, soon, this book caused a landslide and earthquake-like tsunami in the academic and cultural circles. Scholars have different opinions, criticism or praise, which really makes the rooftops quarrel.
But no matter what, its author Qu Qiubai is regarded as a pioneer of the Chinese character Latinization , and is deeply sought after by young people.
In fact, ancient Chinese characters are traditional Chinese. When writing, there are many strokes, which takes a long time, which is very inconvenient. For Chinese language learners, this has increased the entry threshold and is not convenient for the dissemination of Chinese culture.
During the May Fourth Movement, some new culture flag holders shouted: "If Chinese characters do not die, China will perish."
The old China at that time had accumulated a lot of ills, the social atmosphere was scattered, and the country's strength was weak. More and more people have begun to reflect. On the road to learning the West, some people have put the root of the problem in Chinese characters.
"Only by abolishing Chinese characters can China usher in a new life." So later, Qu Qiubai and others began a bold reform, and a group of scholars who returned from studying abroad agreed.
Drawing from the Soviet Union, Chinese characters "Latinized"
In the autumn of 1917, the Soviet regime led by Lenin achieved Russian independence. Soon, a vigorous literacy campaign quickly unfolded. Russia has a wide territory and a large population, but under the feudal rule of the Tsarist rule, most of them were illiterate and uneducated.
In order to improve productivity, the quality of the people must be improved rapidly. So, the Soviet senior leaders also started another debate - Latinizing the Russian language.
The so-called Latinization is actually transforming complicated strokes into Latin letter spelling. Since the Latin language is pronunciation , its colloquialization is very convenient, and greatly improves the dissemination and convenience of the text.
1919, the formal Latinized Russian transformation began across the Soviet Union. Not only are the people of their own, but even the Chinese diaspora who settled here are taught Latinized Russian. Surprisingly, in just a few years, more than 100,000 Chinese expatriates have mastered this language.
At that time, Comrade Qu Qiubai, a member of the Communist Party of China, came to the Soviet Union, and he witnessed the great power of "Latinized Russian". As long as he is familiar with more than twenty Latin letters , even an elderly Russian farmer can read and speak.
Along with the Soviet Union's two five-year plans, its national strength grew rapidly, and various talents emerged like mushrooms after a rain. Seeing this situation, Qu Qiubai was shocked. He thought in his heart: "Can Chinese characters also be Latinized?"
So, Qu Qiubai, who was staying in Moscow, took action. He sorted out ancient Chinese characters materials and compared the Latin language with the other hand, and made preliminary improvements. The more you are involved in
, the more excited Qu Qiubai is. Chinese characters are numerous and difficult to remember and write. As a historical expert, Qu Qiubai even realized that "Chinese characters are used by three or four percent of the Chinese. This is the class tool and cultural weapon of the feudal rulers."
Qu Qiubai: Abolishing Chinese characters
Chinese characters are clearly the language used by all Chinese people. Why is Qu Qiubai saying it is a class tool? In fact, this makes sense.
In the past, scholars and officials praised "farming and reading to pass on family members", and those who were able to receive education were among the few. During the spread of Confucianism , those profound and difficult-to-understand principles were also accompanied by obscure and difficult-to-mouth ancient Chinese characters.
Therefore, Kong Yiji, who is "Zhihuzhe", appeared, these deeply poisoned scholars. As for real workers, they have become the ones who "little the feces and carry the burden".
Qu Qiubai is a genuine pioneer of communism. He pays attention to the rights of workers and pays attention to equality and freedom.
When he met Lenin, he expressed his opinions directly and was praised by Lenin: "Latinization is a revolutionary factor in the Eastern language." After hearing this, Qu Qiubai was full of confidence and devoted himself to his research. Three months later, Qu Qiubai's achievements finally came out. After returning from the Soviet Union, he borrowed from advanced Latinization transformation experience. combined with the actual situation in China, Qu Qiubai launched a new Latinized Chinese character.
On the one hand, he introduced Western Latin letters to widely match Chinese characters; on the other hand, Qu Qiubai creatively invented the initials and finals; in the end, his greatest achievement in was to calibrate the tone. was also used later.
How important is the tone of
? When overseas Chinese scholars learned that Chinese characters were calibrated tone Afterwards, almost everyone appreciated it. You should know that Chinese characters only have one or two syllables, which is the biggest difference from English.
In the agenda, Chinese people only use a few tones to describe vocabulary, which makes foreigners quite puzzled. Among the thousands of Chinese characters, there are many characters in one pronunciation. It is this language logic that makes Chinese poetry unique and charming.
Qu Qiubai marked the four tones, which retains the beautiful pronunciation of Chinese to the greatest extent. Through different pronunciations, we can also know which word it is.
Immediately afterwards, Qu Qiubai issued the initiative of "Promote Latin Chinese characters as soon as possible and abolish the square characters" . In major cities such as Nanjing and Shanghai In this case, such appeal also aroused heated discussion.
dialects from all sides, and many people agree with it
0 The first one to welcome Qu Qiubai's achievements was Chinese and overseas Chinese. The famous writer Mr. Wu Yuzhang also proposed the "Latin Chinese Character Plan". He and Qu Qiubai coincided with it, so naturally agreed.
At that time, China had experienced a New Culture Movement , and the thoughts of Chinese youth were extremely active.
Among them, " Vernacular Movement " and "Mandarin Movement" made everyone awaken their thoughts, and young people consciously read " New Youth " . The intellectual and cultural elements have broken free from the shackles of the "eight-legged essay" and used the most straightforward "white text".
When Qu Qiubai was the first voice actor, the young people followed one after another, and fashion, decent and popular were also labeled as "Latinized Chinese characters".
Qu Qiubai's original intention was good, but his approach was too radical. Chinese characters are the carrier of Chinese culture for five thousand years. How can such pictograms be easily given up? It can be said that giving up Chinese characters is giving up the Chinese self.
In the midst of a sing and praise, Mr. Zhao Yuanren stood up. Zhao Yuanren not only wants to preserve the essence of Chinese characters, but also wants to remove its disadvantages. This great scholar who has been studying abroad for many years has made a powerful explanation with a 96-character essay. This is the circulating " Shi's Lion Eating History ".
full text was quickly published in major newspapers:
"Shi Shi, a poet in the stone chamber, was fond of lions and swearing to eat ten lions. Shi was always looking at the market. At that time, ten lions were suitable for the market. At that time, Shi was suitable for the market. Shi regarded ten lions, and relied on losing power, causing ten lions to die. The family picked up ten lions corpses, and was in the stone chamber. The stone chamber was wet, and the family sent to wipe the stone chamber. The stone chamber wiped, and Shi first tried to eat ten lion corpses. When eating, he first realized that ten lion corpses were actually ten stone lion corpses. Try to explain that."
This ancient article records a man named Shi who loved to eat lions. When he had time, he ran to the market to go shopping and happened to see ten lions. But because of fear, he did not dare to get close until the lion died and bought it home. In the stone room at home, he asked someone to wipe and clean the lion. But when he was really preparing to eat, he realized that it was just ten stone lions, so he wrote this diary.
96 characters, the whole article has a syllable
As soon as this article was released, everyone was shocked, and there was a syllable "shi" throughout the article. If it is Chinese characters, people will understand the interesting things at a glance, and they will even smile inadvertently after reading them. This article is absurd and bizarre, but it has rich warning meanings.
If you follow Qu Qiubai's Latin Chinese characters, it will be a 96-character "shi". Who knows the meaning of it?
Zhao Yuan, anyone else? He grew up in a traditional scholar. His father was a juren from the Qing Dynasty and his mother was also a famous talented woman. From childhood to adulthood, Zhao Yuanren has learned a lot of traditional classics, history, and sub-sets of . When he was
18, with his excellent grades, Zhao Yuanren was admitted to the Youmei Academic Affairs Office and was admitted to the Cornell University further study. In the next 8 years, he devoted himself to studying, and obtained diplomas in literature, mathematics, physics, and psychology.
1919, he graduated with a Ph.D. and remained as a professor of physics at Cornell University. A year later, Zhao Yuanren returned to China to teach at Tsinghua and was praised by students for his erudition and knowledge. When Russell (a British philosopher) visited China, he accompanied him throughout the journey and served as the translator.
In Tsinghua Park, Zhao Yuanren, together with Liang Qichao, Wang Guowei, Chen Yinke, , Chen Yinke, are called the four major mentors. and he is more proficient in mathematics, physics, psychology, Chinese phonology , ordinary linguistics, Chinese modern dialect, Chinese music score music tune and Western music appreciation.
The emergence of this great scholar, people have also begun to reflect on "Latinized Chinese characters" ” The drawbacks. However, a big debate did not stop.
cultural celebrity Hu Yuzhi said: " Qiubai is the earliest creator of the Latinization Northernization Plan, and he is the founder of the new Latinization movement. Just this thing is to teach the Chinese people that they will never forget him. "
Hu Yuzhi claimed to be a revolutionary intellectualist. He emphasized cultural transformation and was willing to implement Latinized Chinese characters.
Mr. Lu Xun also initially agreed: "This time the new (Latinized) text is far easier and is based on real life, easy to learn and useful. You can use this to speak to everyone, understand the truth, and learn skills. This is the only way for the hard-working people to live. "
However, after everyone saw the "History of Shi's Lion Eating" written by Mr. Zhao Yuanren, everyone fell into thinking. The benefits of blindly advocating Latinized Chinese characters have also lost the essence of the Chinese characters themselves.
Controversy over the transformation of Chinese characters
At that time, cultural figures (especially intellectuals studying abroad) had a consensus: graphic text and ideogram text are both low-level stages of text, and the advanced stage of text is only phonetic text, and phonetic text is recognized as advanced text.
Someone among them proposed: "texts should serve scientific productivity, not feudal autonomy. " From the perspective of historical development, this is a good thing.
Chinese people had four major inventions, and science and technology were also among the world's first-class. But because Chinese characters are difficult to be used by science and technology (especially mathematics and physics), there is no way to summarize abstractly. This makes it difficult for Chinese people to describe things and narrate appearances, and it is difficult to conduct in-depth research.
Therefore, Western mathematics and physics developed rapidly, and industrial revolution also unfolded in a vast way. Only feudal China has lived in accordance with the rules for thousands of years and maintained the interests of the ruling class.
Are Chinese people stupider than others? The answer is obviously no. Therefore, intellectuals called for "Latinization of Chinese characters", which is to improve the logical thinking of the people and improve the ability to think abstractly.
Mr. Zhao Yuanren put forward his personal profound insights. In his opinion, Chinese characters are good and bad, and they must not be summarized in one sentence.
After the 96-character novel "History of Shi's Lion Eater", he provided a direction for the formulation of pinyinization of Chinese characters. showed the unique characteristics of Chinese characters - Chinese characters are stronger than words. Therefore, Chinese characters may not be transformed in Latinization, but they can retain pinyin annotations.
During the New China period, Chinese characters are pinyinized
Zhao Yuanren studied in many countries and was proficient in several languages.He is both a master of science and a pioneer of phonological language. With experience in Chinese and Western education, he has also become the most important "researcher" in speaking. When began to study how to carry out Chinese character reform, this big topic fell on Zhao Yuanren.
Zhao Yuanren and Qu Qiubai are both pioneers of text reform . They have different approaches, but they both hope that Chinese characters can develop and the country can be strong.
It is worth mentioning that Qu Qiubai called the improved language " Mandarin " and Zhao Yuanren called it "Mandarin". Zhai advocates replacing Chinese characters with Latin letters, while Zhao praised the pinyinization of Chinese characters.
In terms of unified pronunciation, Zhao Yuanren believes that the northern language (especially Beijing dialect) should be authentic. Qu Qiubai proposed egalitarianism, and made progress step by step, so that all provinces across the country could obey. It can be said that the two of them are different in each aspect of .
Later, French reporter Levinson interviewed Zhao Yuanren and asked: "Have you met and discussed it with Latinized designers? Most of those people have studied in the Soviet Union, for example, Qu Qiubai."
Zhao Yuanren replied: "Have you talked about in detail, I have never had a long discussion with him." Lie Wensen asked again: "Is it difficult for you to meet him?" Zhao Yuanren said: "I don't remember."
After the founding of New China, the National Chinese Character Committee was established. After many experts' consideration, Mr. Zhao Yuanren's opinion was agreed.
Since then, New China has begun large-scale literacy, our population literacy rate has increased rapidly, and our national culture has become more and more confident. However, on the other hand, Chinese children have also begun to popularize foreign languages (Russian, English).
Latin letters have natural advantages in pronunciation, and they have not left Chinese textbooks.
In short, Chinese character is the cultural carrier of the Chinese nation. We must not only retain it, but also transform it.
Stone from other mountains can be used to attack jade. After the introduction of Latin letters into China, the Chinese people's logical abstraction ability has indeed improved a lot. We have also trained a group of scientists and engineers, which greatly supplemented the driving force for national development.
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