angry, and cursed all kinds of questions.
For example, one of the articles reads: "I am close to the governor of the four towns. They are in communication with Tuqi. But Sulu Xiaofan was betrayed and despaired. Zanpu is a close friend, that is, the contract is jealous of stubborn evil spirits, but why did you communicate with evil people in close contact and bribe the artifacts?"
For example, another article reads: "Turkkies are used to treat animals in different places, and cannot be discussed in the great way. Zanpu and he crossed the border and had only a rare ambition, but try to make a conclusion. What will happen in a long time?" [1]
Why is Li Longji so excited?
is because Tuqishi, which can determine the pattern of the Western Regions, gradually drifted away from the Tang Dynasty. In 734, the two sides officially started fighting, and Li Longji found that it was a bit impossible to defeat the Tang army in the Western Regions alone.
In a sense, the most difficult problem to solve in the relationship between Tang and Tibet, the ownership of the Hexi Jiuqu was only due to the rapid rise of Tuqishi.
In Li Longji's opinion, I paid such a great price and signed an agreement with Tubo, but Tubo still contacted Tuqishi. So, wasn't my price in vain?
In addition, Tubo did not stop expanding. In the spring of 736 (the 24th year of Kaiyuan), Tubo sent troops to Xiaobolu . At that time, the second Chiling oath had not been held.
Li Longji wrote a letter to the zip and Zhudan, which mentioned that Xiao Bolu was a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty. Attacking Xiao Bolu was equivalent to violating the alliance and demanding that Tubo withdraw his troops, but was ignored by Tubo.
At the same time, Tubo minister Mangbuzhi led his troops into Anxi, invaded the military town, and trampled on the seedlings. At this time, the Tang army in the Western Regions was fighting fiercely with the Tuqi Shi. The Tang Dynasty believed that the Tubo military operations were obviously cooperating with the Tuqi Shi Khan Kingdom.
In addition to sending troops to Bolu , Tubo also actively marched into the Western Regions and cooperated with Sulu's offensive against Tang army garrisons such as the four towns of Anxi. Therefore, in the imperial edict written to Tubo Zanpu in the 24th year of Kaiyuan, Li Longji said: "I heard recently that Mangbuzhi was traveling westward. What's the reason? If I cooperate with Tuqishi and plot against me in the west of Jixi, I may not be successful. Why should I share the same evil?"
Dunhuang documents also record: "In the 24th year of Kaiyuan, Lu Mangbuzhi Qiqiu led his troops to Turkic ."
It should be noted that the time when Mangbuzhi led his troops to Anxi was exactly between the two Chiling oaths.
This is actually the characteristic of the Tang and Tibet peace talks. Almost every time they talk and fight, they will accuse each other of sabotaging the alliance.
In addition to the Western Regions, Tubo is also using troops to Yunnan.
In the memorial of the Tang Dynasty ministers, there was a saying that "The foreign army has taken salt well " . [2] The salt well here is the Yanjing Naxi Ethnic Township, at the junction of Yunnan and Tibet today, at the Naxi Ethnic Township of Mangkang County.
Dunhuang literature major events are also recorded in 733 Nantiao Establishment of the envoys coming to pay a gift.
In addition, Tubo is also preparing troops and recruiting troops. In "The Year of the Great Events", in 734, young and strong soldiers from Tuyuhun were collected, and the "eating dog meat" tribe in Tuyuhun was captured. In 735, Zangpu reviewed the army, recruited the young and brave, and went to Tuyuhun.
These actions stimulated the nerves of the Tang Dynasty, and the final rupture occurred in 737 (the 25th year of Kaiyuan).
Dunhuang documents recorded in this year that "On the Jiesanglong (East) Zebu led his troops to Xiaobolu's Kingdom . In the winter, King Xiaobolu surrendered and came to pay tribute. The envoy of the Tang court, the eunuch of the Wang Dynasty, came to pay tribute. In that year, the Tang court defeated the alliance (destroyed Xiaobolu). It was one year." There are several key points in this record:
1. In the spring of that year, Tubo sent troops to fumble. In winter, the isolated Xiao Bolu surrendered.
2. The envoys of the Tang Dynasty came to Tubo, obviously for the sake of Xiao Bolu, and asked Tubo to withdraw his troops again.
The old book of Tang Dynasty: The biography of Tubo is recorded in . In the year, Tubo attacked Bolu in the west and sent an envoy to report to Tubo, and ordered him to stop his troops.Tubo did not accept the imperial edict, so he conquered the Bolu Kingdom, and the emperor was very angry. "
To be honest, the game between the Tang and the Tibet has been brewing at this stage. It is only a matter of time to start the battle. It depends on where to start the battle.
The detonation point that ended the Chiling Alliance was on Cui Xiyi, next to of Hexi Corridor.
Let's turn back a little to see the Hexi Corridor in 736 (the 24th year of Kaiyuan).
At that time, the Chiling Alliance had ended. Both sides announced that the borders should not attack each other, but the garrison on the border was not revoked. The description of "Old Book of Tang: Biography of Tubo" is that at that time, Tubo and Han Shuzha were bounded, and the guards were set up. "
So, Cui Xiyi, the then governor of Hexi, contacted the Tubo garrison Qilixu and said: "The two countries are reconciled, why should they be captured and hindered people from farming. Please stop them, wouldn’t it be good to form a family? "
The foreign general Qilixu in this place is no longer Qilixu who attacked Helong in 714.
The full name of Qilixu is Wei Qilixu Shangnian , and he is the prime minister of the Wei family . He died in 721.
The full name of Qilixu is Lu Qilixu Nanggong , and he is a minister of the Lu family. He entered the core circle of power in Tubo after Wei Qilixu died. [3] The general Qilixu, who belonged to Lu, heard Cui Xiyi's proposal, said: "You are a loyal person, and you are all telling the truth. I must believe you. But there are many bad people in your court. If we make trouble, we will be too late to regret it. "
As a result, Cui Xiyi repeatedly asked, and Qilixu proposed that the two sides swear again.
So, both sides killed the white dog in Liangzhou as an alliance, and then each withdrew their garrison.
This matter has come here, and it is good to go together. The people on both sides have relaxed and do whatever they should do. Judging from the two frontier officials who reached an agreement at that time, although other places are constantly in trouble, at least in Qinghai Lake . The relationship between Tang and Tibet was relatively relaxed.
As a result, this relaxed situation was taken advantage of.
In the following year (the 25th year of Kaiyuan), Cui Xiyi's attendant was also his friend Sun Hui entered the court to report his work. Just as Tubo attacked Xiao Bolu, Li Longji wrote a letter to the zi draw the python, and the other party was given a face.
Sun Hui concealed the oath of both sides in order to please Li Longji. Son, I only said that the border defense of Tubo was very relaxed, and it was recommended to kill him while he was unprepared.
So Li Longji sent the eunuch Zhao Huicong to Liangzhou to ask about the matter. The two of them discussed and forged an edict to ask Cui Xiyi to send troops.
Cui Xiyi did not dare to disobey, so he could only lead his troops to fight. The Tang army went deep into Qinghai for more than 2,000 miles, defeated Tubo, beheaded more than 2,000 levels, and killed countless people. Qili Xu escaped alone. After this vicious incident of openly breaking the alliance broke out, The peace situation was completely broken, and Tang and Tibet had no trust anymore. "Tubo has always refused to pay tribute" .
Cui Xiyi, who was taking the blame for the alliance, was in a very heavy mood. He knew very well that Tubo's revenge would come soon, so he especially strengthened the defense of Hexi.
As expected by Cui Xiyi, in March of the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), "Tubo invaded Hexi and Cui Xiyi defeated it. "
, in cooperation with the operation, Shanzhou City, Du Hope took advantage of the opportunity of Tubo's withdrawal and led troops through the Qilian Mountains channel and captured the Silla City of Tubo. " Volume Yuangui "
This Tubo Silla City was written as the Tubo New City in both Tang Books and Tongjian Li. It may be a newly built garrison stronghold after Tubo occupied the surrounding area of Qinghai Lake. Its location is basically locked in the ancient city of Jinbatai in Menyuan County, Qinghai. After the Tang army occupied this place, it set up the Weirong Army and left the troops. One thousand people defend.
Jinbatai Ancient City is 230 meters long from north to south and 200 meters wide from east to west. The city wall is backed by mountains and rivers, and it lies at the entrance of the valley. Walking northeast from the ancient city along the valley, you can directly reach Liangzhou. This road is located in the middle of Dadouba Valley and Hongyuan Valley. It is Fuqi North Road, which was in the previous Tuyuhuntong Hexi Corridor.
After this alliance breaking incident, the Tang and Tibet officially started the war mode, and at this time, Tuqishi, who dominated the Western Regions, also suffered defeat in the joint battle between the Tang Dynasty and the Dashi.
In June of the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), Shi Sulu was defeated and killed. After removing the serious troubles of Li Longji, he was able to free up his hands and work harder with Tubo.
So, after capturing the Tubo New City, Du Xin sent troops to capture the Tubo River Bridge, built the Salt Spring City and set up the Western Army in the Town. Tubo generals led 30,000 people to attack, but were repelled by Du Xiu.
In July of the 27th year, Tubo came to attack Baicao Army and Anren Army again. The White Shui Army defended and captured the commander of the Cambodian Cambodia for more than 20 days, but the Tubo army failed to succeed.
But these wars have nothing to do with Cui Xiyi because he died bizarrely.
The two Tang books of the death of Cui Xiyi are full of fantasy.
" Old Tang Book " records that "when they arrived at the capital, (Cui Xiyi) and Zhao Huicong both saw the white dog as a hero, and died in the same order. Sun Hui was also killed for his crimes."
" New Tang Book " records are similar. It is said that Cui Xiyi and the eunuch who forged the edict both saw a white dog because they were in a alliance, and then died in fear. Another party involved, Sun Hui, who encouraged Li Longji to send troops, was killed on other charges, which means that none of the three people had a good result.
In comparison, the description of " Zizhi Tongjian " seems much calmer, "Cui Xiyi thought of breaking trust in Tubo, and felt ashamed and died soon after."
Relatively speaking, although the records of Tongjian were written relatively late, they should be in line with the historical background at that time and Cui Xiyi's temperament.
According to Tongjian's records, in May of the 26th year of Kaiyuan, Cui Xiyi was transferred to Henan Yin. This is only two months after Cui Xiyi defeated Tubo again. He was transferred as soon as he won a great victory, which is enough to show the court's attitude towards the incident against the alliance.
In addition, from the records, the death of the eunuch is obviously not a crime of forgery. This also proves from the indirect evidence that the court acquiesced the attack on Cui Xiyi's backbone.
is just that the court did not want to dirty its hands after the alliance breaking incident.
In fact, judging from Cui Xiyi's life experience, he may be really an official who understands shame, keeps trustworthiness and has a bottom line.
records such a thing in " New Tang Dynasty ". During the reign of Hexi, Niu Xianke , he practiced thrift and was full of Liangzhou treasury, and accumulated tens of thousands of military funds.
After Cui Xiyi took office, he did not lose the credit for the previous one, but instead praised Niu Xianke's achievements. At the beginning, Li Longji didn't quite believe it, thinking that it was the protection of officials and specially sent the Minister of Justice to investigate.
result found that Cui Xiyi's report was true, and Xuanzong was very happy and promoted Niu Xianke to Shangshu.
From this incident, it can be seen that Cui Xiyi is not a person who is greedy for merit.
, and it can be heard from Qilixu's words. He said "The always-official servant must be honest and sincere, but I am afraid that the court may not believe in it."
In other words, you are a loyal person, and I cannot believe in others.
As a result, this loyal and honest man became a dishonest person, and his dishonest person was an enemy general who trusted him, which made him even more guilty.
At the same time, the political enemies in the court also attacked him with their backs. But Cui Xiyi did not dare to make the boss's intention public, so he could only take the blame.
defeated Tubo twice, and the most proud person must be Li Longji. He sent Wang Wei as the supervisor of the censor to go to Cui Xiyi as the magistrate and reward him. ("Table of Giving to the Master Cui Changshi", Wang Wei)
Old Master Wang Wei, walking on the Hexi Corridor in the vast plain sand, was excited and wrote a famous work " to the frontier":
bicycles want to ask the border, and the country has passed by Juyan.
The siege came out of the Han border, and the return geese entered the Hutian.
The desert is lonely smoke straight, and the long river is full of sunset.
Xiaoguan meets Houqi, and they all protect Yanran.
However, some people think this poem has nothing to do with Cui Xiyi's defeat of Tubo. [4]
, no matter whether it is related or not, the "Yan Branch Camp" written by Cui Xiyi himself must have written when he was in charge of Hexi. Let's experience his mood at that time.
flat four plugs of yellow sand,
cold and spring flowers.
Suddenly, snow fell on Tianshan Mountains, and
suspected that there were fallen flowers in the vestibular vestibule.
Reference books:
[1], " Zhang Jiuling 'Qujiang Ji's Imperial Imperial Hall
————A Study on the Case of Tuqi Shi Sulu invasion of the Four Towns from the 22nd to 24th year of Kaiyuan"_Chen Jian Sen;
[2], "The Rise and Fall of the Tubo Kingdom"_ Xue Zongzheng ;
[3], "Tubo General Qili Xu Xiaokao"_Luozang;
[4], "〈 is used to enter the frontier 〉 has nothing to do with Cui Xiyi's affairs to defeat Tubo"_Dai Weihua;
"The "Take to enter the frontier" has nothing to do with Cui Xiyi's affairs to defeat Tubo"_ Chen Tiemin
"Wang Wei's poems and Tubo"_Zhou Ying;
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-