In the lion group, the lions of the father generation will expel adult male lions from the lion group of original family.
Now we all know that this is an evolutionary survival strategy.
Although we now know that inbreeding is very likely to bring the future of the entire population to darken.
However, in the distant era, people were full of unknowns and confusion about this behavior.
This creates some strange phenomena - The big chin of the Habsburg family !
Habsburg family is a German- Austrian ruling family that once ruled a large part of Central Europe for more than 300 years.
Its territory has been extending from Portugal in southwestern Europe to Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary H
is such a large territory and is not established in the form of war.
but through marriage!
Through continuous marriage of close relatives, the nobles have firmly controlled their power to the upper level in the blood inheritance of "family plus relatives".
However, obviously, there was no Darwin at that time, and there was no concept of so-called hybridization and excellent cultivation.
So, under the witness of the years, the monarchs of the Habsburg dynasty all had terrible protruding chins, bulbous lower lip and long nose. A new study published in the Annals of Human Biology found that this unique "Habsburg chin" has a great correlation with inbreeding.
genetic scientist Marene Favela conducted a systematic analysis of 15 members of the Habsburg family in Spain.
Although, Habsburg family rose in Central Europe such as Austria, Germany, and became rulers.
However, in 1496, after the second Holy Roman emperor's son son Philip I married the nobles of the Kingdom of Castile, which is now northwestern Spain, the power of the Habsburg family gradually spread here.
and eventually ruled in Spain for two centuries.
Until 1700, the dynasty changed after the 38-year-old Spanish King Charles II died.
Charles II
Geneticist Favela and his colleagues carefully studied the family members of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain.
and record the realistic portraits made by their portrait painter (celebrities such as Diego Velazquez).
and systematically tracked through its extensive genealogy of more than 20 generations.
Finally, they calculated the average inbreeding coefficient of the Habsburg family in .
0.093!
This means that about 9% of Habsburg royals’ corresponding genes (one maternal, one paternal) are the same because they come from the same ancestor.
You should know that under normal circumstances, the inbreeding coefficient of the marriage between the two cousins is only 0.0625.
In addition to quantifying the incoherent ancestry of each noble, the researchers turned to professional oral surgeons to view these portraits and determine how many abnormal facial features of each Habsburg family are typical of mandibular protrusion (protruding chin) and maxillary defects (concave midface).
, and Habsburg family members associated with these abnormal facial features tend to have higher inbreeding coefficients.
In fact, the difference in inbreeding levels accounted for 22% of the different severity of mandibular prolapse in the Habsburg family studied.
Among them, Philip IV, Charles I and Charles II are the most prominent.
Among the seven distinctive features of highly correlated with inbreeding coefficients displayed by Favela in genetics, five were found in them.
And with intermarriage in close relatives, these genetic effects continue to increase with the increase of offspring.
1517, Italian diplomat Antonio di Beatis depicted Charles I in this way: he had "a long, pale face and a crooked mouth (when he was not wary of it, he would open it involuntarily).
And his successor, Charles II, caused excessive tongue, epilepsy and other diseases, and was nicknamed the "cursed emperor".
According to the data, Charles II's inbreeding coefficient is as high as 0.25. Such a high score of
is almost the same as the scores of offspring born after the marriage of two siblings.
In fact, the relationship between the parents of Charles II is the niece and uncle, so this higher value indicates that his parents are largely inbreeding.
Four years before the death of Charles II , British envoy Alexander Stanhope described it in a letter to a duke:
"His stomach was greedy and swallowed everything he ate because his jaw protruded so prominently that his two rows of teeth could not intersect."
Based on this correlation between inbreeding levels and inbreeding coefficient, Favera 's team believed that the Habsburg jaw was caused by recessive genes.
Recessive genes will only show a clear phenotype when both gene copies of a person are the same.
Therefore, the repeated genes passed through inbreeding make recessive traits statistically more likely to appear.
In addition, the ugly facial features of the Habsburg family are not the only negative effects of inbreeding.
Geneticists from the University of Santiago de Compostela also found that
inbreeding reduced the survival chances of Habsburg family descended by 18%.
They even blamed the "dynasty extinction" on two rare, recessive, and possibly inbreeding genetic diseases that Charles II may have.
While marriage to relatives may have helped the Habsburg family take power, the resulting chaos of the family tree ultimately led to their fall from the throne.
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