Due to the development of commerce and the needs of social life, the difference between square (residential district) and city (commercial district) gradually disappeared, and the traditional curfew system was abolished, causing fundamental changes in the structure and layout of the city. This is a major progress in urban planning. For example, Northern Song capital of Tokyo Kaifeng (now Henan), the center is the palace city, and there are also inner and outer cities. The entire city is more than fifty miles in a radius, with 12 city gates and 6 water gates. Many shops, workshops and residences are built on the street, and the market is prosperous. Bian River , Cai River, Wuzhang River and Huitong River flow through it, with convenient transportation. In addition, urban defense projects and fire protection facilities are also quite complete.
Zhang Zeduan 's "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" vividly depicts the urban style of this "Seven Dynasties Metropolis". Tokyo City was the largest city in the world at that time. Later, was expanded to Zhongdu (now Beijing) in the Jin Dynasty. Its urban layout was imitated by Tokyo of the Song Dynasty, and even the name of the palace built was the same as that of Tokyo of the Song Dynasty. During this period, cities such as Pingjiang ( Suzhou ), Hangzhou, Yangzhou , Chengdu, Liaoning Nanjing and Jin Zhongdu (now Beijing), Guangzhou, Mingzhou ( Ningbo ), Quanzhou and other cities also became more prosperous, and urban construction became more and more complete. From the existing stone tablet of Pingjiang City in the Southern Song Dynasty (now Suzhou), we can see that the urban area is covered with waterways, with residential and handicraft workshops facing the streets and alleys in front and rivers behind. It uses both water and land, which is quite convenient and clearly shows the reasonable layout of this water town city.
Yingxian wooden tower
During this period, both the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin dynasties built magnificent palace complexes and large Buddhist buildings.
, such as the Longxing Temple complex in Zhengding of the Song Dynasty, the Guanyin Pavilion in Dule Temple in Liaoji County, etc., all inherit the Tang system and have innovations. They are important examples of studying changes in the architectural system of the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are also many high-rise pagodas that have been preserved throughout the country to this day. For example, most of the Song pagodas are brick and stone pagodas. Among them, the enemy pagoda of Kaiyuan Temple, Ding County, Hebei Province, was built to facilitate military observation. It has 11 floors and is more than 80 meters high. It is all made of bricks and is intact today. Two stone pagodas in Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, Fujian are built with stone imitation wood, and the height is above 40 meters. The Youguo Temple Pagoda in Kaifeng, Henan Province is built with brick-built pagoda body and glazed bricks. This is the earliest existing glazed pagoda in my country. The pagodas of the Liao Dynasty were mostly brick-built dense eaves pagodas, such as the Beijing Tianning Temple Pagoda built in the ninth year of Tianqing (1119), as well as the Jueshan Temple Pagoda in Lingqiu, Shanxi, Taining Temple Pagoda in Yixian, Hebei, etc. The exterior is imitated wooden buildings, and their columns, beams, Douba, doors, windows, eaves, etc. are all made of brick imitation wooden components, with superb skills and high level.
According to Shen Kuo's " Mengxi Bitan ", when the famous craftsman Yu Hao built the wooden pagoda of Kaibao Temple, in order to resist the influence of the northwest wind, the special envoy's tower body tilted slightly to the northwest. This bold, clever and effective measure is rare in the history of architecture. The Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple, Yingxian County, Shanxi, built in the second year of Qingning in Liao (1056), is the earliest existing wooden pagoda in my country. Yingxian wooden tower is pavilion-style, all made of wood, five layers and six eaves, 67 meters high, tall, complex structure, beautiful outline, and many innovations in architectural technology. For example, there are more than 60 types of bucket arches, especially in the dark layer of the tower, and between the inner and outer groove columns, oblique braces, beams and short columns are used, thereby forming a composite beam wooden frame in different directions to improve its ability to resist bending shear and increase the stability of the entire tower body. The Yingxian wooden tower has experienced the test of many strong winds and earthquakes over the past 900 years but has not been damaged, which shows how superb its construction technology is.
Advances in wooden construction technology
During this period, the scale of wooden construction was generally smaller than that of Tang Dynasty , while the architectural form tended to be lightweight, beautiful and varied in general. For example, the building group strengthens the spatial level of the depth direction on the overall plane. The slope of the hall building increased, T-shaped ridges and cross ridges appeared on the roof, and I-shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped In the Song Dynasty, the practice of reducing columns also appeared in physical buildings.For example, the Jin Temple Hall has reduced the four old eaves columns in the middle, and the Jincheng Qinglian Temple Hall has reduced the four golden columns in the middle, etc. This practice reflects the flexibility of structural layout, thus improving and expanding the indoor space. In the Jin Dynasty buildings, such as the Amitabha Hall of Chongfu Temple in Shuo County and the Manjushri Hall of Foguang Temple in Wutai County, further developed the practice of reducing columns and moving columns. The decoration and color of the building during this period also developed greatly. For example, the doors and windows of some buildings use various lattice doors and lattice windows, etc., which improves the lighting conditions and increases the decorative effect. In addition, it is decorated with various carving patterns and colorful paintings such as "colorful decoration", "-glazed jade -pack", and "dan-painted decoration", which have had a great impact on later generations, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Bridge construction
There were also creative developments in bridge construction during the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin dynasties. For example, the famous Hongqiao among the wooden bridges is the first to be a prison aborted prison in Qingzhou (now Shandong). The Hongqiao is a unique single-span wooden arch bridge, which is formed by arches connected by giant trees, without any pillars at all. It is like a long rainbow, with a simple structure and a strong bridge body. There is also such a rainbow bridge built on the Bian River in Tokyo, which is portrayed very vividly. From the fifth year of Huangyou in the Northern Song Dynasty (1053) to the fourth year of Jiayou in the Northern Song Dynasty (1059), the Luoyang Bridge , also known as Wan'anqiao , was also very distinctive. Luoyang Bridge is 360 meters long and 1 5 feet wide, and has 47 bridge holes. It lays long cornerstones at the bottom of the river, builds a stone embankment that is more than 500 meters long and more than 20 meters wide. The oyster houses are used as cementing materials to consolidate the stones, and then builds piers and bridges on it. This new bridge foundation of " raft-shaped foundation " was the first of its kind in this period.
The existing Luoyang Bridge basically retains its original scale. Southern Song built in Jinjiang, Fujian from the eighth to the 21st year of Shaoxing (1138-1151), the total length of 811 meters and has 361 piers. It is the longest bridge preserved in history before the completion of the Yellow River Earth Bridge in Zhengzhou in 1905. In the northern region, many stone bridges were also built in the Jin Dynasty according to the Sui Dynasty's Anji Bridge . The ones that have been preserved to this day include the Yongtong Bridge in Hebei and the Puji Bridge in Shanxi. The most famous bridges in the Jin Dynasty were the Lugou Bridge built on the Yongding River in the 27th year of Dading (1187) to the third year of Mingchang (1192). The Lugou Bridge bridge is more than 212 meters long, with a total of 265 meters in the bridge at both ends and more than 8 meters wide, with a total of 11 holes. It is a stone-built arch bridge with stone lions carved on the stone railings and columns on both sides. It is beautiful in shape, solid and stable, and it still basically maintains its original appearance. Garden architecture in the Song Dynasty period also developed greatly, and royal gardens and private gardens were both very prosperous. Among them, " Genyue " built by Song Huizong is particularly famous.
" Creation French " and other architectural special works such as " Wood Classic " and "Creation French " that appeared in the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin dynasties, are also important symbols of the improvement of architectural technology level during this period. The original work of "Wood Classic" written by Yu Hao, a famous craftsman in the early Northern Song Dynasty, has been lost, and is recorded in Shen Kuo's "Dream of Dreams and Crescents", which include the "Shipbuilding Materials" and "Shiploading Heavy" sections on various types of wooden structures, which are found in "River Prevention and Proposal". The scale proportional relationship between
components, such as the roof strata is based on the span of the beam, the height of the step base is based on the height of the column, etc. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the "Creation of the French Style" was compiled in the third year of Yuanfu (1100) and published in the second year of Chongning (1103). The book has a total of 36 volumes and 357 articles. These include standard practices for the examination and interpretation of architectural terms, such as the standard practices of the tyrants, stone works, large wood works, small wood works, carvings, spiral works, sawings, bamboo works, tiles, clay works, colored paintings, brick works, kiln works, etc., as well as the system drawings of various works, with extremely rich content. This work is also the earliest and most complete and systematic architectural document in ancient my country. The "material division" system proposed in "Creation Styles" is that "all the structure of the house is based on the material. The material has eight levels, and the size of the house is used to measure the size of the house." "Each is divided into fifteen points based on the breadth of the material, and ten points are used to make the thickness. The height of the house, the length of the famous thing, the momentum of the straightness of the curved and straight lifting, and the appropriateness of the rules and ropes are all divided into the system."The proportional relationship and artificial material quota of various components of wooden structures are stipulated. This is actually the building standard based on the classical modulus system. It is also a manifestation of the basic maturity of wooden structure construction technology at that time. Some of the specific standards are still used by the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.
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