At the beginning of the 20th century, facing the social crisis after the Boxer Incident and the increasingly fierce revolutionary movement, the Qing government had to implement a new policy to save the stormy ending dynasty. Photography In this period, China surpassed the general function of enjoying and memorializing. With its unique documentary method, it was widely used in various fields such as military affairs, industry, and transportation. It and the new affairs and new looks that appeared in the image witnessed the process of China's advance towards modernization in the early 20th century.
The following set of photos includes the implementation of new policies on military industry, education and road construction at that time, but these measures did not save the fate of the collapse of the Qing Dynasty.
From left to right: Zhili candidate road Sheng Xuanhuai , Tianjin Prefecture Prefecture Wang Shouzheng, Zhili alternate road Yuan Baoling , Zhili alternate road Pan Junde , Jiangsu alternate road Zhang Yi, Zhili Tianjin Customs Road Zhou Fu , province supplementary road Huang Jianyan, province supplementary road Luo Fenglu , Zhili alternate road Liu Hanfang .
From left to right: the leader of the Feng army's registered admiral left precious , the president's inscribed horse and camp, the whole army's registered admiral Liu Shengxiu, and the leader of the Chu army's horse team's registered admiral Xu Bangdao .
From left to right: Blue Peel Chang Guanglin, Extra Blue Peel Chang Guard Liheng, Shuanglin of the Guardian Academy, Extra Blue Peel Chang Chengfu, Wen Ying of the Guardian Academy, and Blue Peel Chang Guangcheng.
In the 32nd year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1906), the Qing court clearly declared that it would prepare for constitutional establishment to "firstly determine the official system", and appointed 14 people including Zai Ze as ministers of the official system. This frame is a group photo of everyone at that time. From left to right, the upper row: The left censor Shouqi, Grand Secretary Shixu, Zhili Governor Yuan Shikai , the academic minister Rongqing , the senior secretary Na Tong, the military minister Qu Hongxi , the minister of the Ministry of Rites Dai Hongci , the lower row: The minister of the Ministry of Revenue Tieliang, the minister of the Ministry of Revenue Zhang Baixi , the minister of the Ministry of War Xu Shichang , the minister of Zhenguo, the minister of the Ministry of Justice Ge Baohua , the minister of the Ministry of Works Lu Runxiang , the minister of the Ministry of Personnel Kui Jun, and the governor of Liangjiang Duan Fang.
"Beiyang Army Baoding Town and Jingzhen Soldiers Photos", the original title is "Baoding Town Mark's heart-shot gun two masters are aiming and launching in Dayangzhuang". From the 29th to the 30th year of the Guangxu period (1903 to 1904), the Qing government successively ordered 12 half-caliber mountain-crossing fast cannons and 6,000 bullets from the British Fischer Mark Heart Factory.
"The first sixth town of the Kinki Army in the autumn of the 33rd year of the Guangxu period, the first sixth town of the Kinki Army exercised and defended near Zhuozhou" frame 8. The picture titled "The Northern Army Infantry Team advanced from the camp in the south of Liangxiang City to Yanghutong Village in the north of Zhuozhou City by noon on September 26. Please note that the discipline of recruiting soldiers was not sophisticated, so that those who passed by were closed. Now, the first priority of national customization is the father and elders of the prefectures and counties that passed by. Even the men who picked up mustard and picked grass all followed, and the soldiers and civilians were all in their family, singing and communicating, so the so-called kingly troops. The slaves and talented people were respectful to Fengshan."
"Taihu Autumn Fighting Photos" photo album has a total of 180 frames, this is the 40th frame, the original title is "The Scenery of Southern Army Radio Telecom on October 25th".
"Photos of the Beiyang Army Baoding Town and the soldiers in Jingzhen" album photo album totals 44 frames, this is the 31st frame, the original title is "The chief commander of Baoding Town, leading the staff and other officials were appointed in sequence."
"Taihu Autumn Fighting Photos" frame 81, the original title is "The situation of the two armies' charge forward on October 26th".
"Frame 175 of the Autumn Fighting Photos of Taihu Lake", the original title is "The Scenery of the Balloons' First Launch on October 25th".
"Gengxu Review of the First Town Photography" has a total of 105 frames in two volumes, which is the 27th frame in the first volume.
"Gengxu Cultivation and Reading Second Town Photography" two photos have a total of 120 frames. This is the 55th frame in the first volume. The original title is "Land artillery team field training single artillery coach".
"Gengxu Cultivation and Reading Second Town Photography" Volume 1, Frame 55, the original title is "Mixed Detachment Confrontation Exercise East Army Mountain Artillery Team Shoots at the west end of Fengzhuang".
"Reading the Third Town Photography of the Army", the original title is "Single Coach of the Army Field Training (Kneeling)".
"Reading the Second Mixed Association Photography of the Army" album photos in total 60 frames. This is the 12th frame. The original title is "Inspecting the Infantry Equipment and Ordnance".
"Reading the Army's First Mixed Association Photography" album photos in total 60 frames, this is the 21st frame.
"Reading the Second Mixed Association Photography of the Army" Frame 9.
In the sixth year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1880), the Beiyang Navy School was established, which opened subjects such as "British Language Translation Grammar", "Geometry, Algebra, Flat Arc Triangle Eighth Line", "Second Learning", "Astronomy and Geometric Measurement", and also had a star observatory to facilitate learning astronomy. The Beiyang Naval Academy at that time was once praised as "the first to set the north and the foundation of Chinese military ships." It enriches technical talents for Beiyang Navy operated by Li Hongzhang .
Title: "Based on the instrument, the astronomical stars are measured to determine the direction. The teaching guides students to use a mirror to look at the mercury in the wheel, so that they can be measured and visualized."
early 20th century Yantai Naval Academy
Yantai Naval Academy was a naval school located in Yantai, Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty. In the 29th year of the Guangxu period (1903), it was founded by the Beiyang Navy Gang and captain of the "Haiqi" in Yantai Naval Training Camp, and a new school was built in 1905. The school courses are based on the English system, including basic courses such as physics, chemistry, calculus, Chinese , history, geography, etc., as well as professional technical courses such as navigation, navigation and astronomy, guns and cannons, mine and swimming. Yantai Naval Academy is the most accomplished among the newly built naval schools of the Qing government after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.
early 20th century Nanyang Navy Students slashed mast
September 1In September of the 16th year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1890), Jiangnan Naval Academy was established in Nanjing. It was changed to Nanyang Naval Academy in 1909, and was the first school in the Nanyang Navy. Mr. Lu Xun was admitted to the school in 1898. The mast in the photo is for students' training, up to 60 meters high and is a symbol of the school.
early 20th century Beiyang University Hall Student field exercises
In October of the 21st year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1895), Sheng Xuanhuai founded Beiyang University Hall in Tianjin, which was the first university hall in modern China. All the settings of the school are imitated by famous institutions such as Harvard and Yale University in the United States. The books, specimens, instruments, etc. required by the school were purchased from the United States as much as possible. Western magazines alone often maintained more than 100 kinds, and they were all authoritative academic journals of the world's science and engineering, which was unique in China at that time.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the students of Tianjin Junior Normal School were established in the 31st year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1905), and the Tianjin Junior Normal School was established. The address is in the northwest corner of Tianjin City. The school has three types: complete, undergraduate and simple subjects, and trains primary school teachers for Tianjin and Hejian governments. In the 33rd year of the Guangxu period (1907), simple subjects were abolished, and high-level physics and chemistry selection was added, and physics and chemistry teachers were trained for middle schools and junior normal schools. The school was also renamed the Tianjin two-level normal school. The school also has an affiliated primary school.
Early the 20th century Tianjin Public Women's School taught students in the preface
In the 30th year of the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty (1904), Yuan Shikai established in Tianjin, and later established public women's higher schools and girls' primary schools.
early 20th century Zhili Agricultural School Spring Farming Teaching and Planting
In the 28th year of the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty (1902), Zhili Agricultural School was established, with the campus site in the Huojia Courtyard of Lingyu Temple, Xiguan, Baoding. The school purchased more than 100 acres of civilian land around the campus as a school internship and experimental site. In the 30th year of the Guangxu period (1904), it was changed to a higher agricultural school, becoming the earliest higher agricultural school in my country.
In September of the 28th year of the Guangxu period (1902), the Qing government ordered the provinces to select international students in each province for to return to China. After the examination, they were given "Jinshi", "June", and " tribute students " respectively. The outstanding ones will be appointed.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Chinese students took a group photo
Late Qing Dynasty "Photos of People in the Late Qing Dynasty"
This album has 26 frames, mainly for officials in the late Qing Dynasty and students studying in Japan.
Xia Xunye (1879~1952), whose courtesy name is Shuangfu and his pseudonym Ruiqing, was from Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. He studied in Japan in his early years. From 1914 to 1917, he served as the consultant of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, and from 1918 to 4924, he served as the director of the Sichuan Industrial Department.
"Machine Map of each factory in Jiangnan Manufacturing General Branch" Frame 1.
"Machine Map of each factory in Beiyang Machine Manufacturing Bureau" Frame 45.
"Machine Map of each factory in Jiangnan Manufacturing General Bureau" Frame 183. The Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau established a smokeless medicine factory in the 19th year of Guangxu (1893), which was the earliest smokeless medicine factory in China.
"Machine Map of Guangdong Manufacturing Ordnance Factory" Volume 188. After the completion of the Guangdong Manufacturing Guns and Bulletin Factory, it has been constantly trial-producing new products. In the 34th year of the Guangxu period (1908), it was imitated into the Matterson-style 8mm light machine gun, which was the beginning of China's manufacturing of light machine guns.
"Machine Map of Guangdong Manufacturing Ordnance Factory" Volume 1, Frame 1.
"Machine Map of each factory in Jiangnan Manufacturing General Bureau" Frame 104. The source of machinery and equipment and raw materials of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau mainly relies on foreign imports. From the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867) to the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), it consumed more than 2 million taels of silver to purchase machinery and equipment from Britain, the United States, Germany and other countries.
"Machine Map of Guangdong Manufacturing Ordnance Factory" Volume 164. The German 1904-style 6.8mm Mauser rifle was imitated in the 33rd year of the Guangxu period (1907) (called the new five-shot smokeless fast gun at the 33rd year of the Guangxu period).
"Machine Map of Sichuan Arsenal" Frame 199.
"Machine Map of Sichuan Arsenal Machinery" Frame 231. The machine contains the inscription "Made in the Sichuan Machinery Bureau of the Qing Dynasty, the Greater Germany's Berlin Shuhe Factory". From the 26th to the 27th year of the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty (1900 to 1901), the Sichuan Arsenal spent more than 126,000 taels of silver to purchase various machines from Germany.
"Machine Map of Sichuan Arsenal Machinery" Frame 1. Original title: "Gun factory, foreign buildings, ammunition factory, supervisor office room."
"Guangdong Manufacturing Ordnance Factory Machinery Pictures" Volume 2nd Frame.
"The Ministry of Revenue Minting Factory Full Map" First Frame
"The Ministry of Revenue Mining Factory Full Map" 30th Frame
"Ministry Mining Factory Full Map" Second Frame
"Ministry Mining Factory Full Map" Frame 15
Xizhimen Railway Station was chosen by Zhan Tianyou, designed and supervised. Its completion has a huge impact on the evolution of Beijing's urban form and functions. The photo is the 12th frame of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Picture.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 1, Frame 35. Located between the south entrance and the east garden, it is a 5-hole bridge. It was built in the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906) and has a total length of 29.2 meters. When Zhan Tianyou designed this bridge, he specially built a triangle block on the upper end of the bridge pier to increase the ability to resist floods, which is very strong.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 1, Frame 84. Located between Kangzhuang and Huailai Station , it was built in the 34th year of Guangxu (1908), with a total length of 213.36 meters. Later it was submerged under of the Guanting Reservoir.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 1, Frame 55. Built in the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), the station's inscription "Qinglongqiao Station" was written by Mian Jun, an official inscription in the late Qing Dynasty. In the 1980s, Zhan Tianyou's tomb moved here.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 1, Frame 80. The famous "people"-shaped line designed by Zhan Tianyou, two trains drove out at the same time, which was very spectacular.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 1, Frame 48. The total length is 45.72 meters, located near the current Badaling Expressway, the train honking its whistle and deflated it before entering the cave, which is very spectacular.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 1, Frame 65. This was one of the rare large caves on China's railways at that time, with a total length of more than 1,000 meters. Zhan Tianyou completely used manpower to dig holes and completed them in just one and a half years, setting a record for my country's self-driving caves of more than 1,000 meters.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 2, Frame 39.The American MALLEE locomotive, with 2 guide wheels, , 2 sets of 8 driving wheels and 2 slave wheels, was the locomotive with the greatest traction at that time.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 2, Frame 44.
"Beijing-Zhangjia Railway Victory Map" Volume 2, Frame 55. The coal truck has the words "Two tons of load load" and two tons of tare. In order to solve the problem of driving coal for Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway , Zhan Tianyou specially opened the Jimingshan Coal Mine and built a branch railway.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 2, Frame 71. Original title: " Zhangyuan Views became a welcome to the business community." In the first year of Xuantong (1909), Xu Shichang, the Minister of Posts and Communications, accompanied by Zhan Tianyou, took a train from Beijing to Zhangjiakou to inspect and accept the entire Jingzhang Road project. To celebrate the opening of traffic, a tea party was held at Zhangjiakou Station on the seventh day of August (September 20), and a opening ceremony was held at the south entrance on August 19th (October 2).
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Map" Volume 2, Frame 72.
"Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Victory Picture" Volume 2, Frame 82.
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