Emperor Archives
Name: Aisin Gioro·Yongyan
Year number: Jiaqing
Reign: 1796~1820
Eternal age: 61 years old
Temple name: Renzong
Post name: Tianxing Yunfu FuhuaSuiyouChongwenJingjingMartial ArtsFalling and Wu XiaogongDufuduanminYingzheruiEmperor
Mausoleum: Changling (Qingxi Tomb )
Children: 5 sons, 9 daughters
Empress: Xita Lashi
Successor: Minning ( Daoguang )
Qingshi Quotes
"I have visited thousands of people to eliminate traitors and achieve good deeds. Impacting pirates, capturing and controlling pirates, holding the key points, respecting frugality and diligence, and immigrating land are all the major principles of governance." - "Draft History of Qing Dynasty·Big History of Emperor Gaozong"
In the past 20 years of rule, Emperor Jiaqing not only focused on the rectification of internal affairs and the efforts to extinguish peasant uprisings, but also made great efforts to fight against difficult relations with capitalist countries due to the invasion of Western capitalist forces. In December of the 16th year of Jiaqing, Emperor Jiaqing promulgated the "On the Imperial System and Conservation", which stated: "Next generations should follow the rules, sincerely seek the truth, take the heart of the ancestors as their hearts, and govern the affairs of the ancestors, and lead the old chapters." Emperor Jiaqing strictly abides by his father's policy of self-restraint. Although it is conducive to the maintenance and consolidation of feudal autocracy, it plays a serious hindering role in the development of Chinese society, affecting China's learning of the world's advanced ideology and culture and developed science and technology, and causing China to "be in the world." In the ranks of progress, he gradually fell behind and was in a passive position of being beaten. In the 21st year of Jiaqing, a British delegation led by Amesti came to China. He drove them away because he did not bow to him three times and kneel down. He also wrote to the King of England that if he did not understand etiquette, he should not send missions again. He did not want to give gifts ingenious gifts. The reign of Emperor Jiaqing was the end of the 18th century and the early 19th century. At that time, the British industrial revolution had been underway for decades, but Emperor Jiaqing knew nothing about it and continued to strictly observe the ancestors. , focus on the foundation and suppress the end, keep inseparable, suppress the industrial and mining industries in various places, Qing Dynasty could only continue along the path of decline.
Strengthen coastal defense and improve prevention i
In the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), four British guards arrived in Guangzhou, and also brought a letter to the Emperor of Qing . The letter stated that Britain was willing to send troops to help the clearance and eliminate the rebels. Emperor Jiaqing was highly vigilant about the British move. He wisely refused the intention of sending troops in the British king's documents, saying: "The ocean and the ground, foreign ships were exchanged, and the strength of the mainland officers and soldiers was investigated. How could there be a reason to use the help of foreign vassals to eliminate traitors? "At the same time, Jiaqing also ordered the Guangdong Governor to take strict precautions: "The guardian ship must always have a bay and berth. We must follow the old rules and do not allow the advance at will. "Then he went to the position of Guangdong Governor Na Yancheng , "Make up the military preparations, rectify the camps... and stabilize the sea and borders from outside the barbarians."
In September of the 13th year of Jiaqing, Britain used the excuse to help the Portuguese Macau resist France and moored four soldiers with artillery and gunpowder on the Chicken Neck Ocean of Xiangshan County. Then 300 British soldiers of these soldiers openly landed in Macau and occupied the east-west umbrella of Macau. Later, when the British ship saw that Guangzhou was unprepared, they drove the soldiers into Macau and stopped in Huangpu. Some soldiers drove on a three-plate boat to the outside of the provincial capital. When Huang Feipeng saw that foreign soldiers were approaching on a boat, he drove towards those boats. The cannon showed purple, I had 1 British soldier and 3 injured, and the British army was forced to retreat one after another. Emperor Jiaqing attached great importance to the news from Macau.
For this reason, he solemnly stated that the Portuguese and the legal person fought each other and killed each other. As long as it did not hinder our Qing Dynasty, we would not ask. However, both China and foreign vassals each have their own boundaries. Our Qing Dynasty's military ships have never traveled far away from foreign countries and stationed in your place. It would be too presumptuous that your British military ships dared to sail into Macau to settle in! He also said incisively: Whether it is helping protect the Portuguese or serving the "Celestial Dynasty", they are all just their excuses. Their real motive is just to find opportunities to occupy Macau.He solemnly warned the British invaders: "Send troops to sail quickly", "If there is any delay and the law is not followed, not only will the opening of the cabin be stopped at present, but the waterways in the Australian waterway should be blocked", and "and the troops should be mobilized to round up."
At the same time, he ordered the Guangdong Governor Wu Xiongguang to order the Guangdong Governor Wu Xiongguang: "The border areas are important, and foreigners dare to covet. The decorative words should not be shown to be weak." "When the dispatch of effective commands is promoted, the commander of the water and land officers and soldiers will be rectified. If there is any failure, the troops will be ordered, and they will not be afraid of the upset. This matter has a great relationship with the border affairs and the barbarians." However, the Guangdong Governor Wu Xiongguang and the Guangdong Governor Sun Yuting only cared about taxes and did not pay attention to the border defense. Jiaqing was very angry and ordered Shen to denounce Guangdong Governor Wu Xiongguang and Guangdong Governor Sun Yuting as "cowardly and unaware of the generality." He believes that the important place of a country's border defense "is to order foreigners to lead troops into the gate and occupy the fort, which is considered irrelevant. I wonder what is more important than this?" Emperor Jiaqing dismissed Wu Xiongguang, who was seriously dereliction of duty, and in March of the 14th, he was dismissed from garrison and Sun Yuting dismissed him from his post. Faced with the heavily guarded Guangdong coastal defense, the British invaders had to "take sails away".
14 years, when the trade season approached, Emperor Jiaqing instructed the new Guangdong Governor Bailing: English "he is powerful and deceitful". "When the country's cargo ships arrived this year, pay attention to detectives in advance. If you dare to bring more barbarian troops to import, you will mobilize officers and soldiers to block the cameras." The above situation shows that Emperor Jiaqing maintained a high degree of vigilance against invaders from the West and implemented a firm and clear policy of resistance. After this incident, the British warship guards did not take Jiaqing's warning seriously and still did not follow the customization. Not only did they not moor overseas, but they sometimes even drove the warships to Humen.
In February of the 19th, Emperor Jiaqing ordered the current Guangdong Governor Jiang You to say: If the British ship violates the customs again, fire at them. In the same year, he approved the precautionary plan proposed by Jiang Tinghua, took measures to "strengthen the walls and clear the fields", and made the following provisions on Sino-foreign trade exchanges: strictly prohibit the people from serving the barbarians privately; foreign businesses are not allowed to build barbarian houses; shops are not allowed to use barbarians; businessmen are not allowed to protect their wealth and bear the barbarians privately; people from mainland China are not allowed to go to barbarians privately. While strengthening Guangdong's defense, foreigners living in the capital have also been strengthened. At that time, there were 11 foreigners who acted as supervisor and deputy supervisor in the capital, as well as translators in the cabinet. In the 16th year, Emperor Jiaqing was injured and ordered four of them to return to China. 7 people who were still living in the capital took measures to restrict their actions. These measures were taken after British warships repeatedly invaded Guangdong, and therefore had a legitimate defensive nature.
ban opium ban. I am helpless
Emperor Jiaqing has always had a clear attitude towards foreign invasion: if someone does not offend me, I will not offend others; if someone offends me, I will offend others. Emperor Jiaqing advocated strict ban on the Western opium flow that had gradually become a social nuisance since the Long Dynasty. He has a clear understanding of the harm caused by poisoning the film. In the 15th year of Jiaqing (1810), the Guangning Gate Patrolman found Yan Shun, a surnamed Yang who had hidden 6 boxes of opium cigarettes in the city. Emperor Yan Yu of Jiaqing pointed out: "Opium cigarettes are the most cruel. Those who eat food can suddenly become energetic and do whatever they want. Over time, they will lead to the life of war thieves, which is a great harm to customs and people's hearts. This ten bans are prohibited. It is a violation of the Yang surname and dare to bring them into the city. It is actually a law of the Hui. He immediately handed over to the Ministry of Justice for strict inspection." He also required all departments and Guangdong Customs to conduct strict inspections. Based on the serious situation at that time, "there are many people who are addicted to food, and profit-making sales are followed one after another" he took a series of severe measures to ban it.
In March of the 15th year of Jiaqing, in order to strictly cut off opium flowing into the capital, in addition to ordering the Chongwenmen taxation agency to inspect the ports, he also ordered the "infantry commander of the five cities to conduct close investigations on each access control. Once seizures are seized, they should be punished according to the law and their tobacco will be destroyed." In order to prevent the evil and clear the source of the Qingyuan, he ordered the governors and governors of Fujian and Guangdong to "seize and investigate the ban" and "it should be regarded as documentary and let them leak the information."In March of the 16th year, because Hubei Governor Qian Kai submitted a memorial to Chen Yan, Emperor Jiaqing pointed out again: "Opium smoke is a toxic substance, and scoundrels are addicted to it, and they must not be separated from it. They are willing to use food and clothing as evil habits. They are not willing to be poisoned by themselves, and they will kill their lives. They will gather friends and follow their traces, which are extremely harmful to people's hearts and customs." They also require all customs to strictly prohibit and curb them. Once the case occurs, "the supervision of the loss of supervision and disciplinary supervision and commissioners and personnel will be punished without lending." In July of the 18th year, he "approved the ban on private selling of opium cigarettes, and convicted officials and civilians who took food."
In the spring of the 20th, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Jiang Youhua and Guangdong Governor Dong Jiaozeng jointly proposed to formulate the "Regulations on the Ban of Opium Smoke": Western merchant ships arrived at the port and were not allowed to unload the goods; the previous punishment of failure to inspect was reduced and exempted from officials' past missed inspections to avoid advising; the officer seized the first criminals of the neighboring business and opium smoke, and the record of 200 kilograms once, 1,000 kilograms plus one level, and more than 5,000 kilograms are allowed to be sent to the Ministry for introduction. Military and civilians seized more than 100 kilograms of silver and 10 taels of silver rewarded by the local officials who failed to inspect; those who were indifferent to affection should immediately ask questions, and those who falsely took the crime were punished for false good. Jiaqing approved this charter and issued an edict to state: "The smoke of opium is very poisonous. You should understand and inform the barbarians and not sell it. In the future, the barbarian ships must be inspected by ship. If one ship carries opium, the whole ship cargo will be rejected and traded; if each ship cargo is carried by chicken pieces, the whole ship cargo will be rejected, and all of them will be prohibited, and the original ship will be dismissed. After that, there has been great progress in banning smoking and source, and Guangdong Province has successively seized some tobacco cases.
Jiaqing Emperor's strict ban on opium played a certain role in curbing the proliferation of opium at that time, and also had a profound impact on the smoking ban movement of the Daoguang Dynasty. Unfortunately, a large number of court officials deceived their superiors and subordinates while smoking opium, and took drugs while banning drugs. The anti-smoking movement has become an official game of "thieves shouting to catch thieves".
In addition to banning smoking, Jiaqing also attaches great importance to the issue of foreign merchants smuggling silver to foreign countries. In the 19th year, Su Le'er reported that foreign merchants smuggled the mainland's full silver from abroad every year, and then transported the low-temperature foreign money into China, bullying Mongolian merchants at will, resulting in the mainland's silver gradually fading. Please strictly prohibit silver from going abroad. Emperor Jiaqing realized that if the mainland silver was smuggled out of hundreds of thousands of foreign countries every year, it would be related to the national economy and people's livelihood over the years, and ordered the Guangdong Governor to immediately find out the real amount of foreign merchants smuggled out of foreign countries every year, and to enter into a charter, which was strictly prohibited.
intend to maintain the status quo and strictly enforce mine bans
Since ancient times, China has been adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the east and the deserted and crowded Siberia in the northwest. It is Takrama in the desert in the northwest and the Himalayas in the southwest. Surviving in such a closed environment has cultivated the farming character of the Chinese people who are implicit, restrained, conservative, moderate, and passively tolerant. Therefore, all feudal governments in all dynasties value agriculture and suppress commerce, and value ethics and literature, and neglected practical technology, and rejected vigorous commercial development.
Jiaqing is no exception. He took an extremely serious attitude towards mining, because he was afraid of "provoking trouble." Jiaqing first came into contact with mining issues after taking office in March of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1199). Ji Qing, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, submitted a memorial on the private mining of copper production by the people, saying: "Guangdong has been digging copper kilograms of land, and has been tried for one year. The amount has been shortened. Moreover, the coastal area is surrounded by oceans, and many people have been harvested in front of him, which may cause trouble, so it seems that it should be stopped urgently. The provincial bureau casts drums, and still asks to use Yunnan copper." He immediately replied: "What is done is very appropriate, and what is seen is very true.
is still used Yunnan copper, so there is no need to mine it." Although Jiaqing's approval was not many, his views are clear and his attitude is firm. It was hard to come by Guangdong Province to obtain the right to develop mining in the early years of Qianlong, because it was the result of the fierce attack on the stubborn and conservative banned mining faction at that time, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and the Governor Yang Shuibin, taking the lead in launching a fierce impact on the stubborn and conservative banned mining faction. This is known as the "Three Memorials of the E Family" in the history of my country's mining, making Guangdong a province that was approved for the comprehensive development of mining after Yunnan. However, Jiaqing had just taken power and suppressed this gratifying momentum. Since then, Jiaqing has been regressing in mining policies and has become increasingly stubborn and rigid.
In August of the 14th year of Jiaqing, the admiral Xue Dalie and others seized a large number of raw copper transported by Minren Road Chengzhang. It is said that it was purchased from the Bagou place and originally planned to ship it to the capital for sale. This incident actually alarmed Jiaqing, who was busy with trouble, and listed it as a major case and handled it personally. He immediately instructed Xue Dalie to rush into Bagou today to find out as soon as possible whether there was indeed a copper mine in the place, whether it was illegally dug by someone or it was sold from another place.
Xue Dalie was smart. He quickly remembered that Sidaogou, Pingquanzhou, had applied for mining but was not approved in the sixth year of Jiaqing. Then he found out that this batch of smuggled copper was indeed obtained from the mine dug by Sidaogou. Xue Dalie immediately ran to Sidaogou and brought Xu Zhen and others who had collected copper sand. Jiaqing heard that Xue Dalie had found out, and was as happy as if he had won a battle. On the one hand, he praised Xue Dalie for "being able to have a clear memory of many years of old cases, and not having to deal with them, and it is still possible to do it." He ordered the Ministry of Transaction to discuss and discuss Li Xueyong and others who participated in the investigation and arrest, and ordered the first promotion and substitution: on the other hand, the criminals were seized. He ordered the ministers of military affairs to go to Rehe to review and report the meritorious officials in the Ministry of Justice for review and strict trial and handling of the fugitive criminals, the Jerehe River and others. From the discovery to the conclusion of this case, Jiaqing arrested the whole, which highlighted the word "strict".
In addition, Jiaqing not only strictly prohibits metal mines such as gold, silver, copper, and lead, but even coal mines necessary for daily life and drum casting and smelting have repeatedly banned mining, and even small-scale mining will not be allowed. In November of the 1806th, the Cop-General of the Cobdo , Heng Bo reported that the Hongguoltolo Sea Mountain produced very strong coal, and if the people were willing to go to dig, they asked for a limited order of 30 people to go to mine. Jiaqing immediately refuted: "What is reported is not true. In the Outer Mongolia area, there is no such example of excavating coal. Honggortolo Sea Mountain is north of the Zahaqin Pastoral Realm. Although Yi and others do not live in pastoral areas on weekdays, it is like the people digging coal. After a long time, the people gathered, and the troubles would inevitably arise. What is reported is not allowed, and there is a reprimand. "For the bannermen applying for coal mining, Jiaqing started from the livelihood of Kuanyu Banners. Although he had been tolerant of the Internet and was tolerant, there were still many restrictions. Jiaqing implemented this negative and regressive mining ban policy, which was not unopposed among the court officials. It was just that the number of people was small and he did not dare to conflict with him head-on.
ban refugees from leaving the customs
Jiaqing's land reclamation policy outside the pass is as negative and rigid as his mine ban policy. Although he attached great importance to agriculture, he only allowed the people to cultivate land within the pass, and prohibited refugees from reclamation outside the pass. In September of the 13th year of Jiaqing (1848), in order to further strictly control the people from the mainland to reclamation, Shengjing General Fu Jun formulated a new charter, stipulating that the people in the pass will go out of Shanhaiguan to all places where Fengtian belonged. , In addition to having a care given by the origin, filling in the name and place of your trip, and checking and releasing it to the customs, a suitcase should also be provided for reference. If you leave Shanhaiguan and go to the border gate of Weiyuanbao Faku, two cares should be provided for reference, one should be retained by Shanhaiguan and the other should be retained by the border gate. After the Ministry of Revenue review, it will be approved.
As for the provisions of the articles of association, starting from the first month of the 14th year of Jiaqing (1809), the household registration of the people in the area will be held. , land acres, read as a magistrate, inspection, land security, etc., to establish detailed reports separately to prevent further refugees from going to the registered households. The Ministry of Revenue believes that this provision is not strict, and should order the general to send personnel to check once every quarter, and report to the department for investigation. Jiaqing immediately approved the regulations to be reviewed by the households, and pointed out: "The establishment of border gates in Shengjing was the reason for the inspection and exit of the households. If the refugees were allowed to leave one after another, it would not be a way to block them. Later, he wrote to the general in accordance with the regulations of the Ministry and handed over the strict injury to the guards, inspected the people in various places, and issued a notice to the unemployed poor people everywhere, so as not to secretly cross the export and private settlement, and imposed a ban on the order. "This is the most detailed and strictest of the regulations on the Jiaqing dynasty that prohibit refugees from leaving the customs.
Restriction of foreign trade
If policies such as prohibiting mining and banning land reclamation outside the customs are just means to suppress agriculture or prevent refugees from causing chaos, then restricting the export and import of goods is a continuation of the policy of self-restraint. It protects the feudal economy and isolates the exchanges and exchanges between the people and the outside world. However, this conservative and negative foreign trade policy of is not conducive to the development of society and economy, nor is it conducive to the enhancement of national strength. Of course, this is not the first in Jiaqing, but the continuation of the "retreatment policy" implemented since Qianlong. The self-sufficiency natural economy is the solid foundation of this conservative policy.
After Jiaqing succeeded to the throne, he strictly followed the rigid policy of trading in one-time set by Qianlong, without any room for loosening. Even in , Guangzhou Port , it does not implement complete free trade. In addition to the monopoly of the public, there are many rules and regulations. Generally, it stipulates that foreign merchant ships arrive in Guangdong between May and June every year and berth in Huangpu to exchange goods. It is limited to returning to the country in September and October of that year. Even if the accounts are not clear, they must live in Macau for winter settlement. Therefore, at that time, Guangzhou Port was just a seasonal trading market at best. Moreover, although there are no explicit regulations on the trade targets of Guangzhou Port, they are actually mainly open to European and American merchants. As for Russia in the north, they are obviously excluded.
October of the tenth year of Jiaqing (1085), two Russian merchant ships arrived at Guangzhou Port through the sea route , China Southern Airlines , and successively. The arrival of these uninvited guests has a problem for Guangdong Customs and local officials. Yanfeng, the Guangdong Customs Supervisor, knew that "the country would open the city in , Chuckto, and the intention of Russian merchants was only to "save money and profit." It happened that Na Yancheng, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was inspecting far away in Chaohui area and was not in the provincial capital. The new Guangdong Customs Supervisor Akdanga has already taken office and is about to hand over. In order to avoid the suspicion of "shirking the will", Yanfeng specially gave him peace of mind after obtaining the consent of Guangdong Governor Sun Yuting. Under the impoverished inspection of the appointed officer, he ordered Russian merchants to unload goods in Huangpu. Yanfeng felt that he was responsible and reasonable in handling this, but he was not sure about how to deal with similar incidents in the future, so he submitted a memorial and asked Jiaqing to give him a lecture.
But he never expected that after seeing the memorial, Jiaqing was furious and scolded Yanfeng for being "specialized and misleading" and "very rough and rough" and ordered the matter to be investigated strictly. He believed that "foreign barbarians have their own boundaries and are not allowed to cross the borders" and "this negotiation on foreign barbarians should be handled with caution." Even the Russian merchant ships carried several silver taels, and what goods they wanted to re-trade, the ship passed through several countries, and the guided country was the merchant's goods were self-employed to make profits, and the king was ordered to trade, etc. Jiaqing also ordered the new Guangdong governor Wu Xiongguang to find out one by one, and reported it at a speed of 400 miles. A few days later, Jiaqing urgently ordered Wu Xiongguang: "If the merchant ship has not yet unloaded the goods, he will stop paying taxes." He also told the merchant that he now has a decree to open the city and trade. He has a certain boundary. He should not easily send the ships and goods back to his country. He is not allowed to stay in Guangxi, nor is he allowed to transfer to other ports to open the city. However, Wu Zuoguang and Ak also made "mistakes" similar to Yanfeng when Agang took action.
Because the Russian merchant ship had been unloaded at that time, it said that the country was "incredibly located. If there was a storm, it would be blocked for a year. Please give the sign and turn on the road." Seeing that they had "very sincere love words", Wu Xiongguang and others also thought that "the merchants went to the ocean to trade, and the ocean was always unchanged. If the marquis accepted the imperial edict, they would be allowed to release the ships for years. It was not a way to be sympathetic to the distant barbarians, and they were afraid that the country would be afraid, so they would come and do it more often." So they went with Sun Yuting and Akdanga to "conspire to the foreign barbarians again" and agreed that "the foreign barbarians should show their confidence. After being allowed to unload the goods, it seems that it would not be convenient to stop the return of the country for a long time, which would lead to the loss of the intention of being soft and distant people." So after finding out that the ship "the goods sold were tea and porcelain, and there were no prohibited items", it was allowed to leave the port and return to China.This naturally inevitably leads to severe reprimand by Jiaqing. The final result of the matter was: Yanfeng was dismissed, and Wu Xiongguang, Sun Yuting, and Akdang Ayi "had no cooperation in handling the matter, and they were all handed over to the Ministry of Justice forum. Jiaqing was also injured again and then encountered a merchant ship from the country who came to trade widely. However, it should be rejected strictly and should not be allowed to lift and unload the goods without permission to make the customization. On the surface, this incident seems to be a problem that Yanfeng and others did not abide by the system, but its essence reflects that the Qing government's regulations on trading ports are too narrow, the restrictions are too dead, and the necessary flexibility is lacking. Jiaqing was so burdened with the idea of "preventing the barbarians everywhere", which made people suspicious and treated some problems that arise in ordinary commercial trade as external political issues, which led to a serious disconnection between the handling opinions between the monarch and the ministers. Therefore, the fault does not lie in the local officials of Guangdong Province, but in the fact that Jiaqing's guiding ideology is too conservative. Things like this are common in Jiaqing dynasty. This is enough to show that Jiaqing's thinking has become more rigid in sticking to "customization".
In July of the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820), Emperor Jiaqing was ill at the Summer Resort aged 61 years old while the alarm of Zhang Geer's rebellion continued to be heard in the western border. The reign of Emperor Jiaqing was at the end of the 18th century and the early 19th century. At that time, the industrial revolution in Britain had been going on for decades, but Emperor Jiaqing knew nothing about it and continued to strictly observe the system of ancestors, focus on the foundation and suppress the end, keep inseparable, and suppress the industry and mining industries in various places. The Qing Dynasty could only continue along the path of decline.
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cherishes the past, a free writer born in the 1990s, prefers history, and hopes to draw spiritual food from the past of history and learn from the past and make more friends with friends. History tells us that no matter how difficult it is, we must raise our heads and chests with strength, and tell everyone that you are not as vulnerable as they imagined!
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