In January 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Politburo in Zunyi, Guizhou to decide the fate of the Red Army-— Zunyi Conference .
At the meeting, Chairman Mao pointed out the mistakes of Li De, Bo Gu and others in military command, and made an objective analysis of the reasons for the strategic mistakes caused by several people. Chairman Mao’s speech was supported by most participants in both objectivity and rationality.
Kaifeng
However, when Chairman Mao finished speaking, Kaifeng, then alternate member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, stood up to express his objection and sarcastically said to Chairman Mao:
"Do you Mao Zedong understand what is Marxism-Leninism ? At most, I read some "Sun Tzu's Art of War " and "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", where did your military strategy come from!"
Then, Chairman Mao said a few words indifferently, but left him speechless.
How did Chairman Mao "reply"? What is the final outcome of this person?
A wrong way
Since October 1930 to October 1931, the Kuomintang reactionaries launched three "encirclement and suppression" against the Central Soviet Area, but these three encirclement and suppression under the leadership of Chairman Mao and Zhu De, they all got out of danger.
They implemented the policy of active defense and implemented strategies such as "tempting the enemy into deep", and successively smashed the three "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang army.
However, Chairman Mao's correct command was judged as a wrong tactic by Wang Ming's "left" dogmatism, and he also deprived him of his military command, and emphasized that the orders of the Central Bureau headed by Wang Ming must be implemented.
Although Chairman Mao’s military command was deprived, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and others who have always followed Chairman Mao’s pace still implement Chairman Mao’s thoughts.
In March 1933, Zhou Enlai and others did not implement the orders of the Central Bureau in accordance with Wang Ming's request. Using the previous experience of the anti-"encirclement and suppression" struggle of , they successfully crushed the fourth "encirclement and suppression" of Chiang Kai-shek .
But the good times did not last long. In January 1933, the temporary central government was forced to move from Shanghai to Ruijin, Jiangxi. In October of the same year, Comintern Military Advisor Li De also arrived in Ruijin, Jiangxi.
His arrival has further expanded the mistakes of "left" dogmatism.
In September 1933, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized one million troops to launch the fifth "encirclement and suppression", but unlike in the past, Chairman Mao and others had been deprived of military command power. Now, the Central Red Army must be completely in accordance with Li De's regular combat tactics of the Soviet Red Army .
Li De
Because the theory is out of reality, the past experience of anti-"encirclement and suppression" has also been left behind, so the situation in the Red Army is getting worse and worse.
In April 1934, the Kuomintang attacked Guangchang, the central revolutionary base area of . Faced with the huge military suppression of the Kuomintang, it still did not retreat. After 18 days of bloody battle, the Red Army suffered heavy casualties and Guangchang was lost.
From July to September, the central revolutionary base areas were frequently lost. In just two months under Li De's command, the Red Army no longer had the possibility of turning the situation around.
Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai and others were heartbroken, but they were powerless.
htmlOn October 10, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had no room for counterattack and was forced to start a strategic shift, embarking on the road of Long March .
However, even greater bad news is still ahead.
movie and television pictures
1934 On November 28, 1934, the Red Army saved the path toward the Xiangjiang River at a heavy cost and broke through the enemy's blockade line. But the Red Army paid a blood price, from 186,000 html at the time of departure to less than 30,000 .
After this, Li De could not see the change in the situation at all. Faced with such huge losses, he still emphasized the order of the "left" central bureau, requiring the Red Army to converge with the Red Second and Sixth Army to the north in accordance with the original strategic policy. However, Chiang Kai-shek had already seen their plans and arranged a large number of troops on the way north to leave the west of Xiang.It can be said that with the situation at that time, the convergence of the Red Second and Sixth Army to the north was directly "a sheep entering the tiger's mouth", and it might be possible that the entire army would be wiped out.
After hearing his plan, Chairman Mao realized the seriousness of the matter and immediately held an emergency meeting.
He believes that if the current situation is forcibly going to the north, it will inevitably suffer heavy losses, and maybe it will be wiped out. Now we should go to the weakest place of the enemy and head to Guizhou, where the enemy forces are weak in the west.
Chairman 0Chairman Mao's proposal was agreed upon by Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and others. Under the proposal of many leaders, it was decided to focus on Chairman Mao's proposal: "Leave western Hunan, enter Guizhou west, seeking mobility."
Since the command of this "foreign consultant" Li De and Bo Gu, the head of the Party Central Committee, the Red Army suffered huge losses when breaking through the blockade line of the Kuomintang's fifth "encirclement and suppression".
These bloody lessons aroused the anger and dissatisfaction of most commanders and fighters within the Red Army. Rectifying the internal command and leadership of the Red Army has become the main problem at present.
So, on January 15, 1935, a Zunyi Conference was held in Zunyi, Guizhou Province.
This conference is called a "great turning point", but there were quite a storm at this conference.
Who is correct, who is wrong, and when you look at
After the meeting begins, Bo Gu will first make a summary report on the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression". In his report, he has been defending his own and Li De's "left" adventures in . He emphasized at the meeting:
"This failure in the anti-'encirclement and suppression' cannot be limited to the command errors of Li De and I. It is more because the power of imperialism and the Kuomintang reactionaries are too strong, and our work in the enemy-occupied areas is weak... and there is also insufficient supply of materials in the rear."
Hearing Bo Gu say this, Comrade Zhou Enlai also made a report that is very different from him. He believes that the failure of this "encirclement and suppression" was mainly due to the serious mistakes in the strategic command of the military leader, and as a commander and fighter, he is willing to take responsibility for this.
Then he mentioned Li De and Bo Gu's "left" error, and emphasized the summary of Bo Gu's defense:
"Only by changing the wrong leadership can the Red Army have hope and the revolution can succeed." As soon as the sentence
was released, it resonated with everyone present, and everyone rushed to discuss Li De and Bo Gu's mistakes in military command.
At this time, Zhang Wentian stood up and made a report. He bluntly said that it was a report against Bo Gu:
"The fifth anti-'encirclement and suppression' Red Army's successive failures were mainly caused by Li De and Bo Gu in military command. He just said those objective reasons, in my opinion, are to shirk responsibility!"
After Zhang Wentian finished speaking, Chairman Mao criticized Li De and Bo Gu's wrong command in the fifth anti-'encirclement and suppression' operation, and the successful cases of the previous "encirclement and suppression" refuted the objective reasons mentioned in Bo Gu.
After several people finished speaking, many people at the meeting proposed to revoke Bo Gu and Li De's military command power, and Chairman Mao had the highest military leadership. As soon as the proposal of
was released, it received the support and support of most comrades at the meeting. However, just as everyone decided, a man stood up and voted against Bo Gu's position:
"I oppose the revocation of Comrade Bo Gu's power, and even more oppose Mao Zedong's supreme military leadership!"
This person is Kaifeng, the central representative of the Red 9th Army.
Facing doubts, he began to mock Chairman Mao and said:
"Do you know what Marxism-Leninism is? At most, I just read some "The Art of War" and "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Your military strategy comes from where, and now you don't need it!"
His "arrogance" has attracted many people present, because in the past few months, the Red Army suffered heavy losses under the wrong route he defended, which made Zhu De unable to suppress his temperament and planned to get up and argue with him.
Zhu De was about to attack, Chairman Mao patted his shoulder and pressed him down. Kaifeng then said relentlessly:
"Your things are not necessarily brilliant! In my opinion, you don't understand military strategies, how can you do military command!"
Kaifeng's rash comment made the atmosphere of the meeting reach the extreme. The two oppositions with different positions are waiting for Chairman Mao's response.
Chairman Mao stood up and asked indifferently:
"I said to Comrade Kaifeng, do you know how many articles there are in "The Art of War" in total? What is the title of the first article? What does its first sentence say?"
front left second: Kaifeng
Kaifeng looked puzzled. When Chairman Mao's sudden question, he no longer had the confidence he had just said: "I...I don't know."
Chairman Mao smiled and said: "You have never read "The Art of War", how do you know that I rely on "The Art of War" to fight? Besides, the situation of the war is so tense, and you have to make a decision quickly. Who still remembers those books!"
Kaifeng was speechless. At this time, he had already sat back on his seat, and could only look at the great man in front of him with unwillingness to look at the great man in front of him.
Chairman Mao continued:
"Didn't you learn the 'four major tutorials'? Do you use the four major tutorials when fighting? If so, you are completely teaching!"
At this time, Kaifeng looked at Bo Gu, and Bo Gu could only bow his head and say nothing. Faced with Chairman Mao’s questions and criticism, Kaifeng, Bogu and others could no longer organize rebuttal words.
Kaifeng met Bo Gu when he was studying in the Soviet Union. The two were in the same school and were already brothers when they were studying in the Soviet Union. After graduating from Kaifeng's studies and returning to China, he got very close to Bogu.
Before the Zunyi meeting, Bo Gu had already gone to "enter the fun" with Kaifeng. Bo Gu knew that this meeting was due to his mistake in command and would definitely deprive him of his power.
But now he has lost everyone's support. Faced with the dilemma, he can only win over Kaifeng, stand on his own standpoint, and fight for power.
Bogu
It is unexpected that at the meeting, no one except Kaifeng, stood on Bogu's standpoint. Except for Li De who disagrees with criticism of them, everyone present stands on their opposite side. After the meeting ended, the "Summary Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Opposing the Five "Escaping and Suppression" of the Enemy", abolished the supreme command of Li De and Bo Gu, and established Mao Zedong's leadership position.
At the end of the meeting, Kaifeng had to admit Li De and Bo Gu's mistakes in the military route, but he still opposed the revocation of their power and publicly said:
"Who is right, who is wrong, let's see!"
Kaifeng's words after the meeting were not wrong. practice is the only criterion for testing the truth . Who is right and who is wrong is indeed let's see.
In subsequent military activities, Chairman Mao, as the supreme military commander, had a series of miracles of military use.
Four crosses of Chishui , clever crosses of Jinsha River , forcibly crosses of Dadu River , flying to capture Luding Bridge . Since the end of the Zunyi Conference, the Central Red Army has won victory after victory under the leadership of Chairman Mao.
also verified what Kaifeng said: "Who is right, who is wrong, let's see!" , now it seems that there is a conclusion that who is right and who is wrong, "Where you see!" I also saw it.
So what kind of "end" will Kaifeng, who openly mocked Chairman Mao at the Zunyi meeting, end up with?
"end"
After the Zunyi meeting, all Kaifeng's positions were revoked. This is regarded as a "punishment" to maintain the wrong line and openly mock the leadership, but the matter did not end there. Both the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao decided to give him the opportunity to correct his mistakes.
On February 5, 1935, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held a meeting of Taxi. At this meeting, Kaifeng made a very sincere self-criticism.
Under the guidance of the Party Central Committee, Chairman Mao and Zhang Wentian, Kaifeng quickly realized his mistake, changed his position, and once again gained the trust of the central government.
A week later, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to hold a mass meeting in Taxi, and the people will publicly trial the bully Xiao Zengwu at the venue. Chairman Mao had new opinions on this conference:
"I think Kaifeng will go to command the mass conference this afternoon! He performed very well recently!"
Kaifeng was shocked when he heard about this news and immediately set off for the venue, delivered a speech in the face of thousands of people, and encouraged local residents to join the army enthusiastically.
Not long after, Kaifeng restored his original position with the recommendation of Chairman Mao and returned to the Red 9th Army. In the future battles, they were born and died with the soldiers and were active on the Long March.
Fourth from left, Kaifeng
Later, in Kaifeng's autobiography, he wrote:
"Because I didn't understand the mistakes made in the Central Soviet Area in the past, I insisted on the wrong direction at the Zunyi Conference. Now it's really childish and ridiculous to think about it."
Since returning to the Red 9th Army, Kaifeng has always stood firmly on the correct line of the Party Central Committee with Chairman Mao as the core, participated in and led propaganda work, and has a deep affection with Chairman Mao who "sarcastically".
Kaifeng: "His modesty and greatness are not ordinary!"
On December 9, 1937, the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee was held in Yan'an . Wang Ming promoted the wrong proposition of "everything obedience" under the banner of Communist International and Stalin, which caused controversy among everyone present.
is the same as the Zunyi Conference at that time, but this time Kaifeng firmly stood on Chairman Mao's position.
When Wang Ming became the secretary of the Central Secretariat, he promoted right-leaning surrenderism. Kaifeng was the first to stand up and criticized Wang Ming's wrong route.
Chairman Mao at the Yan'an Literature and Art Symposium
In Yan'an's Rectification Movement , Kaifeng did not take his past lightly, and used his previous dogmatic mistakes and his performance at the Zunyi Conference as negative teaching materials, and made sincere self-criticism.
When the rectification movement was launched, Chairman Mao and Kaifeng jointly held the "Yan'an Art Forum", which was the only time Chairman Mao held a joint meeting with others in his life.
This meeting was chaired by Kaifeng. He collected a large amount of targeted materials and dealt with many problems. With his help, Chairman Mao made the famous " Speech at the Yan'an Literature and Art Symposium ".
On September 15, 1942, Chairman Mao wrote a letter to Kaifeng to discuss with him the issue of improving the party’s propaganda and ordered him to be responsible for guiding the work of Central Research Institute .
In addition to working in the letter, Chairman Mao also comforted Kaifeng:
"Unpleasant things will be fine in a while."
In April 1943, Kaifeng personally formulated a propaganda plan to celebrate Chairman Mao's fiftieth birthday, intending to promote Mao Zedong Thought on the occasion of celebrating his birthday.
And Chairman Mao wrote to Kaifeng on April 22:
"It is a time of internal and external suffering. I decided not to do my birthday. Too many birthdays will have adverse effects. I think my Marxist-Leninist thought is not mature and the system is not mature. It is still time to study, not to promote it."
Kaifeng read this letter and was ashamed. At the beginning, he mocked Chairman Mao for not understanding Marxist-Leninism. Now Chairman Mao said this, which made Kaifeng extremely blame himself.
After this incident, Kaifeng talked to his friends about Chairman Mao. He often said this:
"Comrade Mao Zedong's modesty and greatness are not ordinary."
In April 1945, the "Seventh National Congress" of the Party elected the Central Committee. At the meeting, many people refused to vote for Kaifeng because of Kaifeng's mistakes at the Zunyi meeting.
However, although Chairman Mao first suggested that Kaifeng actively review his mistakes when speaking at the meeting, and later personally gave many explanations, Kaifeng still failed to be elected.
When Kaifeng was depressed, Chairman Mao came to Kaifeng's office and expressed regret and helplessness.When he finally left, he patted Kaifeng on the shoulder and said to him: "Think about it and look forward!"
Chairman Mao never cared about Kaifeng's sarcasm at the Zunyi Conference. Except for Wang Ming and Li De who said he was a "rural bully" and "Marxism-Leninism in the ravine", such sarcasm was the only one.
However, according to Chairman Mao later, "He forced me to read "The Art of War".
Chairman Mao had never read "The Art of War" at that time. When Kaifeng said that he was fighting with "The Art of War", Chairman Mao was still very confused. He had never read "The Art of War" before, so why has it become his war certificate again.
Later, when Chairman Mao was working in Xi'an, he specifically instructed Ye Jianying: "Be sure to buy me a "Sun Tzu's Art of War"!."
Since then, Chairman Mao has begun to study all military works from China and abroad. Speaking of this matter later, Chairman Mao just smiled: "I have watched "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", but I have never seen "The Art of War"!"
ending
In September 1952, Kaifeng was ordered to go to Beijing to serve as deputy minister of the Propaganda Department of .
On March 23, 1955, Kaifeng died of illness in Beijing at the age of 49.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping, Secretary-General of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Premier of the State Council, presided over the memorial service. At the meeting, Kaifeng affirmed the outstanding contributions made by Kaifeng to the Party’s concept in propaganda work and evaluated Kaifeng’s open and honest life.
Kefeng's valuable thing is that he knows his mistakes and corrects them in an open and honest manner. His intersection of Chairman Mao was summarized in one sentence:
"It starts with sarcasm and ends with admiration." What he reflected from him was the broad mind of our great leader, Chairman Mao, and the foresight that is difficult for the world to achieve.
"Who is right and who is wrong, let's see!"
History can be witnessed, and time can be explained. Our great leader, Chairman Mao, always leads us on the right path.
References:
"Start with sarcasm, end with admiration - Kaifeng and Mao Zedong" Sun Guolin
"Theoretical propagandist Kaifeng who knows and corrects mistakes" Yu Jizeng
"Tell you a real Kaifeng" Sun Guolin
"We should look at and evaluate Kaifeng in a comprehensive way" Liu Mianyu
"Zunyi Conference Great Historical Turning Point" Yang Fan
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