On September 2, 1969, Ho Chi Minh passed away.
This day is also the National Day of Vietnam.
Vietnam leadership believes that Ho Chi Minh's death is the same as National Day, which will trigger bad public opinion guidance. He simply kept silent and claimed that he died on September 3 of the same year.
Five days later, the Vietnamese official newspaper People's Daily published Ho Chi Minh's will. In addition to calling on the Vietnamese people to continue to actively participate in the struggle against the United States and build an independent and democratic Vietnam in the will. He also appointed the first secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, , Le Duan , as his heir.
The international community has no objection to Li Duan’s succession. After all, Wu Yuanjia is older, and the political status of Long March and Fan Wen Tong is slightly inferior to his.
However, what is really surprising is that there is a sentence in Ho Chi Minh's will - "Strive to build Vietnam into a powerful country that dominates the Indochina Peninsula "!
With the power of Vietnam at that time, it was not easy to successfully repel the Americans, not to mention that the North and South Vietnam had not yet been unified at that time. To dominate the Indochina Peninsula, this ambition is too obvious.
With Ho Chi Minh's character, he should not write such words even when he is dying.
As expected, it turns out that Ho Chi Minh's will was modified by Le Duan, and this passage was filled in by Le Duan himself.
So, what situation will this person who dares to modify Ho Chi Minh's will bring to Vietnam in the end? What ended up with Li Duan himself?
Ho Chi Minh
Next, let us reveal it one by one:
1. The storm of will
In fact, Ho Chi Minh's health was not good at all. When he visited General Wu Yuanjia in August 1969, he suffered from a severe cold, and it was only improved by the treatment of Chinese experts.
Unexpectedly, on the 1st of the next month, his condition took a sharp turn and he unfortunately died at 9:47 on September 2, 1969.
When Ho Chi Minh passed away, Le Duan and other senior officials of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Vietnam went to attend the National Day celebration and were not around.
When they arrived in a hurry, Ho Chi Minh had already passed away. Li Duan asked Ho Chi Minh's secretary Wu Qi if Ho Chi Minh had left anything, but the secretary answered that he did not. He said Uncle Hu just said that all the instructions were in the will.
Ho Chi Minh took a photo with Vietnamese leaders
Ho Chi Minh's will, according to his secretary Wu Qi's recollection, began writing on May 10, 1965.
At that time, Ho Chi Minh lived in , the high-foot house , started writing in a studio less than 10 square meters. After more than an hour, the writing was stopped and the words "top secret material" were written in the upper left corner.
This "top secret material" was not achieved overnight. It was revised and polished several times in the next four years, and it was not finalized until May 1969.
The original words of this will are the same as those of Ho Chi Minh’s life, simple and humorous. It mentioned that one's own life is rare in seventy years, and he used the language of earnest teachings to educate the Vietnamese people like an ordinary elder: "If we drive away the American imperial examination, we will be ten times better than today's construction!"
However, in the formally published will, words like "dominate the Indochina Peninsula" appeared.
Le Duan
As a pure nationalist, Ho Chi Minh must have such a desire to build Vietnam into the largest and strongest country in the Indochina Peninsula.
According to Ho Chi Minh's temper and the international situation at that time, it was absolutely impossible for him to write this sentence in his will!
Sure enough, it was later proved that this will was modified by Li Duan Group.
After the Li Duan Group came to power, it began to hold on to the Soviet Union, implement various anti-China policies, and try its best to suppress pro-China forces within the Viet Cong such as the Long March.
This eventually triggered an internal rebound and was opposed by Vietnamese party insiders, including Huang Wenhuan, who served as the long-time ambassador to China.
In July 1979, Huang Wenhuan took advantage of the opportunity to go to Berlin, Germany to treat his illness and switch to China.A press conference was held in Beijing, and the wrong route of Li Duan Group was publicly exposed! And at the end of August of the same year, a big melon was revealed - Le Duan Group revised Ho Chi Minh's will!
According to Huang Wenhuan, on the day of Ho Chi Minh's death, Le Duan took out a printed document of three or four pages, claiming that it was a Ho Chi Minh's will prepared in advance.
public part of Ho Chi Minh's will
However, Ho Chi Minh's condition suddenly worsened on September 1, 1969, and there was no time to explain to Le Duan and others about preparing the will in advance.
The will document published by Le Duan has signed Ho Chi Minh's signature on the end, and Le Duan's signature on the other side. A printout like
, which is full of loopholes, naturally aroused suspicion among the public and the government.
Under pressure, the Le Duan Group could only disclose the original text of the will and some original manuscripts of Ho Chi Minh's will in the newspaper.
, the will published in the newspaper is different from the will taken out on the day of Ho Chi Minh's death! Moreover, this will is only signed by Ho Chi Minh, not Le Duan! The Ho Chi Minh manuscript published by
is not the full text, but is just a small part of it.
In other words, Ho Chi Minh's will manuscript has never been published to the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam, only a few people including Le Duan have seen it.
Huang Wenhuan
Therefore, Huang Wenhuan determined that the original text of Ho Chi Minh's will must have been tampered with by the Li Duan Group. In his book "Friendship between Vietnam and China and the Betrayal of Le Duan", it is clearly stated that the main part of the tampering of Ho Chi Minh's will is the part about " International Communist Movement ".
There are a few words in it - "Pride in the strength of International communism and the workers' movement." Based on the historical background at that time, these words actually have a bit of pleasing to the Soviet Union.
However, this is very different from Ho Chi Minh's usual remarks and his firm anti-revisionist attitude.
Obviously, in order to achieve his own goal, Le Duan modified Ho Chi Minh's will with his own political attitude, which is exactly consistent with his subsequent anti-China behavior.
2. The gradually exposed ambition
The reason why Li Duan did this is actually to achieve his political ambitions.
In fact, Li Duan had already shown a strong desire to expand long before Ho Chi Minh's death. Even though the Americans had not been driven out at that time, Le Duan still believed early on that Vietnam should become the overlord of the entire Indochina Peninsula.
Le Duan
Le Duan Compared with Ho Chi Minh, Le Duan lacks political skills and is unable to get along well between the two major powers of China and the Soviet Union. So if he wants to obtain political capital, he must first borrow Ho Chi Minh from the name.
Using the tampered Ho Chi Minh's will, Le Duan's pro-Soviet and anti-China behavior has a reason - in order to practice the "international communism" in Ho Chi Minh's will!
and even later sent troops to Cambodia , which can also be explained as the "Vietnam-Laos Cambodia integration" in Ho Chi Minh's last wish.
In this way, this ambitious man took advantage of Ho Chi Minh's will to ascend to the sky and became the actual controller of Vietnam.
Of course, before the end of the war against the United States, although Li Duan showed his pro-Soviet side, he did not dare to publicly embezzle the Chinese.
In fact, after the Soviet Union provoked the "Zhenbao Island Incident", Sino-Soviet relations were tense, and China was actually facing the biggest diplomatic dilemma.
Due to the resistance to U.S. aid to Vietnam, China has not yet eased relations with the United States, and is also facing the covetous eyes of the Soviet Union. You should know that Stalin 's nuclear threat is different from the "surgery" of Americans.
Chairman Mao
even Chairman Mao himself admitted: "We are isolated now, no one pays attention to us."
In this case, in fact, what Vietnam has done is not difficult to understand. Even when Ho Chi Minh was alive, he had many obstacles to our army that resisted the U.S. and aided Vietnam.
However, neither Vietnam nor the Soviet Union expected that Sino-US relations would begin to ease under such a situation.Especially Nixon's visit to China in 1972 brought the relationship between the two countries into a new state.
In this case, both the Soviet Union and Vietnam are more vigilant about China. Li Duan Group's anti-China efforts have also been further strengthened!
1973 Vietnam War ended, and the United States finally pulled out of the quagmire of Vietnam, and the Vietnamese people were able to take a breath. By 1975, Vietnam achieved unity.
Li Duan was a little fluttering in the face of the great achievements of unifying the entire Vietnam! So much so that the ambition to expand externally is getting bigger and bigger. Laos is his first goal, but Laos always regards Vietnam as the "big brother" and dare not disobey Li Duan at all.
Cambodia
And Cambodia's Khmer Rouge is even more stupid at the right time, giving Li Duan the excuse to attack himself, allowing Vietnam to establish a puppet regime for 14 years in Cambodia. Of course, this is all a story.
In fact, the biggest problem of Li Duan is that he wants to get a bargain when he sees China is isolated and even if war breaks out between China and the Soviet Union.
So since 1973, Vietnam has been constantly provoking China. The Soviet Union even adopted a tacit attitude towards it, because in the Soviet Union's view, it was in its interests to be able to "make trouble" China with Vietnam.
, especially after , the Vietnam War ended, and the two Vietnamese were unified. Li Duan was even more unscrupulous and sent troops to raid and occupy six islands in the South China Sea.
These islands were actually recognized as Chinese territory as early as the Ho Chi Minh period, and the Li Duan Group actually ignored the facts!
At the same time, Vietnam continues to provoke disputes on the border and invade our country's territory!
Of course, Li Duan also knows that under such constant provocations, China cannot keep sitting there and ignoring it. So he contacted the Soviet Union and hugged the Soviet Union tightly. On the other hand, we actively expand our army and prepare for war.
From 1978 to July 1979, there were six military expansions, and a large number of anti-American veterans were recalled. However, there is still a shortage of troops. In desperation, the Li Duan Group could only release the recruitment age, from the original age of 18 to 30 to 16 to 45.
Even when there are not enough male soldiers, a large number of female soldiers have begun to be recruited, and even "child soldiers" are very common in the army.
For the number of troops, the standards for recruitment have also been reduced, and disabled, highly myopia and hepatitis patients are recruited into the army. The puppets who once surrendered in society became officers in the army.
Li Duan Group even clamored to turn the "three million workers into three million soldiers" in China. In the end, even the technicians and intellectuals of the factory were forced to be recruited into the army.
3. The battlefield of being educated by "teacher"
Faced with the provocation of Li Duan Group, China naturally cannot always spoil him.
When Deng Xiaoping visited the United States in January 1979, one of the key contents of the Sino-US talks was the issue of Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia!
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping raised the Vietnam issue strictly, it was part of the deployment of the Soviet world pattern in the talks with President Carter .
The Soviet Union's deployment in Asia was like a dumbbell, which controlled the Indo-Shanghai Federation through Vietnam on one end, and the other end passed through Afghanistan and Iran to go south to Persian Gulf .
Both sides agreed to break the Soviet Union's layout, and the target of killing the chicken to warn monkeys was Vietnam, which had been arrogant for a long time. Deng Xiaoping also pointed out that as long as the steps to teach Vietnam as a lesson are appropriate, it will not trigger a strong rebound from the Soviet Union.
In this way, more than a month after Deng Xiaoping's visit to the United States ended, that is, on February 17, 1979, our country's border defense force went to Longzhou, Jingxi, Hekou and Jinping in Yunnan, and the peaks swept across various military strongholds in Vietnam on the Sino-Vietnam border!
Xinhua News Agency issued a statement, listing various provocative actions of the Vietnamese authorities and the reactionary actions of the Le Duan Group.It also pointed out that the Chinese people do not want an inch of Vietnam’s land, but they will never allow others to invade our territory!
In order to counterattack Vietnam, the Chinese border defense forces have successively conquered more than 20 Vietnamese towns and strategic locations, including Lang Son and , and have hit Vietnam hard and achieved the expected goals. On the 5th of the next month, Chinese border defense forces began to withdraw from the above-mentioned areas. By March 16 of the same year, all Chinese border defense forces had withdrawn to China.
China-Vietnam Self-Defense Counterattack
In just one month of battle, the Chinese border areas and areas invaded by Vietnam were wiped out.
This shocked the Li Duan Group. They did not expect that their strength, known as the "third military power in the world", would be so vulnerable; and they did not expect that the Soviet Union would actually be on the wall.
But they did not admit their failure, and Li Duan sent someone to United Nations to file a lawsuit!
Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs accused Chinese military of invasion at the United Nations! But they forgot that China is a permanent member of UN Security Council and has the veto power of , so their proposal is naturally impossible to pass.
Moreover, Vietnam itself is still invading Cambodia, and the United Nations also made a request for the same reason, requiring Vietnam to withdraw from Cambodia's territory first.
After a quarrel at the United Nations, there was no effect, Li Duan had no choice but to retreat to train and prepare for war. After the Chinese army withdrew, the troops under the Li Duan Group quickly returned to the border area, occupied the mountain and built fortifications again, and prepared to launch a "long-term war" with China.
Naturally, the People's Liberation Army will not let Vietnam go. While sending troops to fight Vietnam, the main forces of the theater were rotated to the border to train jungle combat and practical combat capabilities.
In 1981, China recovered Kulinshan and Fakashan . In 1984, China recovered Laoshan, Zheyinshan and Balihedongshan.
html In the 2005 war, although China sacrificed tens of thousands of PLA soldiers, it also successfully stabilized the southwest border. This was China's last large-scale foreign war and also a milestone in the modernization of China's military battle !In contrast, after 1970, East Asian countries seized the rhythm of world economic system and promoted import substitution and export. This was the beginning of modernization and achieved the "East Asian Economic Miracle"! This is called the third wave of world industrialization.
, which ended the war with the United States and achieved national unity, can actually seize this wave and vigorously develop the economy.
It’s a pity that the leaders of Vietnam are not Deng Xiaoping, who has great wisdom and courage, but Li Duan, an ambitious man with a mindful mind of hegemony.
anti-China policy made Vietnam lose China's aid; the use of military force on Cambodia caused sanctions from the international community; the Soviet Union only provided military assistance, which did not work for economic development.
In addition, in order to maintain the scale of "the third military power in the world", the army has expanded and its military force has been strengthened, and military expenditure has almost dragged down Vietnam's economy.
Li Duan is not good at economic construction. He learned from the two five-year plans of the Soviet Union and China, and finally ended up being a dog who was defeated by a tiger but failed to become a dog. Economic recession, food arrears, fiscal deficits, inflation .
Vietnam's economic difficulties are getting bigger and bigger, and the lives of ordinary people are getting worse day by day. This difficulty cannot be escaped until Le Duan died in 1986.
After Le Duan's death, the successor hurriedly eased Sino-Vietnam relations and followed our country's reform and opening up. This has relieved Vietnam's economy until it later embarked on the road of rapid development.
Conclusion:
Le Duan has indeed made indelible contributions in the national battle against the United States of Vietnam, and has indeed led the Vietnamese people to unification.
But what he did after unification is heartbreaking. This heroic country that should have won the war against the United States' aggression has become a ruin.
This Vietnamese hero, because of his ambition, became a sinner who influenced peace in Southeast Asia and even the world. In this way, his life that should have been favored was controversial.
Therefore, when Le Duan died in 1986, the Vietnamese people reacted to it very simply and calmly. When Ho Chi Minh passed away that year, it was not the same feeling at all.
Perhaps this can also explain what the image he did was in the hearts of the Vietnamese people.
Reference:
- Yang Xuechun Vietnam: Long March takes over the mess World knowledge 1986-08-29
- Chen Xiang From the perspective of hierarchical analysis method, the root causes of the Sino-Vietnam War in 1979 Journal of Honghe College 2014-12-08
- Gong Li Sino-US triangular relations in the process of self-defense counterattack against Vietnam Party History Wenhui 1995-08-15
- Zhongshan Lee Kuan Yew recalls Deng Xiaoping’s decision to make a self-defense counterattack against Vietnam Leadership Wencui 2008-04-01
- Xue Pengcheng The expansion of strategic relations between Deng Xiaoping’s visit to the United States and China-US in 1979—Interpretation based on the US declassified archives Shanghai Party History and Party Building 2022-08-10
- Xue Li; Li Xiao China-Vietnam Border War: Analysis of Causes and Evaluation of China's Income Strategic Decision-making Research 2015-03-10
Editor: Zhang Mo
Editor: Lin Hua
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